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Topic: Ligament

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Knee

Fibrous connective tissue

Tendon

Connective tissue

Patella

Motoneuron

Cartilage

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List of human anatomical features

Collagen

Motor nerve

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	Medial Collateral Ligament Sprain -- Part I
		The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is the most frequently injured ligament of the knee.
		Structurally, the MCL is more firmly attached to the knee than the lateral collateral ligament and most injuries usually occur on the more exposed lateral side, which exerts most of the stress onto the medial side.
		The MCL is made up of a superficial ligament which is now called by itself the tibial collateral ligament which originates from the medial epicondyle of the femur, just below the adductor tubercle, and inserts on the medial tibia three to four inches below the joint line, posterior and deep to the pes anserinus.
	www.chiroweb.com /archives/09/03/36.html (735 words)

	Ligament and Tendon Laxities
		A ligament connects two bones and is involved in the stability of the joint.
		Since tendons move the joints and ligaments stabilize the joints, it is primarily these soft tissue structures that are involved.
		The ligaments and tendons produced after Prolotherapy, appear much the same as normal tissues, except that they are thicker, stronger, and contain fibers of varying thickness, testifying to the new and ongoing creation of collagen tissue.
	www.prolonews.com /ligament_and_tendon_laxities.htm (959 words)

	Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture - Overview, Incidence & Causes - animalhealthchannel
		Cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCL) is the tearing of an important ligament in the stifle joint (knee), resulting in partial or complete joint instability, pain, and lameness.
		Four major ligaments (dense bands of fiber) support and stabilize the stifle joint by connecting the femur to the tibia and the joint capsule to the bones.
		The medial and lateral collateral ligaments are located outside the joint and the caudal and cranial cruciate ligaments are located inside the joint.
	www.animalhealthchannel.com /ccl (0 words)

	Ruptured Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) in Dogs
		Two ligaments crisscross in the joint from the femur to the tibia and are called cruciate ligaments (cruciate means cross).
		The one towards the front of the leg is called the anterior cruciate ligament and the one crossing behind it is the posterior cruciate ligament.
		In some instances, if the cruciate ligament is only partially torn, the animal is older, has medical conditions which could affect healing, or the owners will not be able to keep the dog quiet for a number of weeks after surgery, medical treatment is used.
	www.peteducation.com /article.cfm?cls=2&cat=1569&articleid=474 (0 words)

	eMedicine - Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury : Article by Tarek Souryal, MD
		The ultrastructure of a ligament is close to that of tendons, but the fibers in a ligament are more variable and have a higher elastin content.
		This type of tear occurs primarily as the ligament is transected by the pivoting lateral femoral condyle.
		The first 3 types are autografts using either the central one third of the patellar ligament (considered a bone-ligament-bone graft), the quadruple semitendinosus/gracilis tendon, or the quadriceps tendon.
	www.emedicine.com /pmr/topic3.htm (0 words)

	Knee Ligament Injuries
		The cruciate ligament located toward the front of the knee is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and the one located toward the rear of the knee is called the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).
		The posterior cruciate ligament, or PCL, is not injured as frequently as the ACL.
		Injuries to the MCL are usually caused by contact on the outside of the knee and are accompanied by sharp pain on the inside of the knee.
	orthoinfo.aaos.org /fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=157&topcategory=Knee (1050 words)

	ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT REPAIR
		Acutely (recently) torn ligaments are typically of better quality and therefore have a greater chance of being repaired as opposed to the chronically torn ligaments.
		Once the ligament is deemed repairable, sutures are then passed through the proximal aspect of the ligament.
		The only criteria for selection of repairable ligaments was the ability of the surgeon to lay the ligament fibers posterior to the PCL or to the tibial attachment, and the willingness of the patient to undergo reconstruction if the new repair technique failed.
	www.stoneclinic.com /aclrep.htm (0 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury
		An anterior cruciate ligament injury is extreme stretching or tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee.
		Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) -- lies in the middle of the knee.
		Adults usually tear their ACL in the middle of the ligament or pull the ligament off the femur bone.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/001074.htm (0 words)

	Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) - My Child Has - Children's Hospital Boston
		There are two ligaments on the sides of the knee: the Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) and the Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL), and two crossed ligaments in the center of the knee, the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and the Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL).
		One of the common ways for the ACL to be injured is by a direct blow to the knee, which commonly happens in football or a fall when skiing.
		Therefore, current techniques involve reconstructing the ACL by building a new ligament out of tissue harvested from one of the other tendons around the knee or from a cadaver.
	www.childrenshospital.org /az/Site587/mainpageS587P0.html (0 words)

	ARTHROSCOPIC ACL SURGERY RECONSTRUCTION
		The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the major stabilizing ligament of the knee.
		The ACL is located in the center of the knee joint and runs from the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone), through the center of the knee.
		The diagnosis of an ACL injury is usually arrived at by determining the mechanism of injury, examining the knee, determining the presence or absence of blood within the joint, and performing diagnostic studies.
	www.arthroscopy.com /sp05018.htm (0 words)

	Posterior Cruciate Ligament - Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention
		The posterior cruciate ligament is one of the main ligaments of the knee.
		Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries typically occur during hyperflexion or with a blow to the knee during hyperextension.
		Although the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is thought to be the strongest ligament in the knee, injury to this ligament is more common than many believe.
	www.healthscout.com /ency/1/264/main.html (0 words)

	CiteULike: Location of putative stem cells in human periodontal ligament
		Journal compilation c 2006 Blackwell Munksgaard Background and Objective: The origin of cells in the mature periodontium, and the location of their progenitors, are still unknown.
		The aim of this study was to identify and localize putative stem cells in diseased and healthy human periodontal ligament using cell-surface markers for mesenchymal stem cells.
		Conclusion: Within the periodontal ligament of both healthy and diseased teeth, cells have been identified consistent with their identification as putative stem cells.
	www.citeulike.org /user/GRADPERIOUBC/article/913860 (0 words)

	The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Female Athletes: Why Are Women More ...
		According to most studies (1,2,6-9), the majority of injuries are classified in general terms as "sprain" or "sprain/strain." Some studies (5,11) looking at specific knee ligament injuries list the ACL as the most commonly injured ligament—alone or in combination with other ligamentous, chondral, and meniscal traumas.
		The ligament is primarily made up of two bands, the anteromedial and posterolateral, and an intermediate band is sometimes present (18).
		The MCL and lateral collateral ligament are commonly evaluated by applying varus and valgus forces to each knee at 0° and 30° of flexion.
	www.physsportsmed.com /issues/1997/04apr/moeller.htm (0 words)

	Medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury of the knee
		MCL injury is a stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the knee.
		The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is a ligament extending from the upper-inside surface of the tibia (the shin bone) to the bottom-inside surface of the femur (the thigh bone).
		The MCL is usually injured by pressure placed on the knee-joint from the outside, resulting in stress on the inside of the knee joint (valgus stress).
	www.healthcentral.com /ency/408/001076.html (0 words)

	ligament damage elbow
		This ligament connects and stabilizes the two bones of the forearm, the ulna and the radius.
		The ligament involved in Golfer's elbow is the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) which holds the ulnar bone of the foreram to the bottom of the the upper arm bone (the humerus.) When this ligament is injured or weakened its pain can be felt on the inside of the elbow.
		Once determined that it is weakness or injury to the tendons or ligament that is causing elbow pain,
	www.jointrehab.com /ligament_damage_elbow.htm (474 words)

	Ligament Injuries of the Knee
		There are four primary ligaments of the knee, two on the side: the lateral collateral ligament and the medial collateral ligament, and two in the center: the anterior cruciate ligament and the posterior cruciate ligament.
		Depending on which ligament is involved, the instability may slowly increase over time as a result of stretching of the other ligaments and tissues known as the secondary restraints.
		The ligament reconstruction procedure is performed with the assistance of an arthroscope.
	www.centraliowaortho.com /kneeligamentinjuries.htm (1170 words)

	Knee module: Ligaments and menisci: Collateral ligaments (Site not responding. Last check: )
		At its midpoint, the fibers of the tibial collateral ligament are firmly attached to the medial meniscus.
		The tibial collateral ligament is typically injured due to a valgus stress, such as a blow to the lateral side of the knee during a tackle in football.
		The fibular (or lateral) collateral ligament (LCL) is a round, pencil-like cord that extends from a tubercle on the lateral condyle of the femur to the lateral surface of the head of the fibula.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~anatomy/knee/ligaments/ligamen1.html (199 words)

	Ligament - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Capsular ligaments are part of the articular capsule that surrounds synovial joints.
		For example, the hepatoduodenal ligament is the peritoneum that surrounds the hepatic portal vein and other vessels as they travel from the duodenum to the liver.
		The broad ligament of the uterus is also a fold of peritoneum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ligament (414 words)

	Knee Ligament Injuries
		Ligaments are elastic bands of tissue that connect bones to each other and provide stability and strength to the joint.
		Stretch and tear injuries to the collateral ligaments are usually caused by a blow to the outer side of the knee, such as when playing hockey or football.
		Similar to cruciate ligament injuries, an injury to the collateral ligament causes the knee to pop and buckle, causing pain and swelling.
	www.montefiore.org /healthlibrary/centers/ortho/ligament/print-page (648 words)

	Ligaments (An Overview) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ligaments also support many internal organs; including the uterus, the bladder, the liver, and the diaphragm and helps in shaping and supporting the breasts.
		Ligaments, especially those in the ankle joint and knee, are sometimes damaged by injury.
		If a ligament is made up of several thick bands of fibrous branches, it is called a "collateral ligament." The word "ligament" comes from the Latin word, "ligamentum," meaning a band or tie.
	www.innerbody.com /text/ligmov.html (164 words)

	Knee Ligament Anatomy and Injury
		On the sides of the joint lie the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) which serve as stabilizers for the side-to-side stability of the joint.
		The MCL is a broader ligament that is actually made up of two ligament structures, the deep and superficial components, whereas the LCL is a distinct cord-like structure.
		This ligament is a very important stabilizer of the femur on the tibia and serves to prevent the tibia from rotating and sliding forward during agility, jumping, and deceleration activities.
	www.orthoassociates.com /knee_lig.htm (770 words)

	Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
		Injury to the cruciate ligaments of the knee is sometimes referred to as a "sprain." The anterior cruciate ligament is most often stretched, torn, or both by a sudden twisting motion (for example, when the feet are planted one way and the knees are turned another way).
		The posterior cruciate ligament is most often injured by a direct impact, such as in an automobile accident or football tackle.
		The surgeon may reattach the torn ends of the ligament or reconstruct the torn ligament by using a piece (graft) of healthy ligament from the patient (autograft) or from a cadaver (allograft).
	healthlink.mcw.edu /article/926051361.html (393 words)

	HSS - Knee Ligament Injuries (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The cruciate ligament located toward the front of the knee is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and the one located toward the rear of the knee is called the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).
		The posterior cruciate ligament, or PCL, is not injured as frequently as the ACL.
		PCL sprains usually occur because the ligament was pulled or stretched too far, a blow to the front of the knee, or a simple misstep.
	hss.edu /Conditions/Knee-Injuries-and-Conditions/Knee-Ligament-Injuries (958 words)

	Association of Posterior Tibial Tendon Injury with Spring Ligament Injury, Sinus Tarsi Abnormality, and Plantar ...
		The spring ligament was abnormal in 23 (92%) of 25
		the spring ligament, ligaments of the sinus tarsi, and the plantar
		Gazdag AR, Cracchiolo A. Rupture of the posterior tibial tendon.
	www.ajronline.org /cgi/content/full/176/5/1137 (3226 words)

	Sports Medicine Advisor 2005.4: Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
		A ligament is a strong band of tissue that connects one bone to another.
		The posterior cruciate ligament is one of the major ligaments in the knee.
		The ligament must be reconstructed by taking ligaments or tendons from other parts of your leg and connecting them to the tibia and femur.
	www.med.umich.edu /1libr/sma/sma_pocrulig_sma.htm (807 words)

	Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury
		It is most often caused by a blow to the outer side of the knee, which often happens in contact sports like football or hockey, that stretches and tears the ligament on the inner side of the knee.
		To diagnose a collateral ligament injury, the doctor exerts pressure on the side of the knee to determine the degree of pain and looseness of the joint.
		A severely sprained or torn collateral ligament may be accompanied by a torn anterior cruciate ligament, which usually requires surgical repair.
	healthlink.mcw.edu /article/926050991.html (276 words)

	Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury
		Ligaments are strong bands of tissue that connect one bone to another.
		The ACL is one of the major ligaments in the knee, connecting the thigh bone (femur) to the shin bone (tibia).
		The doctor may also examine the ligament, lateral ligament and posterior cruciate ligament for injury, and may make a comparison of the injured and uninjured knee to make sure that another injury is not overlooked.
	www.hmc.psu.edu /healthinfo/a/aclinjury.htm (746 words)

	Human periodontal ligament stem cells isolated for the first time
		But, for a variety of technical reasons, the search had come up empty, leaving some to wonder whether stem cells could be extracted from such a tiny bit of tissue known to contain a confusing mixture of cell types and subsets.
		Of the 13 transplants - each of which was derived from a distinct colony of stem cells cultured in the laboratory and loaded into a hydroxyapetite carrier - eight produced a dense mixture of cementum and periodontal ligament.
		The article is titled, "Multipotent Postnatal Stem Cells from Human Periodontal Ligament," and it was published in the July 10, 2004 issue of The Lancet.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-07/niod-hpl070704.php (628 words)

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