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	Francis Lieber - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He is most widely known as the author of the Lieber Code during the American Civil War, also known as Code for the Government of Armies in the Field (1863), which laid the foundation for conventions governing the conduct of troops during wartime.
		Lieber sided with the North during the American Civil War, even though he had been a resident of South Carolina, and his son joined the Confederate army and died at the Battle of Williamsburg.
		The Lieber Code would be adopted by other militaries and go on to form the basis of the first laws of war.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Francis_Lieber (506 words)

	Scott Michaelsen and Scott Cutler: THE LAW OF WAR AND SOVEREIGN EXCEPTION@Arts & Opinion
		The "Lieber Code," which directly influenced both the Hague deliberations at the turn of the century, and the Geneva Conventions in the mid-twentieth century, was put into effect on April 24, 1863 by Abraham Lincoln's secretary of war, Edwin Stanton.
		Lieber is primarily concerned to distinguish between legal combatants entitled "to the full benefits of the laws of war" and "guerrillas" who are not.
		At one and the same time, Lieber charts a variety of fine distinctions between otherwise similar practices, as he also draws a fundamental line beyond which all distinctions dissolve, and where all combatants, regardless of their specific motivations, are to be treated as "common robbers" and subject, if necessary, to indiscriminate violence.
	www.artsandopinion.com /2004_v3_n1/lieber.htm (1076 words)

	Lieber Code - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Lieber Code of 24th of April, 1863, also known as General Order Number 100 and named after Francis Lieber, was an instruction to the Union Forces of the USA during the Civil War that dictated how soldiers should conduct themselves in war time.
		The main sections were concerned with martial law, military jurisdiction, treatment of spies and deserters, and how prisoners of war should be treated.
		The full text of Lieber Code can be found at here.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lieber_Code (175 words)

	Sally Lieber - Recall Sally Lieber in 2002(Mountain View Vice Mayor faces local recall in 2002)recall is the first time ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Sally Lieber is paid by the city for her role as council member and made the call as a council member; a member of the city’s highest office.
		Sally Lieber is not a "Transit Director" and serving on the VTA board is not her principal profession, vocation or occupation.
		Sally Lieber claimed falsely on her response to the notice of her recall that "through her leadership on our City Council we started a firefighter-paramedic program" The reality is that the firefighter-paramedic program was established and paramedics were hired in 1998.
	www.recallsallylieber.com /RecallFactSheet.html (1010 words)

	Bush, Torture and Lincoln’s Legacy (Human Rights Watch, August 1, 2005)
		The Lieber code, as it is now known, was the first recognized codification of the laws of war.
		Other Lieber code provisions considered barbaric today — such as the starvation of besieged towns — were part and parcel of nineteenth century warfare and have since been prohibited.
		Article 16 of the code boldly states: "Military necessity does not admit of cruelty--that is, the infliction of suffering for the sake of suffering or for revenge, nor of maiming or wounding except in fight, nor of torture to extort confessions.” All forms of cruelty against prisoners are prohibited.
	hrw.org /english/docs/2005/08/05/usdom11610_txt.htm (2221 words)

	Parameters: Utilitarian vs. Humanitarian: The battle over the law of war
		Professor Lieber had fought as a young man with the Prussian army at the battle of Waterloo in 1815, and was teaching law at Columbia University when commissioned by General Halleck.
		The Lieber Code produced for the US Army in 1863, General Orders No. 100, is generally considered the first modern codification of the law of war and its humanitarian purposes.
		The Lieber Code stressed the protection not only of noncombatants (Article 19), their property (Article 22), and hospitals and churches (Article 34), it also prohibited the use of poison (Article 70) and the declaration of no quarter (Article 60).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0IBR/is_2_32/ai_89811492 (1553 words)

	Francis Lieber on the Sources of Civil Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Lieber was careful to distinguish nationalization, which he likened to the "diffusion of the same life-blood through a system of arteries," from centralization, which in the absence of "national and public liberty" leads to despotism.
		The nation, in Lieber’s conception, was a homogeneous population, in a coherent territory, with a common language, common literature and institutions, possessed of a consciousness of a common destiny.
		Lieber surveyed the prospect in 1853, describing it as a period of "marked struggle in the progress of civilization" resembling the Reformation in its scope and violence.
	www.nhinet.org /samson.htm (7033 words)

	World Policy Journal - World Policy Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Lieber carefully distinguishes between guerrillas and self-constituted, unpaid bands of armed men who belong to no organized army, or who take up arms and lay them down at intervals, or who carry on petty warfare by means of raids, extortion, or massacre.
		In truth, it is the spirit as much as the letter that distinguishes the code that Lieber was called upon to prepare in 1863 for the Union armies.
		Lieber died in 1872, just long enough to see the beginning of an international movement, bolstered by the parallel establishment of the International Committee of the Red Cross, to restrain the dogs of war.
	www.worldpolicy.org /journal/codaxix1.html (1859 words)

	The Outlaw Status of Nuclear Weapons
		The "Lieber Code," issued during the U.S. Civil War, was titled "Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field." The Lieber Code prohibited destruction of property, robbery, pillage, wounding, maiming or killing of civilians - all under penalty of immediate death if the perpetrator refused to stop.
		The Lieber Code served as a model for the 1907 Hague Convention IV regulating international conflict.
		Codes of ethics existed thousands of years ago to govern the acts of warriors.
	www.serve.com /gvaughn/nukewatch/sp00illegal.html (1183 words)

	Berga. War Crimes. POWs and the Laws of War. Traditional Laws of War \| PBS
		In addition, the Lieber Code established specific conditions for the treatment of prisoners of war by the capturing forces.
		The Lieber Code broke new ground in dictating military conduct during warfare, distinguishing between soldiers and civilians.
		Pervasive throughout the Lieber Code was an understanding that all soldiers were to be treated equally regardless of "class, color, or condition." Professor Lieber was particularly concerned about the treatment African-American Union soldiers would receive if captured by the Confederacy.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/berga/crimes/laws3.html (188 words)

	VDI: Francis Lieber (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Though Lieber campaigned for Lincoln in 1860, his oldest son Oscar went south to fight for the Confederacy and was killed in action at Williamsburg.
		In 1862, Lieber was approached by Henry Halleck to advise on the legal status of pro-Confederate guerillas.
		While Lieber did draw heavily on precedent and unwritten rules in place at various places at the time, I don't think it's at at all unreasonable in a war that included Andersonville and Elmira and Fort Pillow for a rather different, rather...rougher General Order to be issued.
	www.seriousliving.net /new-3309017-477.html (1065 words)

	Lieber, Francis. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In the suppression of student organizations in 1819, Lieber became suspect for his liberal ideas and was harried by the police for the remainder of his life in Germany; he was twice imprisoned.
		Lieber was professor of history and political economy (1835–56) at South Carolina College (now Univ. of South Carolina).
		It was the basis for later efforts to codify the international law of war.
	www.bartleby.com /65/li/Lieber-F.html (293 words)

	DefenseLINK News: Modern Law of Warfare Instituted During the Civil War
		The Lieber Code "really formed the foundation for everything we have in our modern law of war today," Parks pointed out, noting that the code was published as U.S. Army General Orders No. 100 in 1863.
		Lieber, German-born American professor of history, political science and law, researched world military history in creating his rules of warfare, Parks noted.
		Since the publication of the Lieber Code, there have been a number of other initiatives to codify proper conduct on the battlefield, Parks noted, such as The Hague conventions in 1899 and 1907.
	www.defenselink.mil /news/Apr2003/n04072003_200304076.html (984 words)

	Lieber, Francis -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		original name Franz Lieber German-born U.S. political philosopher and jurist, best known for formulating the “laws of war.” His Code for the Government of Armies in the Field (1863) subsequently served as a basis for international conventions on the conduct of warfare.
		Lieber was educated at the university at Jena.
		German-born U.S. political philosopher and jurist, best known for formulating the “laws of war.” His Code for the Government of Armies in the Field (1863) subsequently served as a basis for international conventions on the conduct of warfare.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9048175 (738 words)

	Blog Them Out of the Stone Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		That's the image we have of the code, and Americans who have never heard of Francis Lieber assume that the United States honors the rules of war, fights according to those rules, and would be very little surprised to learn that, through Lieber's Code, their nation played a significant role in shaping them.
		The War Department had already published a general order encouraging the use or destruction of rebel property in August 1862 (and unlike Lieber's Code, we know Lincoln was both aware of and in favor of the order).
		Even before the committee was created, Lieber had sent Halleck a draft chapter on the subject, and in February 1863 a revised a codified version was issued as General Orders, No. 49.
	www.warhistorian.org /blog/index.php?entry=entry050504-081603 (2358 words)

	BBC - Religion & Ethics - The Ethics of War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Congress of Vienna ruled in the case of Napoleon that it was a crime to go to war in breach of a treaty.
		The Lieber Code was an early American code of conduct for armies, implemented by President Lincoln during the Civil War.
		Captain Henry Wirz, commander of a Confederate prison camp was tried and executed for "conspiracy to destroy prisoners' lives in violation of the laws and customs of war" and "murder in violation of the laws and customs of war".
	www.bbc.co.uk /religion/ethics/war/conventions.shtml (550 words)

	Middle East Report Online: The Guantánamo "Black Hole": The Law of War and the Sovereign Exception, by ...
		The humanitarian laws of war were first codified by legal philosopher Francis Lieber at a time long before the Geneva Conventions, at the behest of President Abraham Lincoln.
		The "Lieber Code," which directly influenced both the Hague deliberations at the turn of the century, and the Geneva Conventions in the mid-twentieth century, was put into effect on April 24, 1863 by Lincoln's secretary of war, Edwin Stanton.
		Lieber also suggests, for example, that "the rising of the people to repel invasion entitles them to the full benefits of the law of war" and that a conquering power is "obliged to treat the captured citizens in arms as prisoners of war."
	www.merip.org /mero/mero011104.html (2092 words)

	Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net
		The '''Lieber Code''' of 24th of April, 1863, also known as General_order General Order Number 100 and named after Francis Lieber, was an instruction to the Union Forces of the USA during the Civil War that dictated how soldier soldiers should conduct themselves in wartime war time.
		The main sections were concerned with martial law, military jurisdiction, treatment of spy spies and deserters, and how prisoners of war should be treated.
		There you find a list of all editors and the possibility to edit the original text of the article Lieber Code.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Lieber_Code.html (193 words)

	CCW 2001 Review Conference: US Delegation Homepage
		It's interesting to note that the last century of law making on international armed conflict, beginning with the 1899 Hague Peace Conference, had among its reference points rules from a code developed in the context of a well-known non-international armed conflict.
		What has become known as the Lieber code of 1863 set out rules of war for combatants during the American Civil War -- an internal armed conflict in which more than 600,000 Americans died.
		That code -- the Leiber code -- for the conduct of internal armed conflict became an important basis for efforts to codify the law of international armed conflict in the 20th century.
	www.ccwtreaty.com /scopeappres6.htm (155 words)

	[No title]
		The trick in understanding a large piece of code without spending a lot of time is to get the machine to help explain the code to you.
		Instead, start with a specific example, representative of what a new user might try in his or her first session with the program, or an example from the manual primer.
		The same tools that are used for debugging the code will be helpful in getting you to understand it in the first place.
	web.media.mit.edu /~lieber/Teaching/IISDW/Read-Code.html (637 words)

	Lieber's Code and the Law of War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Source: Lieber's Code and the Law of War, by Richard Shelly Hartigan, from a facsimile of the 1983 edition published by Precedent Publishing, Inc., Chicago, as produced in 1995 by The Legal Classics Library, Division of Gryphon Editions, New York.
		The essay entitled "Guerilla Parties Considered with Reference to the Laws and Usages of War" was written in 1862.
		It requires the power of the Almighty and a whole century to grow an oak tree; but only a pair of arms, an ax, and an hour or two to cut it down.
	www.commonlaw.com /Lieber.html (607 words)

	AllRefer.com - Francis Lieber (Political Science, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Francis Lieber (Political Science, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		While there he wrote the books that established his reputation as a political philosopher : A Manual of Political Ethics (1838), Essays on Property and Labor (1841), and On Civil Liberty and Self-Government (1853).
		1968); R. Hartigan, Lieber's Code and the Law of War (1983).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/Lieber-F.html (389 words)

	Mackubin Thomas Owens on Windtalkers on National Review Online
		In the case of Windtalkers, which recounts the true story of the Navajo "code talkers" recruited by the Marines during World War II to baffle Japanese code breakers, two scenes from the original screenplay were deleted and another significantly modified.
		In April 1863, the Union Army was issued the so-called "Lieber Code," a manual that attempted to codify the laws of land warfare.
		The Lieber Code became the model for a number of European manuals.
	www.nationalreview.com /owens/owens070802.asp (2217 words)

	Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States... - LIEBER, FRANCIS: STEVE SHEPPARD (NEW INTRODUCTION) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		LIEBER, FRANCIS: STEVE SHEPPARD (NEW INTRODUCTION) Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States...
		Known officially as General Orders No. 100, Lieber's code (1863) was the first of its kind.
		The foundation of the modern international law of war, it served as the model for several European military codes and was an important source for the second and fourth Hague Conventions (1899, 1907).
	www.antiqbook.com /boox/law/41382.shtml (255 words)

	Berga. Printable page \| PBS
		At the same time that diplomats were seeking to establish standards governing the care of soldiers involved in armed conflict between nations, the United States Army was struggling to set forth a coherent set of regulations to govern the conduct of its soldiers in the field during the Civil War.
		At the request of President Lincoln and United States military leaders, Francis Lieber, a military and international law scholar, created, in 1863, the first comprehensive code of conduct for the United States Army.
		Entitled "General Orders 100: Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field," this document is more commonly referred to simply as the "Lieber Code."
	www.pbs.org /wnet/berga/print/crimes_laws.html (600 words)

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