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Topic: Libel

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	Slander and libel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Modern libel and slander laws as implemented in many but not all Commonwealth nations, in the United States, and in the Republic of Ireland, are originally descended from English defamation law.
		English law allows actions for libel to be brought in the High Court for any published statements which defame a named or identifiable individual or individuals in a manner which causes them loss in their trade or profession, or causes a reasonable person to think worse of him, her or them.
		In that case, "actual malice" was defined as "knowledge that the information was false" or that it was published "with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not." This decision was later extended to cover "public figures", although the standard is still considerably lower in the case of private individuals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Slander (2962 words)

	Slander and libel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		"Libel", "slander", and "defamation" are commonly used as synonyms in ordinary language, at least in Britan and Ireland.
		Modern libel and slander laws as implemented in many but not all Commonwealth nations, in the United States, and in the Republic of Ireland, are originally descended from.
		The crime of, spreading false reports about the magnates of the realm, was established by statutes, but the first fully reported case in which libel is affirmed generally to be punishable at common law is one tried in the Star Chamber in the reign of James I.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Libel (3064 words)

	AllRefer.com - libel and slander (Legal Terms And Concepts) - Encyclopedia
		In common law, written defamation was libel and spoken defamation was slander.
		The Sullivan ruling shifted the burden of proof in many libel cases from the defendant to the plaintiff, who must now prove the falsehood was issued with actual malice, that is, with deliberate knowledge that the statement was both incorrect and defamatory.
		Libel suits apply not only to the media and public personalities but also to businesses, which account for approximately 70% of all suits.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/libel.html (749 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Libel
		Libel differs essentially from slander, in that it may be the subject of both criminal and civil litigation, whereas slander is not a criminal offence.
		Libel per se embraces all cases which would be actionable if made orally, and also embraces all other cases where the additional gravity imparted to the charge by the publication can fairly be supposed to make it damaging.
		In cases of libels upon the dead, although no private injury in the ordinary sense results to anyone, they are properly the subject of criminal prosecution, as being likely to cause a breach of the peace, on account of the resentment of the surviving relatives.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09210a.htm (1395 words)

	Legal Definition of 'Libel'
		LIBEL - Published material meeting three conditions: The material is defamatory either on its face or indirectly; The defamatory statement is about someone who is identifiable to one or more persons; and, The material must be distributed to someone other than the offended party; i.e.
		Libels against the memory of the dead which have a tendency to create a breach of the peace by inciting the friends and relatives of the deceased to avenge the insult of the fanlily, render their authors liable to legal animadversion.
		The publisher of a libel is liable to be punished criminally by indictment or is subject to an action on the case by the party grieved.
	www.lectlaw.com /def/l032.htm (874 words)

	What is Libel? - Associated Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Libel per se describes statements which are widely understood to be harmful to a person's reputation.
		While this statement in itself may not be libelous, the fact that the person is a Catholic priest would be; the reputation and lifestyle of the individual would be adversely affected by this kind of statement because of his occupation.
		In a standard libel suit, if the plaintiff is a public figure they must show that the statement was made with 'actual malice'; private people are only required to prove negligence.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /comm/media_libel/libel/definition.html (719 words)

	Definition
		The law of libel originated in the common law or in what is sometimes referred to as case law.
		Reporting that a woman was declared ineligible for a beauty contest because she was married might be libel per quod if one of the conditions for entering the contest was that women be unmarried.
		Libel is a tort÷an allegation of injury for which a civil action may be brought.
	www.texaspress.com /Lawpress/LawMedia/Libel/LibelDefinition.htm (852 words)

	Unfettered Press: Libel Law in the United States
		Libel is a legal term that describes a written form of defamation, which the dictionary defines as a "false or unjustified injury to someone's good reputation." Sometimes the word slander is used in the same breath as libel.
		Libel cases, which are part of civil (rather than criminal) courtroom proceedings, may be heard by juries, and it is up to the jury to decide whether a publication has printed libelous information about someone.
		And in one of the largest libel verdicts ever reached against the media, a former district attorney from Texas named Victor Feazell was awarded $58 million in April 1991 after a Dallas television station accused him of accepting bribes to fix drunken driving cases.
	usinfo.state.gov /products/pubs/press/press08.htm (2228 words)

	BBC - Action Network - - A1183394 - How to avoid libel and defamation
		Libel law protects individuals or organisations from unwarranted, mistaken or untruthful attacks on their reputation.
		After hearing all the evidence, the judge (who did find that some of the allegations were true) ruled that the pair had libelled McDonalds because the evidence they called was not enough to prove the majority of their statements.
		In 2001, the Daily Mail lost a libel action brought by the former Tottenham Hotspur chairman Alan Sugar over the remark that he was a "miser" when he ran the club because he didn’t give his manager enough money to buy top class players.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/ican/A1183394 (1657 words)

	4.03: Libel Law: Let It Die
		The theory behind libel law is simple: it's possible to say or publish something that so badly injures someone's reputation that it measurably damages his or her life and livelihood.
		This is especially true, say the libel theorists, when one is talking about defamation in mass media such as newspapers and TV.
		It's the latter case, Gertz, that points to why libel law may be on the verge of obsolescence.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/4.03/letitdie_pr.html (900 words)

	FAQ's
		One must consider whether a libel action is the only method of achieving the corporation's particular objective or if a solution can be resolved through an apology, retraction, or by writing rebuttal articles or letters to the editor.
		Libel actions are often heard by juries, which compounds the uncertainty inherent in the litigation process.
		This answer is no. One cannot escape liability for defamation by putting the libel behind a prefix such as "I have been told that..." or "It is rumoured that...", and then asserting that it was true that one had been told or that it was in fact being rumoured....
	www.cyberlibel.com /libel.html (1250 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Libel is the written or broadcast form of defamation, distinguished from slander, which is oral defamation.
		Libel per se involves statements so vicious that malice is assumed and does not require a proof of intent to get an award of general damages.
		Libel against the reputation of a person who has died will allow surviving members of the family to bring an action for damages.
	dictionary.law.com /definition2.asp?selected=1153&bold=\|\|\|\| (432 words)

	Libel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Libel occurs when a false and defamatory statement, article, headline, opinion or letter to the editor is published which tends to harm a person’s reputation or expose him or her to public hatred, contempt or ridicule.
		Where the defamation takes the form of a libel, that is, a more permanent form of statement than the spoken word, the majority of courts presume nominal damages, and the plaintiff is relieved of the necessity of showing actual monetary harm.
		Giordano typed the allegedly libelous statements within Mexico—the fact that the ISP he utilized is headquartered in New York state, and that the ISPs servers are located in Maryland, does not change the fact that the comments emanated from Mexico.
	www.crimes-of-persuasion.com /Laws/libel.htm (17152 words)

	MLRC \| Libel FAQs
		Libel and slander are legal claims for false statements of fact about a person that are printed, broadcast, spoken or otherwise communicated to others.
		Libel generally refers to statements or visual depictions in written or other permanent form, while slander refers to verbal statements and gestures.
		Libel and slander are civil claims, but a handful of the states recognize an action for criminal defamation.
	www.medialaw.org /Content/NavigationMenu/Public_Resources/Libel_FAQs/Libel_FAQs.htm (1187 words)

	Libel & Defamation in the Information Age
		If the few court battles that have been decided involving libel and defamation on the Net are any indication of how the law will be applied to the Internet in the future, it's worth your time to learn what's libelous or defamatory on the Internet and what's not.
		You probably won't lose a libel or defamation lawsuit if you can back up what you write with solid facts." For example, Brock Meeks, a full-time journalist who also distributes his own electronic magazine, avoided losing a defamation lawsuit largely because he could prove an article that he sent over the Net was true.
		Libel could occur through private e-mail but the fact that it is Private makes it a weaker case.
	www.writing.upenn.edu /~afilreis/defamation-in-cyberspace.html (2449 words)

	Study Guide, Libel, Mass Communication Law, COMM 5300-002, Fall 2001
		Libel law has been around for many centuries, but in the United States, beginning in the 1960's, it underwent major revisions.In many key cases, the U.S. Supreme Court and other courts attempted to fashion libel law that would support the democratic ideal of freeand open discussion of matters of public importance.
		As Pember points out, in such cases it is the truth of the libelous charge itself that is at issue, not the accuracy of the quote in the story.
		There are now two, crucial issues in establishing fault in a civil libel case: whether the plaintiff is a "public" or "private" figure, and the circumstances under which a defamatory news story is written.
	www.hum.utah.edu /communication/classes/fa01/5300study3.html (1001 words)

	Writer's Encyclopedia--Letter L (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Libel is a form of defamation, or injury to a person's name or reputation.
		This rule states that, in a libel action begun by a public official, the public official cannot be successful unless he proves actual malice, which can be manifest in the publisher's/writer's knowledge that the material is false or in his "reckless disregard" of whether it is false.
		Because the law of libel, like other laws, is constantly evolving and changes are sometimes determined by individual cases, the best way to stay abreast of this issue is to read reports of cases and developments in journalism and writing trade journals.
	www.writersmarket.com /encyc/l.asp (7022 words)

	EFF: Bloggers' FAQ: Online Defamation Law
		Libel is a written defamation; slander is a spoken defamation.
		For example, it was not libel for ESPN to caption a photo "Evel Knievel proves you're never too old to be a pimp," since it was (in context) "not intended as a criminal accusation, nor was it reasonably susceptible to such a literal interpretation.
		When libel is clear on its face, without the need for any explanatory matter, it is called libel per se.
	www.eff.org /bloggers/lg/faq-defamation.php (2089 words)

	diarist.net \| guide \| preflight \| libel
		Libel is written and slander is usually oral.
		Another key difference between libel and slander, however, is that it's easier to get dragged into a libel suit, and harder to get out unscathed.
		In a libel case, the burden of proof falls more on the defendant — that is you, the author.
	www.diarist.net /guide/libel.shtml (1355 words)

	Libel and the reporter--Beginning Reporting
		First a definition: Libel is the injury to reputation that occurs when a false, published report charges criminal conduct, immorality or incompetence in one's business, profession or office.
		The key word in that definition is "false." Truth is the best defense against libel, but knowing it and proving it are two things.
		Libel usually results from carelessness, exaggerated writing, statements of officials made outside privileged situations, inadequate verification or failure by the reporter to talk with the subject of the defamation.
	www.courses.vcu.edu /ENG-jeh/BeginningReporting/Rewriting/libel.htm (368 words)

	Blood Libel, Host Desecration and other Myths
		In 1144 CE, an unfounded rumor began in eastern England, that Jews had kidnapped a Christian child, tied him to a cross, stabbed his head to simulate Jesus' crown of thorns, killed him, drained his body completely of blood, and mixed the blood into matzos (unleavened bread) at time of Passover.
		In 1817, Czar Alexander I of Russia declared that the blood libel was a myth.
		A variation of the blood libel myth developed in Europe early in the 11th century.
	www.religioustolerance.org /jud_blib2.htm (2038 words)

	Libel/Slander (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Scott Law Firm handles libel and slander (also known as defamation) cases and provides a no-charge consultation to prospective clients to evaluate such cases.
		In general, libel is written and slander is oral, although it is likely that broadcast defamation would be considered libel in Missouri because of the serious potential for harm to reputation resulting from widespread dissemination of a defamatory statement.
		Therefore, both libel and slander require that the statement in question have been communicated to at least one person other than the person who made the statement and the person about whom it was made.
	www.scottlawfirm.com /libel.htm (927 words)

	Guarding Against Libel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A libel case will be thrown out of court unless it has all six of the elements on this list.
		You would be repeating a potentially libelous statement by a judge who was not acting in a official capacity.)
		To prove libel, the public official must prove that the false, damaging statement of fact arising from negligence also was published with malice (the editors or writers knew it was false but published it anyway), or that the journalists acted with reckless disregard for whether the statement was true or false.
	stripe.colorado.edu /~yulsman/Libel.html (401 words)

	USS Clueless - Libel on the web
		In response, I wrote this article where I laid out my understanding of the current jurisprudence in the US concerning libel as it applies to the Internet, in order to show that I didn't fear him because he had no chance of prevailing.
		The summary is that it's really damned hard to prove that one internet user has libeled another, because it can plausibly be argued that everyone who participates on the Internet is a "limited purpose public figure" and thus would have to prove "actual malice" in order to prevail as plaintiff in a libel suit.
		It's really tough to prove that, and though a lot of people complain about libel and rattle their legal sabers on the subject, in general I tend to be extremely skeptical.
	denbeste.nu /cd_log_entries/2003/10/Libelontheweb.shtml (520 words)

	Basic UK libel law for idiots
		Libel is when the defamation is written down (including email, bulletin boards and websites), and slander is when the incident relates to words spoken.
		Although the mail's already been sent and read by all, by repeating the allegation they too are committing the same libel.
		A magazine lost a famous case against a TV company because, although specific allegations made by the magazine were true they implied that the people from the TV company were deliberately misleading the public.
	www.urban75.com /Action/libel.html (1013 words)

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