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Topic: Life Cycle Assesment

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	Life Cycle Assessment
		LCAs can be costly and time-consuming, thus limiting their use as analysis techniques in both the public and private sectors.
		Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used as a tool to assess the environmental impacts of a product, process or activity throughout its life cycle; from the extraction of raw materials through to processing, transport, use and disposal.
		Life Cycle Assessment or LCA can be defined as a systematic inventory and analysis of the environmental effect that is caused by a product or process starting from the extraction of raw materials, production, use, etc. up to the waste treatment.
	www.gdrc.org /uem/lca/lca-define.html (768 words)

	Current issues in life cycle assessment (LCA) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Also in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), there is a need for a common protocol, based on ISO 14042/47 covering default impact categories, impact pathway modelling, impact indicators, treatment of uncertainty and missing information, data format and nomenclatures, as well as default weighting factors for impact indicators.
		The Life Cycle Initiative also covers life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) with a main focus on facilitating international data exchange for LCA, see the definition study report and this survey of databases.
		LCA is also on the agenda of the International Society of Industrial Ecology.
	www.lca-net.com /current (570 words)

	Franklin Associates - A Division of ERG - Life Cycle Services
		Franklin Associates provides life cycle services that track and identify the true costs and environmental impacts of products or processes, revealing areas where improvements and cost reductions are needed to maximize company profits and minimize environmental burdens.
		The LCI identifies those system components or life cycle steps that are the main contributors to environmental burdens such as energy use, solid waste, and atmospheric and waterborne emissions, enabling the client to effectively target efforts for environmental improvement.
		Sometimes referred to as Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) or Inventory Interpretation, LCA is a technique used to integrate impact factors on a site-specific or system basis.
	www.fal.com /lifecycle.htm (608 words)

	Emerging ISO Standards on Environmental Labelling and Life Cycle Assesment - A Barrier to Trade?
		LCA is the process of analysing a product's environmental impact - energy and material use, water, air and soil contamination - during its whole product life cycle from 'cradle to grave'.
		The purpose of LCA is to pin-point specific stages in a life cycle which contribute significantly to the burden on the environment.
		The use of ISO environmental labelling standards, when fully developed, would have the potential to be used as a trade barrier as LCA is technically difficult and costly to implement, and developing countries are likely to lack the necessary expertise to conduct LCAS.
	www.aseansec.org /7013.htm (864 words)

	LCA
		An LCA can for example be used for assessing how much greenhouse gas is emitted to the environment during the production of one litre milk.
		Life Cycle Assessment is a method to collect, summarize and interpret all these emissions.
		The result of an LCA is an impact assessment of a product’s environmental impacts in its life cycle divided into different categories like global warming and acidification.
	www.lcafood.dk /lca/lca.htm (3292 words)

	Information Notes December 2002 - CAPACITY BUILDING ON LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS RECOMMENDED BY EXPERT MEETING - United ...
		Widely accepted life cycle data and methods were seen as the basis for the promotion of an extended use of life cycle approaches.
		Life Cycle Management was seen as the crucial element of the initiative to make the link between the data and methods provider and the decision makers.
		UNEP/SETAC partners in the Life Cycle Initiative are AIST (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology), Japan, Alliance for Beverage Cartons and the Environment (ACE), International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM), Government of the Netherlands, Government of Switzerland and the Government of Quebec.
	www.unep.org /documents.multilingual?DocumentID=275&ArticleID=3187&l=en (463 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Life Cycle Assesment on Silicon and Gallium Arsenide Transistors
		Writing a Life cycle assesment (LCA) involve trying to identify and quantify all of the environmental effect which can be put in contact with the product during its life cycle, to evaluate this environmental impact and if possible make an improvment analysis.
		The life cycle of a transistor can be described in four phases; the extraction of raw material and making of semi-product, the process of the functional unit, the application and finaly the waste process.
	www.elmagn.chalmers.se /kurser/mt/D5.html (301 words)

	Essay Depot - Life Cycle Analysis
		Life cycle analysis is used to explore the life cycle of a building material.
		Life cycle analysis can also be used in conjunction with life cycle costing to arrive at the full cost of a building, both capital and running costs as well as environmental costs.
		The life cycle analysis showed that the ecological design was nearly four times less harmful to the environment than the standard design and the life cycle costing showed that the capital cost of the ecological design was only 1.1% more than that of the standard design but overall running costs are generally lower.
	www.essaydepot.com /essayme/546 (1136 words)

	LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
		Life Cycle Assessment on Silicon and Gallium Arsenide Transistors
		Writing a life cycle assessment (LCA) involve trying to identify and quantify all of the environmental effect which can be put in contact with the product during its life cycle.
		An important aim of a product's LCA is to identify where in the product's life cycle or in what part of the product the main envi ronmental load is found.
	www.etek.chalmers.se /~e6lutman/miljopro (2937 words)

	Paper & packaging LCA \| Centre for Design
		EcoReycle Victoria commissioned two LCA studies to investigate the life cycle imapcts of domestic waste management.
		Maintain or increase the mass of materials from household catchments, without compromising the usability of the material at the end of life.
		In October 1997, EcoRecycle Victoria awarded a grant for a Victorian project to undertake an LCA of landfilling and recycling of three packaging systems.
	www.cfd.rmit.edu.au /programs/life_cycle_assessment/paper_packaging_lca (769 words)

	Announcements and Calls for Papers: Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Goods and Services: An Input-Output Approach
		It is a must-have for companies trying to improve the environmental profile of their products and processes, for regulators attempting to quantify life cycle implications of products and services, and for students and scholars of green design.
		Environmental life cycle assessment is often thought of as "cradle to grave" and therefore as the most complete accounting of the environmental costs and benefits of a product or service.
		However, as anyone who has done an environmental life cycle assessment knows, existing tools have many problems: data is difficult to assemble and life cycle studies take months of effort.
	www.is4ie.org /announcements/archives/000061.html (397 words)

	transIT: Environment and safety - Handbook for Road Transport
		Life cycle assessment: It is not always easy to identify the most environmentally-friendly product.
		When eco-labelling is based on the life cycle principle an assessment is made of the environmental effects of a product throughout its entire life cycle from cradle to grave: raw materials, production, distribution, use and disposal.
		The Nordic Swan label is based on the life cycle principle and is awarded to every product which fulfils the established criteria.
	www.transit.dk /upload/milj%F8/7.htm (9550 words)

	LCA projects carried out by CML-IE
		Metals in LCIA A critical look at the impact assessment modelling of metals in Life Cycle Impact Assessment and improvement options.
		New Dutch LCA guide Writing an update of the CML life cycle assesment guide and related sub-projects.
		Expansion of REIM REIM (Ranking of Environmental Investments Model) is a combination of LCA and Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) and is used to produce a priority list of measures to reduce the environmental impact of a certain activity.
	www.leidenuniv.nl /cml/ssp/projects/projects_lca.html (174 words)

	CMMT - Brochures - Technologies - LCADesign
		Use of LCADesign (Life Cycle Analysis of Design) will enable building design professionals to make informed decisions on the environmental impact of commercial buildings by providing detailed environmental and cost measures for different materials, products and designs, automatically from their 3D CAD drawings.
		The life cycle inventory database includes details of resource consumption and environmental emissions generated during the manufacture of building materials, including embodied pollution and water as well as energy.
		The individual environmental indicators are nested under three major categories of impact: resource depletion, degradation of the physical environment, and harm to human population.
	www.cmit.csiro.au /brochures/tech/lcadesign (763 words)

	SETAC Europe 2001 - Interactive Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Life Cycle Assesment for a PEM Fuel Cell.
		The impact of the sediment remobilization on the aquatic organisms.
		Using Life cycle tools for evaluating alternative building materials in dwelling walls built in Mendoza (Argentina).
	abstracts.co.allenpress.com /pweb/setaceu2001/termindex/?IDX=author&STARTSWITH=a&CONTAINS=& (3433 words)

	The Center for Clean Products - Projects
		The methods used by these programs were compared to the ideal of life cycle assessment as provided in EPA's LCA Guidance Document and in publications of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
		The Center was asked by the Saturn Corporation to explore the status of recycling and LCA initiatives in the European auto industry and the status of government initiatives driving the industry.
		The toolkit will rely upon life-cycle assessment, which is the process of determining the full environmental impacts of products or materials in each stage of their life cycle (from extraction of raw materials, to manufacturing, to use, and ultimate disposal), as well as other DfE tools.
	eerc.ra.utk.edu /ccpct/projects.html (6614 words)

	Life Cycle Assessment as regulatory tool
		This is why LCA’s are not suitable for serving as sole justification to regulatory choices affecting the competitiveness of competing packaging types and materials.
		In spite of this, some Member States have been using LCA studies in order to justify regulatory choices in the packaging sector. For example, several EU Member States have justified on basis of LCA’s the adoption of regulatory measures allegedly designed to protect or promote refillable drinks packaging (e.g.
		In this context, environmental consultant TNO examined the parameters, among those used in the German UBA study on beverage containers, which are sensitive for beverage packaging, both one-way and refillable, relating to a number of environmental themes.
	www.apeal.org /emc.asp?pageId=313 (459 words)

	Life Cycle Assesment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		LCA is developing into a support tool for environmental priority setting, based on the standard ISO 14040.
		As inventory data form the scientific basis for any future evaluation, the European Plastics Manufacturers Association has collected and issued data on all base polymers.
		Borealis also employs several tools for LCA and participates in industry and customer studies.
	www.borealisgroup.com /public/hse/polyolefins/life_cycle_assesment.html (79 words)

	Speech concerning Nordic Product-Oriented Environmental Strategy - Miljö - Nordic Council / Nordic Council of Ministers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		It must be possible to add the flow of materials from society to the natural cycle without causing unacceptable disturbances even in the very long term (principle of caution).
		The surveys conclude that the use of EDISs in the Nordic countries are in an early to mature stage, strongly dependent on the type of EDIS in question, variations in national policy focus and the type and to some extent the size of the responding companies.
		LCA is the platform for other activities such as Producer Responsibility, Eco Cycle Thinking, Environmental Labelling, Significant Environmental Aspects and Improvement Analysis.
	www.norden.org /miljoe/sk/NMRIPPabstract.htm (9203 words)

	Javier Arbona-Projects-East Campus MIT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		We are particularly concerned with the demolition of the old Grover Herman building (E53), known for the library it houses (Dewey).
		This building is 37 years old at the moment — a short life span for any building.
		It is a heavy concrete structure built as part of the Sloan School’s original development that also included the Eastgate housing tower (E55).
	www.javierarbona.net /lca.html (414 words)

	CCPCT - The Lead-Free Solder Project
		The purpose is to objectively assess the environmental life-cycle impacts of selected lead-free solders as alternatives to tin-lead solder.
		The DfE LFSP analysis also intends to provide an assessment of recyclability and leachability of the solders, as well as a baseline life-cycle assessment (LCA) of the tin-lead and lead-free alternative solders.
		Project partners include electronics manufacturers and assemblers, trade associations, academic and research organizations, and public interest groups.
	eerc.ra.utk.edu /ccpct/lfsp.html (319 words)

	ScientificJournals.com - LCA Life Cycle Assessment
		On September 25, 2001, ISI (Institute for Scientific Information) accepted Int J LCA for coverage beginning with Volume 6 (1) 2001.
		Int J LCA has been included in Science Citation Index, ISI Alerting Services, and Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology, and Environmental Sciences.
		LCA has become a recognized instrument to assess the ecological burdens and impacts connected with products and systems, or with human activities.
	www.scientificjournals.com /sj/lca/startseite (221 words)

	PROCESS ENGINEERING AND ENERGETICS
		MAC-Sim ®, software for simulating automobile air conditioning cycles, can be used as a forecasting tool for consumption.
		Life cycle assesment has been implemented with the EQUER software in order to assess the main environmental impacts.
		One of the essential aspects is the overall cost evaluation during the life cycle of the products of the impact of new technologies such as compressors, exchangers, regulation strategies, new cycles and super-insulation.
	www.ensmp.fr /Eng/Research/Domain/GenieProcedeEnerg/CENERG/CENERG-rap-summary.html (2665 words)

	Agricultural data for life cycle assessments
		LCANET Food, European Network for Life Cycle Assessment Research and Development within the food chain, Concerted action PL-97-3079 of the Food and Agriculture programme (FAIR).
		Key factors necessary to determine the impact on the nitrogen cycle and the resulting environmental effects as part of LCA for agricultural products.
		Impacts on ecosystems due to land use: Biodiversity, life support, and soil quality in LCA.
	www.lca-net.com /publ/2nd.asp (409 words)

	Life Cycle Analysis web resources
		LC Initiative UNEP's Global Life Cycle Initiative, in cooperation with SETAC.
		Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - A guide practical guide for businesses and industries, describes the ground-rules for credible LCA studies.
		LCA in Japan Overview of LCA activities in Japan
	www.pre.nl /links/lca_links.htm (205 words)

	Lesson 2: Life cycle
		Objective: Students will use cycles of life -human, plants, animals- to create narrative of the phenomena of cycle and “decorate” their handmade pot by using various ways of manipulate the surface of their hand-build pot.
		grade – life long learners (with adapting the lesson to the ability of the taught age group)
		Procedure: after students chose a subject for their ‘life-cycle” project they will draw the cycle and design a pot that’s surface area will be appropriate for representing their design.
	staff.ed.uiuc.edu /zaszlavi/Lesson2.htm (114 words)

	MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS
		ISLCA's Advisory Board includes outstanding researchers having recognition at national and international levels in their areas of expertise.
		- Progress of LCA for a Sustainable Society", Organised by ECOMATERIALS Forum, The Life Cycle Assessment Society of Japan, JAPAN LCA Forum and Supported by STA, Environment Agency, Ministry of Forestry and Fisheries, and Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) of
		on "Life Cycle Analysis of Wastepaper in Mumbai" in collaboration with S.
	members.tripod.com /neef_india/islca.html (288 words)

	Life Cycle Engineering & Management Research Group @ UNSW
		This website is the main communication portal for the research members and partners of the LCE Research Group at the University of New South Wales, Australia.
		It showcases our current projects as well as provides information on the people involved in the Life Cycle Engineering research in the group.
		Life Cycle Engineering and Management Research Group, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
	www.lceresearch.unsw.edu.au (184 words)

	IPC Compliance Web Site
		Because it is important to protect the copper conductors on PCBs from degradation, PCBs are applied with finishes via hot air solder leveling (HASL), electroless metals, and organic solderability protectants (OSPs).
		Because a fully lead free electronic assembly will call for there to be no lead in the finish, board fabricators must select an alternative rated on cost, reliability, and shelf life.
		EPA, IPC and EIA are currently conducting a life cycle assesment and lead free solders.
	www.leadfree.org /RoHS_3-2-4.asp (320 words)

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