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	The Julian Society Bookstore
		Yet another primary source, written by Julian's teacher in Philosophy!
		Julian sought out Libanius early in his career, and Libanius remained one of Julian's mentors throughout his life.
		The Loeb Classical Library edition of Libanius' works.
	www.juliansociety.org /bookstore.htm (3644 words)

	Libanius - LoveToKnow 1911
		LIBANIUS (A.D. 3 1 4-393), Greek sophist and rhetorician, was born at Antioch, the capital of Syria.
		He studied at Athens, and spent most of his earlier manhood in Constantinople and Nicomedia.
		Some letters from the emperor Julian to Libanius will be found in R. Hercher, Epistolographi Graeci (1873).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Libanius (332 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 94.02.05
		The Letters show Libanius in a very different light from the speeches, even when his position as sophist, i.e., a public figure, is an instrumental part of his correspondence.
		As a consequence, the four volumes present a reasonably complete picture of Libanius; the most obvious gap is the absence of his work as a pure sophist, the speeches delivered as a teacher and practitioner of rhetoric for its own sake.
		In addition, he identifies quotations or paraphrases from other authors, ancient or more contemporary, where Libanius has included them; the sophist's classicism, as well as that of his correspondents, or sometimes their lack of learning, is thus evident.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1994/94.02.05.html (1588 words)

	Libanius
		Libanius or (Greek) Libanios, (314 to about AD 394) was a Greek-speaking sophist rhetorician of the later Roman empire.
		He was born into a once influential family of Antioch which had recently lost most of its wealth and influence as a result of participation in Eugenius' revolt against emperor Diocletian.
		When 14 years old, Libanius fell in love with rhetoric and focused his whole life on it.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/li/Libanius.html (160 words)

	Summary: Libanius, Hypotheses to the Orations of Demosthenes
		With this exception, Libanius’ Demosthenic corpus includes the same speeches as ours, but in a different order: 1-11, 13-21, 23, 22, 24, 25+26, 59, 58, 57, 27-31, 54, 39-40, 36, 45-46, 32, 37-38, 35, 34, 33, 55, 52, 51, 50, 49, 53, 42, 41, 48, 56, 47, 43-44.
		Polemic is generally absent, but on several occasions Libanius challenges the views of earlier, anonymous scholars on the authenticity of speeches and the proper classification of speeches into groups.
		Craig Gibson, trans., Summary of “Libanius, Hypotheses to the Orations of Demosthenes” (A. Mahoney and R. Scaife, edd., The Stoa: a consortium for scholarly publication in the humanities [www.stoa.org]) edition of April 30, 2003.
	www.stoa.org /projects/demos/summary_libanius?greekEncoding=UnicodeC (572 words)

	Article: The Representation of the Late Antique City in the Madaba Map (by Wendy Pullan) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		15 Libanius includes a lengthy discussion of the porticoes:16 they are extensive,17 unbroken, and unchanged by either slope or stream (196-197); he likens them to "rivers which flow for the greatest distance through the city, while the side streets seem like canals drawn from them" (201).
		Libanius acknowledges the length of his own salutory discourse on the porticoes, and finally states his motive: the porticoes make a good city.
		Libanius wrote that in Antioch the entrances of the public buildings abutted the porticoed streets (212), and in Jerusalem this is certainly the case with the Nea Church and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre which are entered from the cardo maximus.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/ofm/mad/articles/PullanCardo.html (5261 words)

	Libanius
		Libanius (Greek) Libanios) (ca 314 AD - ca 394) was a Greek-speaking teacher of rhetoric of the later Roman Empire, an educated pagan of the Sophist school in an Empire that was turning aggressively Christian and publicly burned its own heritage and closed the academies
		He was born into a once-influential, deeply cultured family of Antioch that had recently lost most of its wealth and influence.
		Before his exile, Libanius was friend of the emperor Julian, with whom some correspondence survives, and used his arts of rhetoric as a potent defender of private and political causes.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/l/li/libanius.html (499 words)

	Libanius - Definition, explanation
		Libanius (Greek Libanios) (ca 314 AD - ca 394) was a Greek-speaking teacher of rhetoric of the later Roman Empire, an educated pagan of the Sophist school in an Empire that was turning aggressively Christian and publicly burned its own heritage and closed the academies.
		When 14 years old, Libanius fell in love with rhetoric and focused his whole life on it.
		Before his exile, Libanius was friend of the emperor Julian, with whom some correspondence survives, and used his arts of rhetoric as a potent defender of private and political causes.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/l/li/libanius.php (545 words)

	Harvard University Press: Selected Orations, I, Julianic Orations by Libanius (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Libanius (AD 314–393) was one of the last great publicists and teachers of Greek paganism.
		As sophist of Antioch and a devoted exponent of the traditional Hellenic system of education, Libanius remained deliberately and contemptuously unacquainted with Latin, and deplored its growing influence.
		The orations on Julian, to whose memory he remained devoted all his life, were composed between 362 and 365, and present Libanius with a congenial subject, revealing him at the height of his powers and influence.
	www.hup.harvard.edu /catalog/L451.html (298 words)

	Drama term paper
		This was so obvious that Libanius, when Julian deserted Antioch in anger, advised the citizens to close the theatres by way of showing how extreme their anxiety was at the loss of the imperial patronage.
		As Antioch was a city of theatres in one or another of which every kind of spectacle, from the legitimate drama down to dog-fights and prestidigitation, was to be seen, the suggestion of Libanius emphasizes the value of the emperor's presence to the business of the city.
		Libanius enumerated among the ancient plays which were reproduced, the Pasiphaë, either the tragedy of Euripides or one by Alcaeus with the same title; the Acharnians of Aristophanes; Menander's comedy, the Tictousae; and many others.
	www.superiorpapers.com /drama_sam.php (699 words)

	The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Edward Gibbon (chapter24)
		The sophist Libanius was born in the capital of the East; he publicly professed the arts of rhetoric and declamation at Nice, Nicomedia, Constantinople, Athens, and, during the remainder of his life, at Antioch.
		The voluminous writings of Libanius still exist; for the most part, they are the vain and idle compositions of an orator, who cultivated the science of words; the productions of a recluse student, whose mind, regardless of his contemporaries, was incessantly fixed on the Trojan war and the Athenian commonwealth.
		Libanius says that it was a great city of Assyria, called after the name of the reigning king.
	etext.library.adelaide.edu.au /g/gibbon/edward/g43d/chapter24.html (18217 words)

	"Who Was Socrates?", Part III, pages 76 to end of text.
		Again, Libanius shows clearly that one of the charges brought against Socrates by Polycrates was that he was a teacher of the young oligarchs.
		Libanius, however, is even more clear about what is meant when he says that "as a teacher of evil deeds he [i.e., Polycrates] has no one he can mention except Alcibiades and Critias."
		Libanius puts the accusation in the following terms: "He does not speak from the tribune." "Yes," is the / 83 / reply, "like many Athenians, following the precedent given by Solon, since he did not have a temperament that enabled him to consort with the people, and yet he watched over many private citizens.
	www.chss.montclair.edu /english/furr/socrates/wpart3pp76toend.html (3019 words)

	Chapter The Retreat And Death Of Julian. of History of The Decline And Fall of The Roman Empire by Gibbon
		It is the common calamity of old age, to lose whatever might have rendered it desirable; but Libanius experienced the peculiar misfortune of surviving the religion and the sciences, to which he had consecrated his genius.
		The martial impatience of Julian urged him to take the field in the beginning of the spring; and he dismissed, with contempt and reproach, the senate of Antioch, who accompanied the emperor beyond the limits of their own territory, to which he was resolved never to return.
		He informed Libanius of his progress as far as Hierapolis, by an elegant epistle, which displays the facility of his genius, and his tender friendship for the sophist of Antioch.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/1/62/109/25666/4.html (772 words)

	bolchazy.com: Main
		Besides Diogenes’ Life, there is Libanius’ Apology of Socrates, in which centuries of hindsight are exploited to imagine what else a friend might have said on Socrates’ behalf in court, besides what got into Plato’s script.
		Apuleius, Maximus and Libanius are rhetorical entertainers, whose sole aim is to tickle the jaded palates of an over-educated audience by reshuffling the dog-eared cards of a well-worn pack.
		Libanius, besides his Apology of Socrates, also composed a declamation On the Silence of Socrates, which can be read as a metaphorical lament for the progressive silencing of pagan literary and philosophical culture by Christian authority in the fourth century.
	www.bolchazy.com /prod.php?cat=&id=4983&add=rev (1998 words)

	St John Chrysostom
		After his mother was widowed at the age of twenty, she devoted herself to bringing up John and his elder sister in the nurture and admonition of the Lord.
		John received his literary training under Anthragathius the philosopher, and Libanius the sophist, who was the greatest Greek scholar and rhetorician of his day.
		Libanius was a pagan, and when asked before his death whom he wished to have for his successor, he said, "John, had not the Christians stolen him from us." With such a training, and with such gifts as he had by nature, John had before him a brilliant career as a rhetorician.
	www.nj.goarch.org /st_john_chrysostom.htm (864 words)

	(Gregory Nazianzen) Julian the Emperor (1888) Title page, Preface, Illustrations
		LIBANIUS' MONODY ; OR, FUNERAL ORATION UPON JULIAN..............................................
		IN the case of the Emperor Julian, Historic Truth possesses the very rare advantage of having two portraits of the same person, taken from diametrically opposite points of view—and both of them by painters intimately acquainted with their subject during the whole course of his career.
		The Numeration in the text of Libanius refers to Reiske's edition, used for this Translation.
	www.earlychristianwritings.com /fathers/gregory_nazianzen_1_preface.htm (1573 words)

	CHURCH FATHERS: Letter 351 (St. Basil)
		Many, who have come to me from where you are, have admired your oratorical power.
		They were remarking that there has been a very brilliant specimen of this, and a very great contest, as they alleged, with the result that all crowded together, and no one appeared in the whole city but Libanius alone in the lists, and everybody, young and old, listening.
		If I am a praiser of Libanius without his works, what am I likely to become after receiving the grounds on which to praise him?
	www.newadvent.org /fathers/3202351.htm (202 words)

	NPNF2-02. Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories \| Christian Classics Ethereal Library
		But I confess, indeed, that he was an excellent rhetorician, but am persuaded that had he not coincided with the emperor in religious sentiment, he would not only have given expression to all that has been said against him by Christians, but would have magnified every ground of censure as naturally becomes a rhetorician.
		Since then he has spoken in the spirit of a pagan, a sophist, and the friend of him whom he lauded, we shall endeavor to meet what he has advanced, as far as we are able.
		Libanius does not term these ‘ridiculous and contemptible absurdities,’ although he was familiar with these oracles, as well as with the work of Adrias on the life of Alexander
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/npnf202.ii.vi.xxiii.html (1802 words)

	Roman Emperors DIR Gallus Caesar
		Ammianus (14.7.2) credits Honoratus with the salvation of the senators of Antioch, all of whom Gallus had sentenced to death in recompense for their opposition to this policy (did this episode figure in the replacement of Honoratus by Nebridius?).
		Libanius says that he delivered this panegyric in fear and that in it he mentioned that Zenobius, who, according to Libanius, was actually present, had often extolled Gallus' eloquence.
		However, Libanius adduces this as the explanation for the cool treatment he thereafter often received in public from Gallus, at Or.
	www.roman-emperors.org /gallus.htm (6124 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 776 (v. 2) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As regards the style of Libanius as an orator, some modern critics have called him a real model of pure Attic Greek (Reiske, Praefat.
		This tendency not seldom renders his style obscure, notwithstanding his striving after purity, inasmuch as he sometimes sacrifices the logical connection of his sentences to his rhetorical mode of expressing them.
		Four other persons of the name of Libanius, none of whom is of any importance are enumerated by Fabricius (Bibl.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/1884.html (903 words)

	Libanius
		Libanius (Greek Libanios) (ca 314 AD - ca 394) was a Greek-speaking teacher of rhetoric of the later Roman Empire, an educated pagan of the Sophist school in an Empire that was turning aggressively Christian and publicly burned its own heritage and closed the academies.
		Before his exile, Libanius was friend of the emperor Julian, with whom some correspondence survives, and used his arts of rhetoric as a potent defender of private and political causes.
		Libanius has much to tell us about the fanatical world of the later 4th century.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Bios/Libanius.html (518 words)

	Antioch - Crystalinks
		Libanius) anxious to affiliate themselves to the Attic Ionians--an anxiety which is illustrated by the Athenian types used on the city's coins.
		Libanius describes the first building and arrangement of this city (i.
		The inhabitants did not enjoy a great reputation for learning or virtue; they were excessively devoted to pleasure, and universally known for their witticisms and sarcasm.
	www.crystalinks.com /antioch.html (2225 words)

	The Ecclesistical History of Sozomen (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Libanius, [1426] the sophist, a native of Syria, the most intimate friend of Julian, expressed himself in the following terms concerning the person who had committed the deed: "You desire to know by whom the emperor was slain.
		We have a proof, however, that the murderer was not one of the enemies; for no one came forward to claim the reward, although the king of Persia caused proclamation to be made, by a herald, of the honors to be awarded to him who had performed the deed.
		In the document above quoted, Libanius clearly states that the emperor fell by the hand of a Christian; and this, probably, was the truth.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txub/sozomen6.htm (18427 words)

	[No title]
		As is obvious from this list, letter collections are critical for an understanding of the aristocracy, though they need to be supplemented by other material, hence the exclusion of the societies of Pliny and Augustine.
		Yet, in the two centuries between the Younger Pliny (368 letters) and Fronto (c200) and Libanius (c1600), there are no large collections of letters (with the exception of Cyprian's 80).
		Libanius and Ausonius (or even Pliny), suggest this was normal for earlier periods of the Empire.
	www.infomotions.com /serials/bmcr/bmcr-9410-elton-roman.txt (914 words)

	Gibson: Theory and Practice in Libanius' Progymnasmata (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The goal of this paper is to analyze and describe the theoretical underpinnings of Libanius' practice by comparing his collection of sample exercises to the recommendations of the four surviving treatises.
		This comparison suggests that Libanius essentially followed the theoretical guidelines of Ps.-Hermogenes: none of his sample exercises violates Ps.-Hermogenes' recommendations; Libanius sometimes agrees in practice with Ps.-Hermogenes against other ancient theorists; and Libanius uses many of the same themes and literary sources that Ps.-Hermogenes does.
		However, Libanius differs from his model in that he expected his students to know much more about ancient history and biography; the influence of this aspect of his pedagogy can be seen in the short sample exercises included in the treatise of Aphthonius, one of Libanius' more accomplished students.
	www.camws.org /meeting/2005/abstracts2005/gibson.html (274 words)

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