Lift induced drag - Factbites

Lift induced drag - Factbites
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Topic: Lift induced drag

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	Lift-induced drag - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Induced drag therefore increases with angle of attack to be at a maximum at the stalling angle.
		Induced drag increases as the angle of attack is increased.
		This extra rearward tilt, in effect, increases the length of the drag vector and it is this increase in drag which is known as induced drag.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lift-induced_drag (987 words)

	drag
		The overall drag of an object is characterized by a dimensionless number called the drag coefficient, and is calculated using the drag equation.
		Drag is also slang for any costume, referring in particular to the ostentatiously glamorous costumes of the type worn by drag queens and kings.
		In physics, drag consists of the sum of all the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces in the direction of the external airflow (or water flow).
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Drag.html (320 words)

	Aerodynamic Drag, Viscous, Wave, Interference, Lift-Induced
		Drag due to lift is the result of the downwash (vertical flow) and to the strength of the vortices produced at some particular locations (wing tips or other sharp edges) of many lifting systems.
		From a physical point of view, drag is the resultant of forces acting normally and tangentially to a surface, the former ones being pressure terms, and the latter ones viscous terms.
		Viscous drag is produced by the effects of viscosity on the aerodynamic systems, through the thrust that must be applied to overcome the shear layers due to the non slip condition.
	aerodyn.org /Drag/drag.html (798 words)

	Induced Drag Coefficient
		The induced drag coefficient Cdi is equal to the square of the lift coefficient Cl divided by the quantity: pi (3.14159) times the aspect ratio AR times an efficiency factor e.
		Induced drag is a three dimensional effect related to the wing tips.
		It is also called "drag due to lift" because it only occurs on finite, lifting wings and varies with the square of the lift.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/induced.html (595 words)

	Pilot's Web The Aviators' Journal - More About Lift and Drag
		Induced drag is inversely proportional to the speed (velocity) of the air.
		As shown previously, induced drag is inversely proportional to the velocity of the air.
		From the lift and drag formulas, it follows that the velocity and the angle of attack (represented by either CL or CD) are inversely proportional.
	www.pilotsweb.com /principle/liftdrag.htm (1511 words)

	Truck Lift
		The reason for the shuttle's thin wing was to give it higher lift to drag ratio probably because it had a need for lift to alter its entry trajectory.
		Lift is created as an airstream passes by an airfoil and is deflected downward.
		In mathematics, the lift of a curve to the covering space is defined through the homotopy lifting property.
	www.blownspeakers.com /pages3/90/truck-lift.html (1269 words)

	Drag
		Higher angles of attack which produce morelift also produce increased induced drag.
		Parasite Drag is the drag incurred from the nonlifting portions of the aircraft.
		The induced drag is the portion of the Total Aerodynamic Force which is oriented in the direction opposing the movement of the airfoil.
	www.dynamicflight.com /aerodynamics/drag (337 words)

	aero
		Induced drag is sometimes also called lift induced drag because it is the drag due to the generation of lift.
		The amount of induced drag is dependent on the spanwise lift distribution and the aspect ratio of the wing.
		The lift increases when the ground is approached and because of the increasing lift the induced drag may not even decrease in absolute numbers, but even a slight increase still leads to an increased L/D ratio.
	www.se-technology.com /wig/html/main.php?open=aero&code=0 (1773 words)

	Concept to Reality
		The induced drag is produced by the generation of three-dimensional airflow characteristics near the tips of aircraft wings.
		Induced drag also represents a significant decrement in aircraft efficiency for subsonic transports operating at high subsonic speeds and accounts for as much as 50 percent of total drag.
		Thus, although the potential drag-reducing effects of endplates on induced drag had been identified, the net effect of simple endplates was regarded as inconsequential because of the increase in profile drag.
	oea.larc.nasa.gov /PAIS/Concept2Reality/winglets.html (2884 words)

	Ground Effect
		When the aircraft flies close enough to the ground that the sag of the vortices trailing the wingtips is restricted by coming in contact with the ground, the backward-tilting angle of the total lift vector is reduced, thereby reducing its horizontal component and reducing induced drag.
		However, the vortices are not the total story when it comes to induced drag.
		The downwash causes the lift vector of the wing to be inclined slightly backwards from the vertical.
	www.avweb.com /news/airman/185905-1.html (1965 words)

	Hummingbird Aerobatics, Lift, Induced Drag, and Span Efficiency
		SPAN EFFICIENCY is a number used to measure the relative lifting efficiency of a wing of specific span, and is inversely proportional to induced drag.
		A planar wing with a perfectly elliptical lift distribution (span-wise) induces minimum energy into the airmass for a given span and lift (thus minimizing induced drag) and has a theoretical span efficiency of 1.
		Because lifting forces increase proportionally with the induced velocity of the airmass, while drag increases proportionally with the square of the induced velocity, to produce lift more efficiently we must work on a larger mass of air and accelerate it less.
	www.esotec.co.nz /hb/HTML/LiftDrag.html (523 words)

	Induced drag
		The flaps and slats are retracted for cruising, since this reduces the lift and therefore the induced drag on the plane.
		We see that the coefficient of induced drag varies as the square of the lift coefficient.
		Although it isn't possible to eliminate the induced drag, it is possible to minimize it by suitably choosing the shape of the wings.
	landau1.phys.virginia.edu /classes/311/notes/aero/node5.html (641 words)

	Induced drag of multiplanes
		The most important part of the resistance or drag of a wing system,the induced drag, can be calculated theoretically, when the distribution of lift on the individual wings is known.
		The calculation is based upon the assumption that the lift on the wings is distributed along the wing in proportion to the ordinates of a semi-ellipse.
		Formulas and numerical tables are given for calculating the drag.
	naca.larc.nasa.gov /reports/1924/naca-tn-182 (101 words)

	Lifting line theory of lift
		The momentum theory of lift showed that the drag due to a lifting surface (called the induced drag) is given by the angle of downwash -- more downwash, more induced drag.
		As the wing develops more lift, the induced drag increases proportionately more at the wing tips, if this is where the tip vortices are adding extra downwash.
		According to the momentum theory, the increased drag varies as the square of the lift coefficient.
	www.onemetre.net /Download/Downwash/LiftLine/Liftline.htm (616 words)

	ADL01 Low-Speed Aerodynamics Intro
		The total drag is composed of profile drag, which does not vary with lift, and induced drag, which rises as the square of the lift coefficient.
		increases, the first term (profile drag) increases, but the second term (induced drag) decreases.
		Lift is the force due to the difference in the pressure between the lower and upper surfaces, multiplied by the planform area of the surface.
	www.adl.gatech.edu /classes/dci/aerodesn/dci03aero.html (2078 words)

	Lift-Dependent Drag Items
		The values of this factor are obtained from a solution for the minimum induced drag of a lifting line in combination with a circular fuselage of infinite length and at zero angle of attack.
		The remaining portion of the "induced" drag, the so-called viscous part, is chiefly due to the increase of skin friction and pressure drag with changes in angle of attack.
		Ideally, this drag contribution should be estimated for the individual airplane components, with factors such as the influence of wing leading edge geometry, wing camber, wing thickness ratio, wing sweep, pylon interference, fuselage upsweep, tail induced drag, power effects, etc. taken into account.
	adg.stanford.edu /aa241/drag/induceddrag.html (1422 words)

	Minimum Induced Drag of Sail Rigs and Hydrofoils
		Although the resulting lift distribution produces more drag for a given span than the elliptical lift distribution, the lower moments allowed the span to be increased which reduced the induced drag approximately 14% while keeping the same moment as for the classic elliptical planform.
		The spanwise surface effects have to do with the change in induced drag and the three-dimensional lift curve slope due to the change in effective span as the hydrofoil approaches the surface, and these are the surface effects considered here.
		The induced drag is a minimum because the downwash is constant, and the elliptical loading is, for this particular case, the loading required to generate the constant downwash.
	www.tspeer.com /Planforms/Planar.htm (5756 words)

	Sources of Drag in Supersonic Flow
		The third source of drag, which is a very significant portion of the drag in subsonic flight, is "lift-induced drag", or "induced drag".
		As we know, lift is simply any aerodynamic force perpendicular to the freestream, and any lift generation is accompanied by induced drag.
		In general, it is much harder to predict the drag coefficient accurately, than it is to predict the lift coefficient.
	www.adl.gatech.edu /classes/hispd/hispd03/sources_of_drag.html (1932 words)

	Dr Derek Bray, DAPS - DTC MSc Course Information
		The downwash component produces a drag component known as either trailing vortex drag or lift-induced drag, as shown in Fig 19.
		Since lift is proportional to angle of attack this means that the overall lift is reduced.
		It also means that the lift vector is tilted rearwards as it is defined as being perpendicular to the airstream vector.
	www.rmcs.cranfield.ac.uk /aeroxtra/dtcdragcomp3.htm (304 words)

	Lift Induced Drag
		This type of drag is due to the vorticity produced by a lifting wing (induced drag or vortex drag) and is expressed as momentum deficiency in the wake.
		The inviscid nature of the drag is also due to the downwash created in the slipstream, which on turns is related to an induced angle of attack.
		Methods used for the minimization of the induced drag make use of techniques to diffuse this vortex and redistribute the wing loading.
	www.aerodyn.org /Drag/ldrag.html (178 words)

	Drag and Lift
		The student will experience the force of drag, the reduction of drag, and the force of lift in this experiment.
		Lift is produced by the motion of an airfoil, or wing, moving through the air.
		Lift enables an airplane, or other object, to climb into the air and remain aloft during flight.
	wings.avkids.com /Curriculums/Aerodynamics/drag_lift_summary.html (609 words)

	Articles - Air resistance
		The overall drag of an object is characterized by a dimensionless number called the drag coefficient, and is calculated using the drag equation.
		Beyond these two kinds of drag there is a third kind of drag, called wave drag, that occurs when the solid object is moving through the fluid at or near the speed of sound in that fluid.
		For a solid object moving through a fluid or gas, drag is the sum of all the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces in the direction of the external fluid flow.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Air_resistance (284 words)

	Induced Drag from Span Load Distribution
		The induced drag may be computed from the span load distribution on a planar wing.
		When a practising engineer is faced with making a numerical calculation of induced drag and plans to use this technique, the textbooks don't give very much support because one rarely has a mathematical expression for the span loading.
		In most textbooks on aerodynamics that treat the subject of finite-span wing theory, one usually sees a development of the concept of computing the induced drag of the wing from a knowledge of the spanwise load distribution.
	www.pdas.com /induced.htm (599 words)

	Aircraft engineering - Winglet effect on wing lift and drag?
		In other words, Lift being defined as the force perpendicular to the direction of incoming airflow, is now not perpendicular to the direction of flight any more, but slightly tilted backwards by the induced angle.
		If it would be possible to end the vortex at the wingtip there would be no induced drag.
		To be effective you need to balance the reduction in induced drag with the increase in form drag.
	www.eng-tips.com /viewthread.cfm?qid=4996 (2435 words)

	Winglet biography .ms
		A winglet is a device used to improve the efficiency of aircraft by lowering the lift-induced drag caused by wingtip vortices.
		The vortex which rotates around from below the wing strikes the angled surface of the winglet, generating a small lift force that angles forwards relative to the direction of flight - thus the energy in the vortex contributes to thrust rather than drag as it normally would.
		This is analogous to a sailing boat sailing very close to the wind.
	winglet.biography.ms (225 words)

	Katamaran Trimaran Proa
		The induced drag (vortex activity) is proportional to (lift/height) squared.
		They are an unavoidable byproduct of lift and are responsible for the lift induced drag.
		Tests showed that maximum lift was improved (due to the vortices) but lift/drag ratio went down (also due to the vortices) so the idea was quite useless.
	www.multihull.de /technik/t-slotboom_gb.htm (1072 words)

	Aviation Partners
		Minimum induced drag for any lifting system requires an optimum aerodynamic surface loading and the Spiroid-Tipped wing is no exception.
		Concentrated tip vortices in the wake of conventional planar wings produce high cross stream velocities and wasted energy which is associated with lift induced drag.
		The added weight and skin friction drag, which is the price that must be paid for induced drag reduction, are closely tied to geometry, structural load and design approach.
	www.aviationpartners.com /otherprograms/concepts.html (643 words)

	Seahorse Magazine
		As most of the advantages of a light boat are to do with lift-induced drag, both aerodynamic and hydrodynamic, a closer look at the factors affecting induced drag may be useful (these are contained in the box on pge 49).
		Comparing two boats of the same measured length (LM) at the heavy and light ends of the ACC rule...
		It might be interesting, therefore, to see what advantages, if any, a long light boat may have over a long heavy boat.
	www.sailingsource.com /seahorse/2003-January/2.php (181 words)

	Control Line Aerodynamics - Drag and Power
		The drag of a control line model is composed of the drag of the model and its control lines.
		Because of the circular motion and the fact that the the drag force depends on the square of the local velocity the calculation of the power requirements is more complicated than usual.
		It can be shown, that this distributed drag force acts like a single drag force having the same magnitude, attached to a single point at 3/4 of the length of the control wire.
	www.mh-aerotools.de /airfoils/control_line_aero_3.htm (617 words)

	Subject Listing for Interactional aerodynamics
		The spanwise distributions of lift, viscous drag and induced drag are presented.
		The lift and drag coefficients calculated from the measured velocities and pressures in the wake are compared with the force coefficients measured with a force balance.
		To assess the importance of wake modelling accuracy, the NLR lifting surface model was used for a parametric study.
	aerade.cranfield.ac.uk /subject-listing/aerod4.html (1655 words)

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