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Topic: Ligature (typography)

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	Ligature (typography) - guideofcasinos.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more letterforms are written or printed as a unit.
		Ligatures are a subset of a more general class of figures called "contextual forms", where the particular shape of a letter depends upon its context, such as surrounding letters or whether or not it appears at the end of a line.
		A number of ligatures have been employed with the Greek alphabet, in particular a ligature of omicron (Î) and upsilon (Î¥) which later gave rise to one of the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet â” see Ou (letter).
	www.guideofcasinos.com /Ligature_%28typography%29.html (1732 words)

	The world's top ligature typography websites
		One of the most common ligatures is "fi." Since the dot above a lowercase "I" interferes with the loop on the lowercase "F," when "f" and "i" are printed next to each other, they are combined into a single figure with the dot absorbed into the "f," which appears as "ﬁ".
		Ligatures were originally used by medieval scribes to conserve space and increase writing speed.
		A good example of a computer typeface with a moderately rich set of ligatures is the Computer Modern Roman typeface that is provided with TeX, which includes the ff, fi, fl, ffi, and ffl ligatures which TeX automatically uses when it finds these letters juxtaposed in the text.
	www.websbiggest.com /wiki-article-tab.cfm/ligature__typography_? (646 words)

	Typography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Typographic work Typography (from the Greek words typos = form and grapho = write) is the art and technique of selecting and arranging type styles, point sizes, line lengths, line leading, character spacing, and word spacing for typeset applications.
		Contrast Typography with orthography, a method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols and the study of correct spelling according to established usage.
		Typography is broader than type design, the art of designing typefaces – the size and style of the letters or characters.
	typography.area51.ipupdater.com (270 words)

	learn free Typography and Page Layout - Typography Terminolgy
		The ampersand was originally a ligature for et (the Latin word for and), expressed as et per se, which gradually evolved to its present form.
		A style of typography which allows certain punctuation characters to `hang' or extend beyond the left and/or right margins giving a much sharper line to the margins.
		The standard ligatures are: ff, fi, fl, ffi, and ffl.
	www.typography-1st.com /typo/typterm.shtml (3891 words)

	Ligature Schmigature - www.will-harris.com
		Ligatures (special combined characters, "fi" "fl" "ff" and "ffi" being the most common) were originally created for two reasons.
		The f and i are in no danger of collision, and the "fi" ligature not only merges the two for no good reason, it pulls the top of the "f" over the right (where it wasn't before) and keeps the dot on the "i" which just ends up making the thing look crowded.
		Again the "f" and "i" don't collide and all the ligatures do is connect them while still retaining the dot on the "i" (in the Roman).
	www.will-harris.com /ligatures.htm (1605 words)

	Typography type
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	www.inkmedia3d.com /typography-type.htm (489 words)

	Production First Software Encyclopedia of Typography and Electronic Communication : L
		ligature A character whose glyph is the incorporation of two or more base glyphs which are visually connected or combined, and is a substitution for the two or more base characters represented by the base glyphs.
		In order to include ligatures on platforms which do not normally include them in their standard character set, a mechanism must be used which overrides the default encoding and replaces it with an encoding which includes the desired ligatures, providing the character set of the font includes them.
		It happens because the spacing between the characters in a ligature glyph is fixed, since the ligature is handled like a single character in accessing a font, the purpose of a font being merely to supply the proper glyph for imaging.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/profirst/l.htm (4115 words)

	Typebox / Thinkbox / History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Typography too had made radical advancements towards establishing techniques and approaches that are still used today, over 550 years later.
		Even though Garamond created typography and type designs removed from the handwriting and calligraphic tradition, humanist traditions unlike his approach were still being pursued.
		The ideal in typography was to find the best-suited typeface for a specific requirement and for an optimally structured text.
	www.typebox.com /3thinkbox/3hist3_2.html (1539 words)

	Ligatures
		The stigma ligature died out in the 19th century; OU is the only ligature that survives in some use in Greece today—and that use is marginal.
		The form that took hold in the Renaissance, and which the Unicode reference glyph uses (relying on Everson's proposal), reverts to the Hellenistic model: it is a kappa with a tail.
		Of course, this is still a ligature and not a single character; but if we're going to have the codepoint, the price tag ligature has the advantage of having existed within living memory.
	www.tlg.uci.edu /~opoudjis/unicode/ligatures.html (1909 words)

	Ligatures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Ligatures can't be used for everything, so it's possible to go overboard with them.
		Ligature letter pairs (fl, fi, etc.) occur frequently in text, so you can imagine the convenience of setting one instead of two or three blocks.
		Standard ligatures (fi, fl, ff, ffi, and ffl letter combinations) in roman faces accommodate the kerns of the letter (f) so the arm of the f won't collide haphazardly, but connect elegantly with the letter following it.
	rosendorf.us /blogdorf/archive/2005/12/21/1302.aspx (786 words)

	. : P22 Terminal : .
		Quite simply, a ligature is the combination of two letterforms into one continuous character.
		Another common (alleged) ligature is the "at" symbol (@), which has becomely widely used with the advent of e-mail.
		The latest (quasi) ligature to be forced onto the world is the Euro, the symbol for the United European currency.
	www.p22.com /terminal/ligature.html (307 words)

	Other Ligatures
		The two ligatures discussed here, OU [ȣ = ου] and stigma [ς = στ], are the only ligatures to have survived the ligature cull in the late 18th century.
		They were still in use in some typography in the early 19th century, and Haralambous (§5.4) would like to revive them in his Bekkeriana typeface, which hearkens back to that era.
		The stigma was the first ligature to go; it had disappeared from printed use by the mid 19th century, and is not actively used in Greek today except by icon painters (who retain the old ligatures in their art—although to a great extent this has been a conscious revivalism).
	www.tlg.uci.edu /~opoudjis/unicode/other_ligatures.html (609 words)

	Ligatures
		The stigma ligature died out in the 19th century; OU is the only ligature that survives in some use in Greece today—and that use is marginal.
		The form that took hold in the Renaissance, and which the Unicode reference glyph uses (relying on Everson's proposal), reverts to the Hellenistic model: it is a kappa with a tail.
		Of course, this is still a ligature and not a single character; but if we're going to have the codepoint, the price tag ligature has the advantage of having existed within living memory.
	ptolemy.tlg.uci.edu /~opoudjis/unicode/ligatures.html (1909 words)

	About Apple Advanced Typography Fonts
		Ligatures are two or more glyphs combined to form a single new glyph, whereas contextual forms are variations on the shape of one glyph.
		The first "fi" ligature is a single glyph that replaces the regular "f" and "i" glyphs.
		In this second case, the "fi" ligature is not one stand-alone glyph, but two glyphs, after the "i" has been changed.
	developer.apple.com /textfonts/TTRefMan/RM06/Chap6AATIntro.html (5331 words)

	Writing and Style
		Ligatures are single characters made up of two or more other characters, usually the lowercase f in conjunction with other characters that might ordinarily collide with the f’s overhang.
		Ligatures are most effective in body text in the range of 6 to 14 points, but this is just a general rule — they can be really cool in logos and headlines, depending on the font and spacing.
		This is because the space between the characters that make up a ligature will always be the same — it’s not adjustable — so if you adjust the amount of space between other characters in the text, either by increasing or decreasing it, the ligatures will stand out quite noticeably.
	www.fontsite.com /Pages/WritingStyle/W&S0398.html (1623 words)

	Typography Resources
		Sabon, Zapf Renaissance and Palatino were designed not to require ligatures, and their x height is enough that text figures and small caps aren't mandatory (though they look better, in my opinion).
		In order to use ligatures, it requires a separate "expert" font that has the ligatures in locations that are available under Windows.
		There's a sort of convention that the ligatures are available in the expert set as V, W, X, Y, and Z. However the program can be configured for any location (except space, which is used as a delimiter).
	www.nbcs.rutgers.edu /~hedrick/typography (4402 words)

	WriteDesign On-Line Resources - Typography
		Typography is more than just letters placed together to spell words.
		Typography has the ability to evoke emotions and visually support content.
		It aims to illustrate the depth and import of type, and to raise relevant questions about how typography is treated in the digital media, specifically online.
	www.writedesignonline.com /resources/design/typography.html (330 words)

	The Glyph Substitution Table
		Multiple character codes cannot be mapped to a single glyph, as needed for ligature glyphs, and multiple glyphs cannot be mapped to a single character code, as needed to decompose a ligature into its component glyphs.
		For each ligature in the set, a Ligature table specifies the GlyphID of the output ligature glyph (LigGlyph); a count of the total number of component glyphs in the ligature, including the first component (CompCount); and an array of GlyphIDs for the components (Component).
		The SubstLookupRecord defined for the ligature substitution specifies the SequenceIndex as position 1, which is the position of the first-glyph component in the ligature string.
	www.microsoft.com /typography/otspec/gsub.htm (9044 words)

	Discussion Paper 2004-DP03: Changing the Mapping for the Double-Wide Diacritics from MARC8 to Unicode/UCS from the ...
		Another way to represent the double-width tilde and the ligature in Unicode is to use single diacritic characters that span two alphabetic characters: the combining double tilde and combining double inverted breve.
		Because there are other characters besides the double ligature that do not display well in browsers, participants agreed that the committee should look at the larger issues of implementing and mapping to Unicode.
		Users will be confused when the ligature or double tilde appears correctly on the library system, but not when the bibliographic record is downloaded to a different environment.
	www.loc.gov /marc/marbi/2004/2004-dp03.html (2306 words)

	fontblog
		They calculated that by creating these ligatures, which are associated with unique sounds in English, that they could save 3-4% in compositors time and in the amount of printing.
		The ligatures are not completely new letters, but modifications of existing letters.
		Typography Tip #3 recommends setting linespacing in Word to a multiple of 1.2.
	blogs.msdn.com /fontblog (3708 words)

	Adobe Fonts - Type topics: The ampersand
		The term ampersand, as Geoffrey Glaister writes in his "Glossary of the Book," is a corruption of and (and) per se and, which literally means "(the character) and by itself (is the word) and." The symbol and is derived from the ligature of ET or et, which is the Latin word for "and."
		While the connection between the capital letters E and T was initially formed by writing quickly, later calligraphic manuscripts show the middle part of the E, consisting of semicircles, joined to the T by a more intentional, flowing horizontal line.
		Depending on the writing speed or the calligrapher's concern for perfection, from the eighth century on, the combination of the letters E and T resembled the ligature that was adopted with the invention of printing in the early 15th century (fig.
	store.adobe.com /type/topics/theampersand.html (724 words)

	Glossary of Design Terms
		Descender: in typography, the part of the letterform that dips below the baseline; usually refers to lowercase letters and some punctuation, but some typefaces have uppercase letters with descenders.
		Measure: (noun) in typography, the length of a line, even if the line is not filled with characters (such as a centered or partial line), designated in picas.
		Unit: in typography, divisions of the em space, used for fine-tuning the letterspacing of text type.
	edweb.sdsu.edu /courses/ET650_online/MAPPS/Glossary.html (3946 words)

	creativepro.com - dot-font: Expressive Typography
		There is no single style associated with this approach to type; it's a matter of seeing the graphic elements on the page, including the letterforms, and arranging them in a way that seems natural, in fact inevitable, once it's done (see Figure 1).
		used a simple fi ligature, and the Italian forms of the names of France and Italy ("Francia" and "Italia"), to create this meaningful image of unity and integration between two countries (see Figure 3).
		Typography -- whether it's the most straightforward text or the wildest display -- is a seamless melding of the verbal and the visual.
	www.creativepro.com /story/feature/20468.html (826 words)

	Five simple steps to better typography - Part 3 : Journal : Mark Boulton
		They are more commonly seen in serif faces, although ligatures in sans-serif faces such as Gill Sans and Scala Sans are important to the typeface and should be used.
		The fonts generally do have these ligatures present but it's debatable whether they needed to be used on screen or not.
		The “ligatured” version is so elegant and graceful, and the contrast with the other version is striking.
	www.markboulton.co.uk /journal/comments/five_simple_steps_to_better_typography_part_3 (2975 words)

	Ligatures in Mac OS X \| Tidbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In writing and typography a ligature occurs where two or more letter-forms are joined as a single glyph.
		Ligatures usually replace two sequential characters sharing common components, and are part of a more general class of glyphs called “contextual forms” where the specific shape of a letter depends on context such as surrounding letters or proximity to the end of a line.
		There is no problem with a spell checker, indexing, etc. because ligatures only affect the APPEARANCE of the word and not the actual letters that make up the word.
	tidbit.wildbit.com /2007/01/ligatures_in_ma.html (504 words)

	18th Century Ligatures and Fonts
		There is the long s that occurs in the middle of words, plus there are ligatures, which are combinations of two or more characters.
		The standard ligatures are only used on lower case letters; never on uppercase.
		Some of the foreign ligatures may be used in both an upper- and lowercase version, however.
	www.orbitals.com /self/ligature/ligature.htm (924 words)

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