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Topic: Lichtenstein radar

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	German Secret Weapons of WWII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Lichtenstein operated on 409MHz, had a maximum range of 4km, and a minimum range of 200m.
		It is little known that the Germans had operational radar in the beginning of the war, and used it effectively against British bomber raids.
		Alternate antenna arrangment for the Lichtenstein (or Neptun?) radar.
	www.warbirdsresourcegroup.org /LRG/Secweap.htm (2876 words)

	Telecommunication > Radar
		Thus radar is suited to detecting objects at very large ranges where other reflections, like sound or visible light, would be too weak to detect.
		The main advantage of the CW radars is that they have no pulsing, and thus no minimum or maximum ranges (although the broadcast strength imposes a practical limit on the later) as well as maximizing power on the target.
		The radar measures the distance to the reflector by measuring the time from emission of a pulse to reception, and dividing by the speed of light.
	www.telecommunication.teleactivities.net /applications/radar.html (4459 words)

	Radar - Gurupedia
		Radar waves reflect in a variety of ways depending on the size of the radio wave and the shape of the target.
		This means that a radar has a distinct minimum range, which is the length of the pulse divided by the speed of light, divided by two.
		The main advantage of the CW radars is that they have no pulsing, and thus no minimum or maximum ranges (although the broadcast strength imposes a practical limit on the latter) as well as maximizing power on the target.
	www.gurupedia.com /r/ra/radar.htm (4527 words)

	ipedia.com: Radar Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Early radars used very long wavelengths that were larger than the targets and received a vague signal, whereas modern systems use shorter wavelengths (a few centimetres) that can image objects the size of a loaf of bread or larger.
		These so-called corner cubes are commonly used as radar reflectors to make otherwise difficult-to-detect objects easier to detect, and are often found on boats in order to improve their detection in a rescue situation.
		Other mathematical developments in radar signal processing include time-frequency analysis (Weyl Heisenberg or wavelet), as well as the chirplet transform which makes use of the fact that radar returns from moving targets typically "chirp" (change their frequency as a function of time, as does the sound of a bird or bat).
	www.ipedia.com /radar.html (5421 words)

	World War 2 RADAR
		RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging) is a technology invented in the 1930s to detect distant objects, mostly aircraft and ships.
		The greatest advantage of using RADAR is that it denies the enemy of the ability to use the element of surprise, of being hidden by distance, by night or by clouds until it's too late to defend against it or to attack it before it disappears.
		The more advanced RADAR detectors were used to analyze everything possible about enemy radars, their power, radio wave frequency, pulse rate, pulse width, and other technical parameters from which engineers could learn a lot about the capabilities of enemy radars, and design "electronic warfare" counter-measures to use against them.
	www.2worldwar2.com /radar.htm (1112 words)

	Skylighters, The Web Site of the 225th AAA Searchlight Battalion: Radar in WW II
		Radar has been described as the weapon that won the war, and the atomic bomb the weapon that merely ended it.
		Although radar performed many different roles (including ground stations for tracking shipping, ballistic missiles, mortar bombs, etc., as well as airborne equipment for the detection of aircraft or ships), it is the use of ground radar for the detection of aircraft that is best known and its finest moment came with the Battle of Britain.
		Radar had first been used for tactical air support control during the Sicilian and Italian campaigns, and now, in Normandy and the subsequent breakout, it reached new levels of refinement.
	www.skylighters.org /radar/index.html (6191 words)

	RAF History - Bomber Command 60th Anniversary
		At the beginning of the war German airborne radar was in its infancy but as night bomber attacks increased in both scale and effectiveness airborne radar development was made a priority and several types of set entered service.
		The Fu.G.202 Lichtenstein radar was the first radar set in widespread use and operated on the meter band.
		To start with the airborne radar was not popular, as the aerials on the front of the aircraft markedly reduced the performance of all the types to which it was fitted.
	www.raf.mod.uk /bombercommand/ju88.html (883 words)

	Airborne radar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		I have decided, to make this contribution, more or less, complemental to what can be found on our website (links are provided when appropriate).
		This procedure allows me to go into interesting subject details which normally cannot be dealt with.
		Hans Jucker's paper on Lichtenstein b/c and SN2, which paper is complemental to my German airborne paper
	www.xs4all.nl /~aobauer/airborne_radar.htm (103 words)

	FLUG REVUE December 1998: Modern fighter radar technology
		However, the Lichtenstein equipment from Telefunken, which was installed in fighters like the Me 110 or the Me 262, has as much in common with today's ECR90 for the Eurofihghter as the first Benz has with a Formula 1 racing car.
		The length of the radiated radar impulses is in the microsecond area, (0.000 001 sec).
		Technically the radar modules consist of ceramic substrate onto which leading ducts are fixed in thin layer technology.
	www.flug-revue.rotor.com /FRHeft/FRH9812/FR9812c.htm (1831 words)

	Radars - Developments During World War II - Advances in Germany
		Known as the Kammhuber Line, each cell of the network contained radar and a number of searchlights, as well as one primary and one backup night fighter.
		Each control centre was known as a Himmelbett zone, consisting of a Freya radars with a range of about 100km, a "master searchlight" directed by the radar and a number of manually directed searchlights spread through the cell.
		Wuerzburg was short-range radar mounted on a highly directional parabolic antenna that was sensitive in only one direction.
	www.ee.ic.ac.uk /eee2proj/gsb04/DuringWWII_Advances_in_Germany.htm (519 words)

	January 1946, Electronics - RADAR COUNTERMEASURES
		The first was to use radar against the enemy; the second to hinder the enemy in his use of radar against our forces.
		Radar countermeasures were developed and employed by the British in the early stages of the war.
		The second is jamming, accomplished by means of aluminum-foil chaff or rope sowed in the sky by airplanes or by rockets fired from the ground and/or the transmission of signals which will interfere with the operation of the enemy equipment.
	www.infoage.org /elec-01-1946-p92-rcm.html (606 words)

	Gateway Newspapers
		Back in eighth grade, Lichtenstein was deep into soccer and a future in high school football wasn't on his radar screen.
		Fast forward three years and Lichtenstein, a junior, is an integral part of both the soccer and football teams at Gateway.
		Lichtenstein is only a junior and has a lot of time to establish himself further, but a college scholarship in soccer or football is something he's hoping for in the future.
	www.gatewaynewspapers.com /timesexpress/36477?printable=story (1032 words)

	Serrate Radar
		The German radar was in turn using transmissions from sets in the British bomber that were switched on during the whole trip to the target and return.
		Fitting the new radar to the German fighters had the effect of steadily decreasing the number of contacts with Luftwaffe night-fighters that were registered to 141 Squadron aircraft.
		The Lichtenstein SN-2 was impervious to the original British ‘WINDOW’ but when during a raid on Stuttgart in July 1944 the lengths of RAF ‘WINDOW’ had been increased the German night fighter operators decided their radar has developed a fault and, with other night-fighters returned to base.
	www.lancaster-archive.com /bc-Serrate.html (2194 words)

	Lichtenstein radar - meaning of word
		Lichtenstein radar was a German airborne radar in use during World War II.
		The Ju 88 had flown the wrong way against a landing beacon and landed in the UK by accident with the crew not realising the mistake until it was too late to destroy the radar or the German Identification friend or foe.
		De Havilland Mosquito night intruders were fitted with a device called "Serrate" to allow them to track down German night fighters from their Lichtenstein radar B/C, C-1 and SN-2 radar emissions, as well as a device named "Perfectos" that tracked German Identification friend or foe systems.
	www.wordsonline.org /Lichtenstein_radar (375 words)

	News 14 Carolina \| 24 Hour Local News \| TOP STORIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Attorney John Lichtenstein says in a statement that Henry County Sheriff Franklin Cassell informed county officials that he is retiring -- effective immediately.
		Cassell has not been in the office since he and 12 of his current and former officers plus seven others were indicted at the beginning of the month in a federal drug case.
		Lichtenstein said Cassell had not intended to seek re-election next year.
	rdu.news14.com /content/top_stories/default.asp?ArID=94471 (218 words)

	radar
		Germany fitted radar to their night fighters which were also directed to the bomber formations by ground radar.
		The "Lichtenstein SN2" with a band of 2m wavelength is shown mounted on a Ju 88G night fighter below.
		On the left a Me262 night figher jet is equipped with the "Lichtenstein" radar.
	www.radarworld.org /germany4.html (186 words)

	The Austin Chronicle: Screens: Accessing Mental Illness
		Filmmaker Bill Lichtenstein had been an ABC News producer for eight years when he was diagnosed with manic depression; for the next four, life as he'd known it ground to a halt.
		The novelty of Fountain House's concept, explains Lichtenstein, is that it intentionally tries to create a community within itself – a place to live, jobs, hobbies, a peer support group – rather than, as do most mental health programs, move people through the system as quickly as possible and back into the outside community.
		Bill Lichtenstein: We basically had access to wander around anywhere we wanted, which was really, I think, the strength of the film.
	www.lcmedia.com /austin.htm (914 words)

	Juno Beach Centre - German Anti-Aircraft Defences
		Both sides conducted intensive research work to improve radars and counter-measures against enemy technologies; all this made the bomber war a form of sophisticated electronic warfare.
		Germany used a similar combination, a radar network that warned fighter-interceptor squadrons of the impending arrival of enemy bombers.
		Devices were developed that could detect enemy radar or wireless signals, thus providing data on their location.
	www.junobeach.org /e/4/can-tac-air-bom-ger-ep.htm (734 words)

	Junkers Ju88 Fighter/Bomber (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		It began it's career in 1936, by 1939 it had been developed as a fast (dive-)bomber and reconaissance aircraft, and later was used as a torpedo-bomber, a nightfighter, a heavy day fighter and an anti-tank aircraft.
		The first fighter conversions of the Ju 88 were very similar to the bomber versions, with only modifications to the nose and a gondola under the forward fuselage to accomodate radar and guns.
		Later G variants carried short-range Lichtenstein radar to detect bombers after being vectored to them by Wurzberg radar operators on the ground.
	www.constable.ca /ju88.htm (351 words)

	The WWII Fighter Gun Debate: Upward firing guns
		This is a Ju 88G-6 with liquid-cooled Jumo 213 engines, Lichtenstein SN radar, and two Schräge Musik MG 151/20 cannon installed in the aft fuselage.
		S display showed the radar image starting from the first ground return, so that a map could be drawn.
		S radar proceeded as soon as the developers became aware of the problem, and to avoid administrative delay, development was undertaken more or less clandestinely.
	users.skynet.be /Emmanuel.Gustin/fgun/fgun-uf.html (1761 words)

	uboat.net - Technical pages
		Initial operations were conducted without radars, but in late 1942 some Ju 88C-6 fighters received the Lichtenstein BC radar, later replaced by Lichtenstein C-1 and in late 1943 by Lichtenstein SN-2.
		This Ju 88R-1, in the RAF museum at Hendon, is one of the two surviving Ju 88s, the other being a Ju 88D-1 in the USAF museum.
		The Ju 88H-1 was intended for long-range naval reconnaissance, carrying radar.
	uboat.net /technical/ju88.htm (2090 words)

	Fish Oil Won't Fix Abnormal Heart Rhythms: Study
		The finding does not affect the AHA recommendation, said Alice R. Lichtenstein, a professor of public health and family medicine at the Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition and vice chairwoman of the heart association's nutrition committee.
		For her part, Lichtenstein stressed that the European finding may well be true, "but there are other ways that [omega-3 fatty acids] are related to reducing the risk of heart disease that are not addressed in this particular study."
		She noted that "the individuals in this study were not fit when the intervention was initiated," she said, so the nutrients' effect on healthier individuals remains unknown.
	www.wtoctv.com /Global/story.asp?S=5026274 (735 words)

	Junkers Ju 88 Fighter Variants
		The initial radar fit was the FuG 202 Lichtenstein BC, but by the Autumn of 1942 this had been replaced by the simplified FuG 212 Lichtenstein C-1.
		The introduction of increasingly heavier armament, more armour, and a radar operator had a detrimental affect on the low-speed handling qualities of the overburdened Ju 88C series, and it was becoming apparent that the development of a specialised Ju 88 night-fighter model was now necessary to restore lost performance and safe handling.
		The Ju 88G-7a had FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2 radar, while the Ju 88G-7b had FuG 218 Neptune V radar with either the standard 'toasting fork' aerials or a Morgenstern array enclosed in a pointed wooden nose cone.
	www.aeroflight.co.uk /types/germany/junkers/ju_88/Ju_88_nf.htm (3920 words)

	USATODAY.com - On field and off, Rushford delivers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Thanks in part to the support of an old friend, Brewers minor league pitching coach R.C. Lichtenstein, Rushford became one of the most inspiring and surprising stories in the minor leagues this season.
		His numbers at each stop were glittering, but he didn't have enough at-bats at either level to qualify for the league's batting title.
		He called Lichtenstein, the manager, and begged him to take a look at him.
	www.usatoday.com /sports/bbw/2001-10-31/2001-10-31-minors.htm (1987 words)

	LCMedia: Pioneering the New Public Media
		Bill Lichtenstein of Lichtenstein Creative Media sends news that his firm is bringing actress Mia Farrow to the virtual world of Second Life this Friday at 9am SL time (noon Eastern), to discuss the worsening situation in Darfur and Chad.
		Bill Lichtenstein is proud to show off his large new broadcasting complex, which includes a radio studio, concert stage and listening room.
		Lichtenstein, president of Cambridge-based Lichtenstein Creative Media, has held live radio shows and company meetings at his virtual complex, and offered the first concert inside Second Life in August.
	www.lcmedia.typepad.com /the_infinite_mind (2364 words)

	WANE-TV Coverage You Can Count On: Fish Not a Proven Heart Protector: Study
		Alice R. Lichtenstein, professor of public health and family medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine and vice chair of the heart association's nutrition committee, isn't so sure about the plant part of the recommendation.
		It's not certain that the omega 3 in plants has the same benefits as the fishy kind, she said.
		Not all fish are rich in omega 3, and some commercial fish products are fried, which takes away a lot of the benefit, she said.
	www.wane.com /Global/story.asp?S=4678120 (724 words)

	ProModeler 1/48 Bf-110G-4
		Flame-damping exhausts, the addition of radar antenna arrays, and the provision of heavier armament reduced the speed of the Bf-110G by 35 m.p.h.
		With the ground radars effectively blinded, the night fighters were left on their own.
		In September, 1943, SN-2 radar was introduced, operating on a frequency that was not jammed by "window." At the same time, Major Rudolf Shoenert was able to demonstrate the effectiveness of lighter-color night fighter camouflage, which broke up the fighter's shape in moonlight rather than emphasizing its silhouette as the earlier all-fl camouflage did.
	modelingmadness.com /reviews/axis/luft/cleaver110g.htm (2616 words)

	Schnellboot Signals
		The FuMo 71 "Lichtenstein B/C" was a fixed radar array that could scan a 35 degree arc ahead of the boat.
		Various materials were evaluated for their ability to either absorb or scatter radar refection.
		Tests to conceal S-boats to enemy radar using measures such as "Tarnmatte" were partially successful at certain wavelengths, but apparently did not develop to operational use.
	www.prinzeugen.com /SchnellSignals.htm (991 words)

	Henry County sheriff places himself on administrative leave
		Cassell was present at Lichtenstein's Roanoke office, but did not speak.
		Lichtenstein said there is no law preventing Cassell from remaining sheriff while the charges against him are pending.
		A federal grand jury indicted Henry County Sheriff Frank Cassell and a dozen of his current and former deputies on racketeering charges last week.
	www.wdbj7.com /Global/story.asp?S=5651511&nav=S6aKdSoc (485 words)

	Heinkel He219A Uhu
		The clumsy radar antennas, which looked like an array of toasting forks, slowed the Ju-88 night fighter by some 40 kph (25 mph).
		The radar's range was limited to 4-6 km (3-4 mi), and its coverage was only a 70-degree cone facing forward, so the aircraft worked best in an integrated air defense system with ground radars, radio networks, and ground observers pointing out potential targets.
		The improved, longer-wavelength Telefunken FuG-220 "Lichtenstein" SN-2 radar was fitted, which was not blinded by chaff.
	www.nasm.si.edu /research/aero/aircraft/heinkel_219.htm (1335 words)

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