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Topic: Liberalism and centrism in Iceland

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	liberalism - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about liberalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is historically associated with the Liberal Party in the UK and the Democratic Party in the USA.
		Liberalism developed during the 17th to 19th centuries as the distinctive theory of the industrial and commercial classes in their struggle against the power of the monarchy, the church, and the feudal landowners.
		In the late 19th and early 20th centuries its ideas were modified by the acceptance of universal suffrage (voting rights for all citizens) and a certain amount of state intervention in economic affairs, in order to ensure a minimum standard of living and to remove extremes of poverty and wealth.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /liberalism (310 words)

	Liberal democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		They would argue that "liberal democracy" does not respect majority rule (except when citizens are asked to vote for their representatives), and also that its "liberty" is restricted by the constitution or precedent (in the UK) decided by previous generations.
		Switzerland is one of the few liberal democracies with a representative system combined with referenda and plebiscites.
		Australia, Canada, the member states of the European Union, Iceland, New Zealand, Norway and the United States are all examples of liberal democracy (though of course it is sometimes argued that none is perfect with respect to the above rights).
	pedia.newsfilter.co.uk /wikipedia/l/li/liberal_democracy.html (315 words)

	Liberalism and centrism in Iceland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is limited to liberal and centrist parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament.
		Liberalism was a major force in Iceland since 1897, but merged into conservatism.
		The newly found Liberal Party (FrjÃ¡slyndi Flokkurin) seems to be a liberal party.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Iceland (288 words)

	Liberalism in Australia -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This article gives an overview of liberalism in (A nation occupying the whole of the Australian continent; aboriginal tribes are thought to have migrated from southeastern Asia 20,000 years ago; first Europeans were British convicts sent there as a penal colony) Australia.
		The degree of (A tense of verbs used in describing action that is on-going) progressive sentiment varied from colony to colony: social liberals were prominent in (A waterfall in the Zambezi River on the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia; diminishes seasonally) Victoria and (A state in south central Australia) South Australia, for instance.
		Liberalism in Australia has been notably lacking in a coherent philosophical underpinning: it is strongly pragmatic, rather than ideological, defined chiefly in antithesis to Labor.
	absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/L/Li/Liberalism_in_Australia.htm (1495 words)

	MBceo Directory of Resources and Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Liberal democracy is also based on the notions of tolerance and pluralism.
		Liberal democracies are also characterised by periodic elections, in which the competing political views possess the opportunity to achieve political power.
		Since many liberals see democracies with strong statist reflections through the public choice theory as slow, dogmatic, conservative and not too apt for change, the liberal democracy contrasts with what could be called the "statist" democracy in that it emphasizes the civil society as the engine of its public discourse and development further.
	www.mbceo.com /index.php?title=Liberal_democracy (632 words)

	Liberalism in the Netherlands -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It took until 1885 that liberals organise themselves in a party and for most of the time liberals are divided in traditional and more social liberals.
		In Netherlands liberals fought in 1848 to gain a new parliament from King (Click link for more info and facts about William II of the Netherlands) William II of the Netherlands.
		Dutch liberalism got divided at the end of the nineteenth century into a conservative liberal current and a radical (free-minded democratic) current.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/L/Li/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands.htm (983 words)

	Liberalism in Germany -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The (Click link for more info and facts about liberal parties) liberal parties dealt with in the timeline below are, largely, those which received sufficient support at one time or another to have been represented in parliament.
		Organized liberalism developed in the 1860s, combining the previous liberal and democratic currents.
		Between 1867 and 1933 liberalism was divided in a progressive liberal and a national liberal current.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/L/Li/Liberalism_in_Germany.htm (1166 words)

	Liberal democracy
		Such constitutional rights (also named liberal rights) are guaranteed through various controled institutions and various statutory laws in order to protect the rights of individuals and minorities from the ' Majoritarianism '.
		They would argue that "liberal democracy" does not respect the majority rule (except when citizents are asked to vote for their representatives), and also that its "liberty" is restricted by the constitution decided by an old (even sometimes dead) generation.
		Switzerland is one of the few liberal democracies with a representative system completed with referenda and plebiscites.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/l/li/liberal_democracy.html (338 words)

	Articles - List of liberal parties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The mainstream of liberalism continues on the path of gradual reforms, embraces electoral democracy as a basic liberal position and organizes itself in the form of the traditional liberal parties.
		Liberalism in Uruguay organized itself in the nineteenth century in the Colorado (or Red) Party, (Partido Colorado) nowadays an heterogonous party, divided in factions ranging from conservatism to social democracy.
		Liberalism is not organized in Zimbabwe, but the left-leaning opposition Movement for Democratic Change includes liberals and social democrats opposed to the heavy-handed Maoism and social conservatism of dictator Robert Mugabe.
	www.milliondata.com /articles/List_of_liberal_parties (3857 words)

	Usenet Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Liberalism is mostly a theory against the state, a theory that places limits on what the state may do.
		Liberals > of the time had not only heard of anarchism, they were quite > familiar with it, and mostly wanted nothing to do with it.
		The state was founded by people who had a vision of strict limits on the role of the state, but ever since then, the state has been pushing against those limits, so that now the US state is a monstrosity that the founding fathers would have had difficulty recognizing as their own created government.
	usenet2.best-buy-online.com /Dir21/File830.html (11518 words)

	Untitled Document
		There were rare individuals born as peasants who demonstrated exceptional talents and were able to work their way up through the church hierarchy or even to become members of the royal court in some cases but persons such as these were quite uncommon.
		If classical liberalism was not a revolt against the medieval Old Order, then why did the founders of the United States specifically abolish the monarchy, constitutionally prohibit the issuance of titles of primogeniture and religious tests for the holding of public office, separate church and state and eliminate indentured servitude?
		And the man considered by many to be the godfather of classical liberalism, Adam Smith, issued a similar warning against the potential for centralization of power inherent in the then-nascent corporations.
	www.attackthesystem.com /lancaster.html (1966 words)

	The Daley Times-Post Page 4
		The traditional tofu-nog will flow liberally as families, both conventional and non-conventional alike, unite in the spirit of some largely purposeless, yet wholly innocuous occasion, while the virtues of atheism are extolled as a more inclusive alternative to the divisive religious ideologies of the past.
		Liberals, like conservatives, are always going to believe that people on the opposing side of the political fence are exhibiting poor judgment, simply because they are not on THEIR side of it.
		It apparently never occurs to the liberal mind that the other human body involved might be something to consider as well, or that the obvious question to be asked is when does a fetus become a human life, worthy of the same protections as every other individual.
	users.adelphia.net /~thofab/page4.htm (20353 words)

	Why I Am Not a Cultural Conservative, by Keith Preston -- anti-state.com
		However, the classical liberals of the Enlightenment era that Hoppe regards as his ideological ancestors specifically rejected the hierarchical, static, stratified order that comprised the Ancien Regime.
		Indeed, classical liberalism emerged as a revolutionary movement that aimed to bring down the Old Order that Hoppe is describing here.
		Iceland is discussed in Machinery of Freedom by David Friedman.
	www.anti-state.com /preston/preston3.html (2911 words)

	Booker Rising
		The liberals have had forty years to convince the public, and apparently themselves, that they are the sole champions of minority rights.
		Justice Holmes became a hero to many liberals because his judicial votes on the Court were in several landmark cases in favor of many of the policies and practices that liberals believe in.
		Ironically, this also characterizes a liberal society.....The Supreme Court justices who have just used our Constitution to justify taking property from one set of private citizens and turning it over to others are the same jurists that liberals are in love with because they carry their water on issues like abortion and affirmative action.
	bookerrising.blogspot.com (12531 words)

	Liberal International
		The Liberal International is an international organization for liberal parties.
		European Liberal, Democrat and Reform Party ( European Union)
		Liberal, Democratic and Reformers' Group ( Council of Europe)
	pedia.newsfilter.co.uk /wikipedia/l/li/liberal_international.html (62 words)

	Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net
		It is limited to liberal party liberal and centrist parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament.
		So, the Progressive Party (''Framsóknarflokkurinn'', member Liberal International LI) is an agrarian liberal party.
		There you find a list of all editors and the possibility to edit the original text of the article Liberalism and centrism in Iceland.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Liberalism_and%20centrism%20in%20Iceland.html (273 words)

	apworld (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		FLN rises around 1954 for liberation of Algeria from France, which responds with torture, mass executions, horribly bloody war.
		Liberal Muslims still believe individual reason is a justifiable method for deciding religious laws.
		Scientificos take over-- European liberalism (objective technology and science provide for the happiness of the greatest number of people; Auguste Compte) clashes with the ethnically diverse Mexican society.
	students.risd.edu /yr2006/jbruesse/web/apworld.htm (16397 words)

	inspiration.html
		They may be surprised by the extent to which their government, liberal national media, and central bank have all misled them in the last seventy years.
		Although he was slow to condemn the excesses of the French Revolution, later in life he became increasingly right wing on racial and ethnic issues as he aged and did not free any of his fl slaves in his lifetime.
		He explicitly stated that he felt that races are not equal in their capabilities, and for this he is hated by many contemporary liberals.
	www.amfir.com /AmFir/Commentary%20Pages/Inspiration.html (6810 words)

	Gestur Guðmundsson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This internationalism was reinforced within the realm of ideas, as liberalism and socialism became the strongest ideological forces, and conservative ideologies were on the defensive.
		Their first EP issued in 1966 contained three songs written especially for them by a young folk musician and with Icelandic lyrics written by a musician of the ‘jazz generation’; these became popular and had considerable airtime, while the fourth song was more popular by the hard core followers of the group.
		In Iceland, for instance, it was widely accepted that the most popular female rock singer Shady Owens, who was half Icelandic and half American and brought up in American surroundings, expressed herself vocally better in English than Icelandic; but the main trend was in the other direction.
	www.alli.fi /nyri/young/1999/articleGestur99-2.htm (8980 words)

	John Quiggin » Blog Archive » The R-word (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Would the Icelanders be justified in restricting or excluding immigration on the basis of trying to preserve their unique language, way of life and maybe even race?
		Liberals (small l) who have as a tenet of faith that all human beings share identical potential and deserve equal recognition of their human dignity feel it is a victory when racists are shame-faced about their obsessions.
		The genius of AUS ’s post-Menzies liberal Vital Centrism is that it has successfully contained the problem of racism through the dialectic of Whitlamite progressive racial differentiation and Howardite conservative social integration.
	johnquiggin.com /index.php?p=163 (15809 words)

	Religion and IR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Moreover, equating religious movements to non-governmental organizations is not only reductionist, it is also deeply offensive to religiously motivated actors whose faith is simply more dynamic than a semi-autonomous lobby group, chipping away at the sovereignty of the state.
		Indeed, of particular relevance to realist thought is the same privatization of religion that plagues liberals’ ability to decipher faith based principles as well.
		Comparatively, in Iceland, widely considered to be the world’s first and foremost secular state, eighty-eight percent believe that there is life after death and only 2.4% profess to be atheist.
	www.carleton.ca /polisci/Polity/Vol%201%20no2/Religion%20and%20IR.htm (4967 words)

	neoscenes: texts: Thornton: Let Them Eat IT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Whereas free market liberals tend to see IT as force of global harmony, Robert Manning foresees nations coalescing around regional economic and currency zones--that of the dollar, the euro and the yen-RMB.
		Thus the Net is frozen in a single liberal mode.
		But most egregiously it is driven by the "push" of commercial interest as opposed to the "pull" of cultural pluralism.
	neoscenes.net /hyper-text/text/third/eatit.html (2440 words)

	Matthew Yglesias: December 2004
		Conversely, if liberals had gotten ahead of the curve, made a simplification-and-progressivification of the tax code the center of the debate, they would have won.
		Best-known among these men are the ones venerated in Iceland: Thorlac Thorhallsson / ÃorlÃ¡kr Ãorhallsson of SkÃ¡laholt (1133-93), JÃ³n Ã—gmundarson of HÃ³lar (1052-1121) and Gudmund / GuÃ°mundr Arason the Good of HÃ³lar (1161-1237), all of whose sagas exist in more than one version.
		The lives of Thorlac are considered the earliest, prepared in connection with a canonisation bid in 1198-9, which was followed in 1200 by claims of sanctity for JÃ³n.
	yglesias.typepad.com /matthew/2004/12 (11465 words)

	ANGLO-SAXON CONSERVATISM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		I think conservatism is really a misnomer just as liberalism is a misnomer for the liberals-if we were back in the days of the Revolution, so-called conservatives today would be the Liberals and the liberals would be the Tories.
		The overwhelming practical imperative was to resist liberalism at home and defeat Communism abroad, and it would have been wrong to try to insist on other principles or conditions for such a necessary alliance...
		Although it is now put forward in the main by people who have a good grounding in the liberalism and radicalism of the early part of this century, there can be no doubt that socialism is inseparably interwoven with totalitarianism and the abject worship of the state.
	jonjayray.tripod.com /rightism.html (18933 words)

	NOV93_net
		Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland are members of the Nordic Council.
		This is especially the case with Iceland, the Fareoes, Finland and Norway.
		In Norway, for example, anationalismn has traditionally had a less aggressive, more ‘progressive’ profile than in more powerful regions, and it is probably no coincidence that models of peripheral dependency — like those of the Norwegian peace researcher Johan Galtung — have been one important contribution of Norwegian social science.
	www.rolstad.no /iasom/Nov93.htm (10602 words)

	Bjørn Stærk blog - NUPI's dubious incentives
		As a liberal Californian, I have found his work as governor to be fairly good so far.
		I assumed that this was due to the liberal culture of the news-rooms.
		This is in thread with the Concervative Party, the Liberal Party and the right-wing of the Labour Party, but not in thread with left Labour, the Socialist Left, the Centre Party (centre-left) or the Christian Democrats (centre-right).
	blog.bearstrong.net /001540.html (14426 words)

	Liberal democracy - www.catalogofcasinos.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Robin Wright "Islam and Liberal Democracy: Two Visions Of Reformation"
		Find liberal democracy at one of the best sites the Internet has to offer!
		Find Liberal democracy and more at Lycos Search.
	www.catalogofcasinos.com /Liberal_democracy.html (696 words)

	Overview of Regional Secondary Education Reforms in the Nineties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the European Free Trade Association/European Economic Area (EFTA/EEA) countries, the lowest minimum annual lesson time is 747 hours in Iceland, but the municipal authorities there are free to increase this time.
		Parents often encourage teachers to be lenient and give students high grades that would secure them admission to universities; in exchange for this service, parents would liberally shower the teachers with gifts and money (World Bank, 2000b).
		Understood as a way of adjusting their low salaries, privately tutoring students is a time- and effort-consuming process, which makes many teachers neglect their class teaching.
	www.ginie.org /cstudies/romania/cs-europe.htm (5638 words)

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