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	jade - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		There white and greenish nephrite jade is found in small quarries and as pebbles and boulders in the rivers flowing from the Kuen-Lun mountain range northward into the Takla-Makan desert area.
		River jade collection was concentrated in the Yarkand, the White Jade (Yurungkash) and Black Jade (Karakash) Rivers.
		Jade is the official gemstone of British Columbia.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/jade (345 words)

	Liangzhu culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Its area of influence extended from Lake Tai in the north to Nanjing and Shanghai in the east and Hangzhou in the south.
		The jade from this culture is characterized by finely-worked large ritual jades, commonly incised with the taotie motif.
		Many Liangzhu jade artefacts had a white milky bone-like aspect due to its tremolite rock origin and influence of water-based fluids at the burial sites, although jade made from actinolite and serpentine were also commonly found.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liangzhu_jade_culture (220 words)

	LIANGZHU CULTURE\| NEOLITHIC CHINA \|THE JADE ROAD ltd
		The Liangzhu culture is contemporary in timeline with the Longshan and Hongshan cultures to the north.
		The Liangzhu jades that have been found in these ancient tombs have two prominent kinds of jades that were for ritual and mystical use.
		The sources of Liangzhu jade nephrite raw material is unknown and it is believed the demand for jade exhausted the possible sources that may have existed in China at the time of the Liangzhu.
	www.thejaderoad.com /liangzhu.html (846 words)

	Facets - Jade
		During Neolithic times, the key known sources of nephrite jade in China for utilitarian and ceremonial jade items were the now depleted deposits in the Ningshao area in the Yang Ze River delta (Liangzhu jade culture 3400–2250 BC) and in an area of the Liaoning province in Inner Mongolia (Hongshan culture 4700–2200 BC).
		Jade was used to create many utilitarian and ceremonial objects, ranging from indoor decorative items to jade burial suits.
		In general, the value of jade is determined according to its color and the intensity of that color, the vivacity and texture, and its clarity and transparency.
	www.gemscape.com /facets/jade.htm (3877 words)

	Jade
		Jade often possessed not just symbolic but belief-system significance -- as seems the case with the mysterious bi discs and cong tubes found in Neolithic Chinese grave sites (the former are discs with a hole in the center, the latter a tube that, in section, is square on the outside and round on the inside).
		Jade's spectrum of colors is the result of trace elements -- such as magnesium in green jade or iron in jades with a yellowish hue -- mixed in with the snowy white of the pure mineral.
		Fewer jades survive from the centuries from the fall of the Han dynasty in 220 through the end of the Tang dynasty in 906 than from earlier or later dynasties.
	www.rightreading.com /writing/jade.htm (1838 words)

	Jade Identification » Blog Archive » About Jade Identification
		Jade artifacts of priests and knights from this period display prominent eyes, wide ears, and decorated with special markings which are believed to have close connection to an extraterrestrial civilization.
		Longshan Culture jade artifacts are multivarious, from jade kwei to jade arched pendants to jade tubes to bi-disks and notched bi-disk, all of which are elegantly and dexterously carved.
		The jade artifacts of the Western Zhou are in high demand for the serious collectors because of their fine workmanship and rareness for the unearthed and transcendental objects.
	www.jadeidentification.com /?p=1 (1360 words)

	Understanding Jade Art » Blog Archive » Chinese Jade Chronology
		Longshan Culture jade artifacts contain many varieties from jade kwei, jade arched pendant, jade tube, bi-disk and notched bi-disk all of which are carved elegantly and dexterously.
		The jade artifacts of the Western Zhou are in high demand for the serious collectors due to their fine workmanship and rareness for the unearthed and transcendental objects.
		The main theme of many Song Dynasty jade artifacts is lad with different posture and the main themes of Liao and Kim Dynasties are the scenes of spring with birds, flowers and ponds, the scenes of autumn mountain with pine trees, deer and animals.
	www.understandingjadeart.com /?p=5 (1609 words)

	Colored Stone May/June 2001 - The Jade Age
		The discovery of nephrite jade in east central China, near Suzhou, was critical in the evolution of jade culture.
		From the Yangtze River coastal plain, jade culture spread north to the lower Yellow and Huai River valleys with the Dawenkou-Longshan cultures.
		Jade culture itself provides the evidence: They must have had relatively advanced technology to produce their jade icons, and the fact that their carvings are the blueprint for most of the jade works that followed shows the influence of their culture.
	www.colored-stone.com /stories/may01/jade.cfm (2378 words)

	Understanding Jade Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Jade is a stone of beauty(http://www.jadeclassification.com/) which can be revealed in its five virtues: its luster produces a feeling of warmth, the virtue of humaneness; its translucence enables one to comprehend its inner markings, revealing the virtue of morality; its purity ensures the austere virtue which injures no one.
		Jade artifacts identification(http://www.jadeidentification.com/) has been practices widely and in great detail on the identifying the age and the genuineness of jade objects.
		The spiritâs face on the Liangzhu Cultureâs jade artifacts in turn is supposed to be derived from the various parts of the birdâs body.
	www.understandingjadeart.com (3608 words)

	Liangzhu Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Liangzhu culture is roughly contemporary with the Longshan and Hongshan cultures to the north.
		Shanghai lies on the east seashore and to the southwest, the city of Hangzhou was the capitol of several dynasties in China’s past.
		The most remarkable part of the Liangzhu culture is their large number and high quality of green jade artifacts, and their religious importance.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/oldworld/asia/liangzhu_culture.html (536 words)

	Jade Study
		The jade cong of Liangzhu Culture shown inÂ http://www.exoticjades.com/Â , http://www.liangzhuculture.com/Â Â isÂ found the curvature cut in each section of the gueen’s crown which may be interpreted as the recording of the passing away of the queen.
		Jade cong is one the earliest jade artifacts in ancient China.
		According to the Chinese legend, the three-leg toad is an auspicious creature tamed by Liu Hai, the disciple of Lu Tong Bin, a divine in the Tang dynasty.
	www.jadestudy.com (5595 words)

	NEOLIITHIC CULTURE\| NEOLITHIC CHINA \|THE JADE ROAD ltd
		Many of the Hongshan Jade artifacts are well persevered due to the fact that Hongshan culture utilized slab burial tombs and because of the dry arid climate of Inner Mongolia.
		The Liangzhu culture, dated to 3310 2250 B.C., is a late Neolithic culture located in Southeast China.
		The Liangzhu jades have two prominent kinds of jades that were for their ritual use.
	www.thejaderoad.com /neolithic.html (1111 words)

	Rare Liangzhu Culture Jade Tsung, 3310-2250 BC
		The jades of the Liangzhu (Liang-chu) Culture are the most important ones of the Miao-Man tribal group.
		The round pi discs and square ts'ung ritual tubes left by the Liang-chu Culture reflected China's earliest known concept of the cosmos, in which heaven was believed to be round and the earth square.
		A jade pi disc on display in this exhibit is faintly etched on its obverse side with one such symbol, depicting a bird atop a sacrificial altar.
	www.antiqnet.com /detail,rare-liangzhu-culture,694552.html (612 words)

	Jade Chronology » Uncategorized
		It is generally recognized that the dragon and phoenix motifs of Hongshan Culture are the ancestors of motifs found in later periods in the Chinese jade artifacts history.
		From the available Xia Dynasty jade artifacts found, the variety of Xia Culture jade artifacts include jade ring, jade ax, notched zhang, notched bi-disk, arched plaques most of which are rather large and thin in size and have decorated with symmetrical lines.
		The bosom motif of auspicious cloud is the typical motif for this period.
	www.jadechronology.com /?cat=1 (1505 words)

	Teaching Chinese Archaeology, object 3 - NGA
		Cong and bi in a Liangzhu burial at Sidun.
		Liangzhu and related east-coast cultures produced abundant rice harvests, and sites have yielded evidence of silk weaving, lacquering, and some of the earliest use of mortise-and-tenon joints in timber construction.
		The jades' fine workmanship is probably a result of improved rotary tools, including the fast wheel that was used to produce the complicated and delicate shapes of fl Liangzhu pottery.
	www.nga.gov /education/chinatp_sl03.shtm (449 words)

	UFO Area - Jade Bear-Dragons Corroborate Yellow Emperor Legend (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Hongshan was a regional culture in north and northeast China characterized by fishing and hunting.
		The Hongshan Culture is known not only for its jade but also for its red pottery with fl patterns and pottery decorated with Z-shaped designs.
		From say 4,000 to 5,300 years ago, the Liangzhu Culture, another representative of early Chinese civilization, emerged in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
	www.ufoarea.com /aas_jade_dragons.html (927 words)

	Liang Zhu Culture » Blog Archive » Liangzhu Culture, Jade Cong, H.30.5cm, W. 6cm. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The artifact has eight sectors consisting of the typical Liangzhu Culture spirit’s face motif and gueen’s crowns.
		The whole parts of the spirit’s face and crown’s motifs are carved with low relief style while the detail incised lines are done by broken slim line like gossamer which are popular in the Warring States period.
		This usual phenomenon seen in many Liangzhu Culture jade artifacts may be conjectured as certain signifucant event was recorded on the artifact.
	www.liangzhuculture.com /?p=34 (259 words)

	Chinese Culture Topic Center - Chinese Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Liangzhu jade culture The Liangzhu Jade culture (3400 BC3400-2250 BC) was the last Neolithic jade culture in the Yangtse River delta of China an...
		Longshan culture Longshan culture was a late Neolithic culture centered around the central and lower Yellow River in China.
		Yang is the one of the two opposing forces in Chinese philosophy, it associates with the bright Sun, represents mas...
	www.famouschinese.com /topic/Chinese_Culture (302 words)

	Jade Chronology
		The Hongshan Culture epitomized the prime of a matriarchal society.
		Liangzhu Culture (http://www.liangzhuculture.com/)Â can be dated back four to five thousands years.
		To find jade pieces within the Smithsonian, your best bet is to do a keyword search for "jade".
	www.jadechronology.com (1828 words)

	Jade Huang Plaque- 3170
		It is semi-circular in shape and its surface is slightly concave, which is characteristic of Liangzhu objects.
		Jades from China, Angus Forsyth and Brian McElney, The Museum of East Asian Art, Bath, 1994, pl. 31A, p.
		The mineralogy and surface alteration of Liangzhu jades are discussed in "The Mineralogical Inquiries into Chinese Neolithic Jades," by Zhichun Jing and Guang Wen, in
	www.bernsteinjadeart.com /nt_02.htm (404 words)

	Chinese and America Jades
		When artifacts of the ancient Americans are examined side by side with ancient Chinese artifacts from the contemporary cultures it becomes evident that there are striking similarities.
		Perhaps, the strongest evidence of these ancient cultural ties comes from a study of ancient jades and the lapidary workmanship, motifs and shapes.
		It is an exciting exploration to journey down the Jade Road to discover that our early ancestors were not primitive people, but on the contrary sophisticated people who traveled the ancient world.
	www.thejadetrade.com /ian/p22ga.html (150 words)

	Exotic Jades » Blog Archive » Chichia Culture Ax Jade disk
		With one end composed by smmoth curve and one end by four sections of staight bent lines, and notches on both sides, the ax has a bigger hole in the middle and a smaller hole on the upper part.
		Culture - Longshan (2800 BC - 1700 BC) (6)
		Hongshan Culture Jade Swallow, W. 22cm, H. 25cm.
	www.exoticjades.com /?p=116 (967 words)

	Brujula.Net - Your Latin Stating Point (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The most distinctive feature of Yangshao culture was the extensive use of painted pottery, especially human facial, animal, and geometric designs.
		Unlike the later Longshan culture, the Yangshao culture did not use pottery wheels in pottery-making.
		As a consequence of the Dynasty's openness to foreign influences, and renewed exchanges with Indian culture due to the numerous travels of Chinese Buddhist monks to India from the 4th to the 11th century, Tang dynasty Buddhist sculpture assumed a rather classical form, inspired by the Indian art of the Gupta period.
	www.brujula.net /english/wiki/Chinese_art.html (4980 words)

	Longshan Culture Jade Cicada, c.2800-2000BC
		The Longshan culture also were nature worshippers, with animal bones being used for divination.
		This Longshan jade cicada/penis shows a level of sophistication and humour in the clever adaptation of 2 forms in one.
		The jade is overall a very opaque, deep fl with amber and whitish inclusions.
	www.goantiques.com /detail,longshan-culture-jade,856315.html (219 words)

	Hemudu culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hemudu culture co-existed with the Majiabang culture as two separate and distinct cultures, with cultural transmissions between the two.
		The Hemudu culture is one of the earliest cultures to cultivate rice.
		The culture also produced carved jade ornaments, carved ivory artifacts and small, clay figurines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hemudu_culture (310 words)

	Liangzhu Culture
		This was a most significant discovery as it uncovered a highly evolved civilization that had been lost in time.
		In 1959, the Chinese archeologists who were working on these ancient sites named this ancient civilization the Liangzhu Culture.
		The use of diamond tipped scribes and very likely bronze and iron (meteorite sourced) tools were also employed.
	www.thejadetrade.com /ian/p1a.html (853 words)

	chinese-art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Liangzhu Jade culture was the last Neolithic Jade culture in the Yangtze River delta and was spaced over a period of about 1,300 years.
		A rich source of art in early China was the state of Chu, which developed in Yangtze River valley.
		Bei Dao is the most notable representative of the Misty Poets, a group of Chinese poets who reacted against the restrictions of the Cultural Revolution.
	www.china-101.net /chineseart.html (5497 words)

	Youth International Trading Co., Ltd.myeeig.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In 2001, we invested a handicraft factory, named Hangzhou Liangzhou Ancient Culture Handicraft Manufacture Co., Ltd. It is engaged in producing imitative Liangzhu culture jade and fl pottery, with a group of highly skilled workers and a whole set of special equipment.
		The jade materials are chosen carefully and then made into jade products by high-level technology.
		The whole process of manufacture is supervised by Liangzhu Culture Museum.
	youth.myeeig.com (206 words)

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