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Topic: Liberalism in Austria

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	Liberalism worldwide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The mainstream of liberalism continues on the path of gradual reforms, embraces electoral democracy as a basic liberal position and organizes itself in the form of the traditional liberal parties.
		Liberalism in the United States was primarily defined by the self-proclaimed liberal presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt.
		Generally identified with the term 'Liberal' in current UK politics, they are the third largest political party, taking 22% of the vote in the last election, but due to the First Past the Post electoral system their representation in parliament is much smaller; it has around 10% of the seats at Westminster.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liberalism_worldwide (5926 words)

	Austria (09/06)
		The present boundaries of Austria, once the center of the Habsburg Empire that constituted the second-largest state in Europe, formed in accordance with the Treaty of St. Germain in 1919.
		Austria is active in the United Nations and experienced in UN peacekeeping efforts.
		Austria traditionally has been active in "bridge-building to the east," increasing contacts at all levels with eastern Europe and the states of the former Soviet Union.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3165.htm (3201 words)

	Austria’s fascination with Jörg Haider, by Roland Pfefferkorn
		By the time of the 1996 elections to the European Parliament and to the Vienna city administration he was touching 28%, while the social democrats and conservatives who have governed Austria in a coalition for the past ten years have seen their support dwindling as the years go by.
		He supported the strengthening of Austria’s anti-Nazi legislation, played down his greater Germany chauvinism, took pains to dissociate himself from openly anti-Semitic actions and points of view, and condemned the terrorist use of letter bombs and the desecration of Jewish cemeteries.
		At the time of the February 1993 referendum by which the FPÖ was proposing to tighten up Austria’s immigration laws, he argued vociferously against "the terrorism of virtue", and denounced the tyranny of "a small stratum of jaded intellectuals grown fat and wealthy".
	mondediplo.com /1997/02/08austria (2440 words)

	Political liberalism
		Liberals usually think of themselves as progressive as opposed to conservative, and as moderate[?] and reformist as opposed to radical or revolutionary.
		This distinction of political liberalism carries a caveat, which is that in the absence of strong principles characteristic of successful power-seeking endeavours, there is no possible strong definition liberty, and liberalism will refer to the vague common prejudices of the day.
		In recent decades the most common use of the term liberal in the USA is greatly at variance from the use of the term in the rest of the world, and with the historical meaning of the word in the USA through the mid 20th century.
	www.fastload.org /po/Political_liberalism.html (914 words)

	Definition of Liberalism
		A fundamental principle of Liberalism is the proposition: "It is contrary to the natural, innate, and inalienable right and liberty and dignity of man, to subject himself to an authority, the root, rule, measure, and sanction of which is not in himself".
		Since the so-called Liberal principles of 1789 are based upon a wrong notion of human liberty, and are and must forever be contradictory and indefinite in themselves, it is an impossibility in practical life to carry them into effect with much consistency.
		It was the Liberalism of the practical politicians and statesmen, who intended to re-establish, maintain, and develop, in the different states, the constitutional form of government based upon the principles of 1789.
	www.ourladyswarriors.org /dissent/defnlibr.htm (1922 words)

	Modern Western Civ. 18: 1848 and Liberalism
		Liberalism and Nationalism both implicated in these events.
		Nationalism was allied with liberalism outside of France.
		Liberals were also aware of the workers, and their demands
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/lect/mod18.html (1638 words)

	Liberalism Is A Sin -- CHAPTER 12 Like Liberalism but Not Liberalism, Liberalism but Not Like It
		For some, Liberalism consists in certain political forms; for others, in a certain tolerant and generous spirit opposed to despotism and tyranny; for others again it means simply civil equality; for many it becomes a vague and uncertain sentiment, which shapes itself into opposition to all arbitrary government.
		It is not the act of legislation--by the king in a monarchy, by the people in a republic, or by both in a mixed form of government--which constitutes the essential nature of its legislation or of its constitution.
		In consequence, the fact of being Liberal or anti-Liberal has nothing whatever to do with the horror which everyone ought to entertain for despotism and tyranny, nor with the desire of civil equality between all citizens; much less with the spirit of toleration and of generosity, which, in their proper acceptation, are Christian virtues.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Liberal/LIBERALISM_IS_A_SINp14.htm (851 words)

	Dr. Don Felix Sarda Y Salvany
		Liberalism "is, therefore, the radical and universal denial of all divine truth and Christian dogma, the primal type of all heresy, and the supreme rebellion against the authority of God and His Church.
		The Catholic Liberal or the Liberal Catholic, admitting this fatal distinction between the private and the public reason, thus throws open the gates to the enemies of the faith, and posing as a man of intellect with generous and liberal views, stultifies reason by his gross offense against the principle of contradiction.
		Liberalism is the baneful twilight of the truth, beginning to be obscured in their intelligence, or heresy, which has not yet taken complete possession of them.
	www.ewtn.com /library/theology/libsin.HTM (18568 words)

	Liberalism Is A Sin -- CHAPTER 13 The Name "Liberalism"
		The journal that seeks to be Catholic and at the same time has the name or reputation of Liberal becomes in the general opinion an ally of those who, under the Liberal banner, combat the Church in front and rear.
		When they see an ostensibly Catholic journal practically making common cause with the Liberal creed by sanctioning its name, they are easily led into the dangerous belief that Liberalism has some affinity with their faith, and this once engrafted in their minds, they become ready adepts of Rationalism.
		Most to be feared, however, is not he who openly boasts his Liberalism, but he who eschews the name and, vehemently denying it, is yet steeped to the lips in it and continually speaks and acts under its inspiration.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Liberal/LIBERALISM_IS_A_SINp15.htm (1295 words)

	~Liberalism is a Sin~ Chapter 12.
		Liberalism Of All Shades Condemned By The Church
		It is not the act of legislation by the king in a monarchy, by the people in a republic or by both in a mixed form of government, which constitutes the essential nature of its legislation or of its constitution.
		In consequence the fact of being Liberal or antiliberal has nothing whatever to do with the horror which every one ought to entertain for despotism and tyranny, nor with the desire of civil equality between all citizens; much less with the spirit of toleration and of generosity, which, in their proper acceptation, are Christian virtues.
	www.liberalismisasin.com /chapter12.htm (840 words)

	HIS 232: Guide to the Syllabus
		In this Britain was the leader, and the victory of liberalism in that country is best exemplified in the passing of the Great Reform Act of 1832 insofar as politics were concerned, and in the repeal of the Corn Laws (subsidizing the landed classes) in relation to the economy.
		Liberal politics in these countries sought to institute the rule of law and effective parliamentary government as well as to ensure social and economic progress, at least in Britain, through compromise and conciliation.
		Liberalism could boast another exemplar in John Stuart Mill, English author of the famous essay On Liberty (1859) and " the most important liberal spokesman of the 19th century." The essay is an outstanding work of political theory for its comprehensive championing of the notion of individual freedom.
	web.jjay.cuny.edu /jobrien/syllabus/ob4.html (7868 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: liberalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Although liberalism was first formulated by the Protestant Genevese (Necker, Rousseau, etc.), it spread to the world from France, developing with the different revolutions in Europe, and is classified as follows:
		This variety flourished in France under Louis-Philippe, 1830-1840, in Germany as "national Liberalism," and in Austria as "political liberalism in general." In the main it stresses the sordid material ideal.
		Liberalism was condemned by the Church, explicitly and in detail in the encyclical and syllabus of Pius IX, 1864, in the Vatican Council, 1870, in the encyclicals of Leo XIII, in the allocution of Pius X, 1907, and in the decree of the Congregation of the Inquisition, 1907.
	www.catholic-forum.com /Saints/ncd04758.htm (247 words)

	Liberalism and Nationalism (CHAPTER 21) - Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Liberals had a vision of the Greek Revolution of 1821 as a revival of the classical Greek democracy, and many fought amongst the revolutionaries
		Austria in particular was threatened by liberalism and nationalism because it was the most multi-ethnic country in Europe
		To prevent success of nationalism and liberalism even further, the Austrians were determined to dominate the states of the German Confederation, which replaced the Holy Roman Empire as a loose organization of 39, rather than the pre-Napoleonic 300+, nominally independent kingoms and principalities
	maxpages.com /apeurohistory/Liberalism_and_Nationalism - !http://maxpages.com/apeurohistory/Liberalism_and_Nationalism (4754 words)

	CLASSical Liberalism
		We now see on all sides the extraordinary spectacle of Liberals doing their best to destroy the cardinal freedoms and immunities which Liberals formerly defended, while all the forces which are historically and traditionally known as Tory or Conservative are arrayed in defense of those freedoms.
		The Liberals were aware that no one, least of all the "practical" politician, can foresee the ultimate effects, or even all the collateral effects, of such interventions, or can calculate the force of their political momentum.
		Third, the later Liberalism was confirmed in its digression by the spread of a new doctrine of society fathered by Bentham in England and on the Continent by Comte.
	classicalliberalism.blogspot.com (15392 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 96029423 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		In the mid-1800s, Judson argues, German liberal activists built an effective political movement whose ideology was rooted in its members' social experience in voluntary associations.
		The liberals were committed to the creation of a market economy based on personal property rights, to a society based on the values of individual self-improvement and personal respectability, and to a fundamental distinction between active and passive citizenship.
		This nationalism helped the liberals to compete for power in the multinational, multicultural Austrian Empire down to 1914, but it left a legacy of nationalist extremism and tolerance of anti-Semitism that continues to influence political cultures in the former lands of the Habsburg Monarchy today.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/umich051/96029423.html (315 words)

	Christianity, Classical Liberalism are Liberty's Foundations
		Classical liberalism was the dominant philosophy in the United States and England, really, until about the First World War.
		Some of the people who claim to be liberal, I never refer to as liberal.
		I call them "collectivists" or "social democrats." Classical liberalism is liberalism, but the current collectivists have captured that designation in the United States.
	www.acton.org /publicat/randl/print_interview.php?id=204 (1694 words)

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