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Topic: Lighthill report

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	James Lighthill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lighthill's eighth power law states that the acoustic power radiated by a jet engine is proportional to the eighth power of the jet speed.
		Lighthill's report, which was published in 1973 and became known as the "Lighthill report, was highly critical of basic research in foundational areas such as robotics and language processing, and "formed the basis for the decision by the British government to end support for AI research in all but two universities"
		Lighthill is credited with founding the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications in 1964.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/James_Lighthill (478 words)

	Lighthill report - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Lighthill report is the name commonly used for the paper "Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey" by Professor Sir James Lighthill, published in "Artificial Intelligence: a paper symposium" in 1973
		The report stated that AI researchers had failed to address the issue of combinatorial explosion when solving problems within real world domains.
		That is, the report states that AI techniques may work within the scope of small problem domains, but the techniques would not scale up well to solve more realistic problems.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lighthill_report (233 words)

	Review of ``Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey'' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Lighthill defines a robot as a program or device built neither to serve a useful purpose nor to study the central nervous system, which obviously would exclude Unimates, etc. which are generally referred to as industrial robots.
		Lighthill discusses the combinatorial explosion problem as though it were a relatively recent phenomenon that disappointed hopes that unguided theorem provers would be able to start from axioms representing knowledge about the world and solve difficult problems.
		Lighthill had his shot at AI and missed, but this doesn't prove that everything in AI is ok. In my opinion, present AI research suffers from some major deficiencies apart from the fact that any scientists would achieve more if they were smarter and worked harder.
	www-formal.stanford.edu /jmc/reviews/lighthill/lighthill.html (2668 words)

	Cognitive science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Noam Chomsky further removed the study of the mind from the behaviorism of Watson, B.F. Skinner, and others that had been psychology's primary focus.
		The term cognitive science was coined by Christopher Longuet-Higgins in his 1973 commentary on the Lighthill report, which concerned the then-current state of Artificial Intelligence research.
		In the dichotic listening task, subjects are bombarded with two different messages, one in each ear, and told only to focus on one of the messages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cognitive_science (3377 words)

	Lessons from the Lighthill Flap (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Nor is Lighthill the only example of a physical scientist taking an excessively applied view of scientific areas with which he is unfamiliar and finds uncongenial.
		The Lighthill Report argued that if the AI activities he classified as Bridge were any good they would have had more applied success by then.
		My own opinion is that AI is a very difficult scientific study, and understanding intelligence well enough to reach human performance in all domains may take a long time--between 5 years and 500 years.
	www-formal.stanford.edu /jmc/reviews/lighthill-20/lighthill-20.html (825 words)

	ZoomInfo Web Summary: James Lighthill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Lighthill was one of the leading applied mathematicians of the century and a phenomenally gifted person.
		Lighthill's contributions to mathematics education were mainly made in the 1960s and 1970s.
		Lighthill was, amongst his other attainments, a great linguist - one interest of his was Portuguese literature.
	www.zoominfo.com /directory/Lighthill_James_45072374.htm (461 words)

	School of Informatics: History of Artificial Intelligence at Edinburgh
		The first covers the period from 1963 to the publication of the Lighthill Report by the Science Research Council in l973.
		Although his report which was published early in 1973 supported AI research related to automation and to computer simulation of neurophysiological and psychological processes, it was highly critical of basic research in foundational areas such as robotics and language processing.
		Lighthill's report provoked a loss of confidence in AI by the academic community in the UK which persisted for a decade - the so-called "AI Winter".
	www.inf.ed.ac.uk /about/AIhistory.html (2717 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In Britain, the Lighthill Report commissioned by the (then) Science Research Council divided AI into three areas of basic research: advanced automation, computer based central nervous system research, and robot building (Fleck, 1982).
		The Report declared that the first two of these areas presented no a priori grounds to support AI as an autonomous disciplines and any successes in these areas would simply be absorbed by existing disciplines.
		AI was seen by the Lighthill Report as a rogue discipline that had no claim for autonomy.
	www.cs.waikato.ac.nz /~cbeardon/papers/9401.html (7731 words)

	AI Newsletter
		Lighthill was commissioned by the British Science Research Council, the main funding body for university research, to write a report which would help them decide on future requests for funding.
		Lighthill's reply, which BBC unfortunately didn't include in the broadcast, was that the physicists should give up on turbulence.
		Oakley on AI in the U.K.: paradise lost with the Lighthill report (I wonder whether there's a typo in saying this was commissioned at the end of the 1950s); paradise regained at the start of the 1980s.
	www.ainewsletter.com /newsletters/aix_0601.htm (13045 words)

	Setting The Record Straight: Honoring our Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Although it is preferable to avoid punitive trade remedies such as tariffs, we as a guild should be open to investigating and seek redress to unfair trade practices being employed under NAFTA and WTO guidelines where feasible.
		The fifth paragraph of the report refers to the 701 petition filed with the United States Department of Commerce by the Film and Television Action Committee (FTAC).
		Lighthill was instrumental in blocking an investigation of the subsidies that could have led to their withdrawal TWO YEARS AGO.
	cdu600.org /STRStraight/LetsTalkRunaway.htm (861 words)

	Security Committee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Manager's Report: Matt said the problem with the entry system must be a computer problem.
		He will ask the BOD to act on a recommendation that no payment be given for extra key found and turned in 90 day or more after the original exchange.
		Matt said he would bring the issue of no parking stripes being put in front of the office will be put in his report to the BOD.
	meetings.beachwoodsonline.com /july_2002.htm (463 words)

	Robots Won't Rule
		In the UK the Govt commissioned a special report from the Science & Engineering Research Council (the infamous Lighthill Report) which damned AI and recommended withdrawal of research funding.
		The same kind of official doubts which the Lighthill Report made explicit in the UK lay less explicitly behind a similar slow down in research funding in the US.
		It was rumoured in some of the UK national press of the time that Margaret Thatcher watched Professor Fredkin being interviewed on a late night TV science programme.
	www.dai.ed.ac.uk /homes/cam/RWR_comments.shtml (1387 words)

	Peter Moforth - The Turing Institute
		The link with Scotland comes via Donald Mickey, a colleague of Turing's who became interested in Finite State Automata and was instrumental in the establishment of the pioneering department of Artificial Intelligence at the University of Edinburgh in 1963.
		Following the Lighthill report in 1973 and the effective removal of government support for AI in Britain, work in the area subsided until the early 1980s and the revival of interest in the subject brought about by the Japanese 5th Generation project.
		The resultant infusion of money to the field, governmental and industrial, led Mickey to move from his small Machine Intelligence Unit at the University of Edinburgh to a new body called the Turing Institute which was intended to 'sit part way between industry and academe', formed in 1983 as a limited company.
	www.tomandmaria.com /tom/Writing/TechTrans/9_2_6_1.htm (2891 words)

	Artificial intelligence - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In the UK, the most noted universities are Edinburgh and Sussex although AI research activities can be found in most universities in the country.
		Since the publication of the Lighthill report UK funding for "AI" dried up, though UK research continues under more politically-acceptable headings such as "Informatics", "Information Engineering" and "Inference".
		Microsoft runs a large AI research group in Cambridge which works closely with the university.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Artificial_intelligence (3128 words)

	E.W.Dijkstra Archive: Trip report E.W.Dijkstra, Edinburgh and Newcastle, 1 - 6 September 1974. (EWD 448)
		E.W.Dijkstra Archive: Trip report E.W.Dijkstra, Edinburgh and Newcastle, 1 - 6 September 1974.
		Waldinger referred to that visit, but in order not to spoil the atmosphere I did not pursue that topic.
		Ollengren and de Bakker were my only countrymen at the Newcastle Seminar; Verrijn Stuart, who did attend the previous seminars, was absent.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD04xx/EWD448.html (1938 words)

	Quiz #2
		ANSWER The Lighthill report (1973) "formed the basis for the decision by the British government to end support for AI research in all but two universities [from AIAMA]." The Lighthill report basically said that AI researchers had not faced up to the combinatorial explosion issue.
		The Lighthill report is just one representative of the "pessimistic" era of AI history that followed early excitement about the possibilities of AI.
		Since that time, both researchers and laymen have been much more cautious in their appraisals of AI technology.
	www.cwu.edu /~borisk/455/quiz2.html (352 words)

	C SC 100 Lecture Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Oliver Selfridge, a respected scientist, in an interview said that he thought that machines would be able to think, at least that they would be able to do things that we would describe as thinking when done by people.
		This optimism persisted, for the most part, until a scathing report was published by Sir James Lighthill in 1973 criticizing much of AI research.
		What Computers Can't Do by Hubert Dreyfus in 1972, and the Lighthill report in 1973, the future of AI looked bleak and much of the funding of research was curtailed or killed.
	www.otterbein.edu /home/fac/DPTSNDR/CSC100/notes/TMTCTW_2.html (2196 words)

	From the beginning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In 1966, a report by an advisory committee found that “there has been no machine translation of general scientific text, and none is in immediate prospect.” All U.S. government funding for academic translation projects was cancelled.
		Despite thousands of hours of CPU time, almost no progress was demonstrated.
		Failure to come to grips with the "combinatorial explosion" was one of the main criticisms of AI contained in the Lighthill report (Lighthill, 1973), which formed the basis for the decision by the British government to end support for AI research in all but two universities.
	www.csie.mcu.edu.tw /~s9170455/3.html (785 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In fact, though, any brief test of this idea shows it to be massively undermined by two difficulties: 1) many idiomatic phrases don't work at all the same in literal translation (eg, "I give you my word"), and 2) the largest percentage of words allow several entirely different meanings.
		AI researchers' first bouts with this took place between 1956 and 1966, when the ALPAC report killed (for the time being) all government funding for translation research.
		IUCS Technical Report 363a describes Stiquito's construction and is available by anonymous ftp from cs.indiana.edu:/pub/stiquito/ [129.79.254.191] Questions about Stiquito should be sent to Prof.
	www.cosc.brocku.ca /Offerings/3P71/misc/outsider_ai.txt (5980 words)

	Informatics Research Methodologies: Background Reading List
		Report of a working group of The Royal Academy of Engineers and The British Computer Society., The Challenges of Complex IT Projects.
		Sloman A. Exploring Design Space and Niche Space, Procs Scandinavian Conference on AI, IOS Press, 1995.
		Cohen, P. A Survey of the Eighth National Conference on AI: Pulling Together or Pulling Apart, Amherst Technical Report 91-68, 1991.
	www.inf.ed.ac.uk /teaching/courses/irm/reading.html (201 words)

	PCP and the Cognitive Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Some positive results were urgently needed as a result of the negative consequences of a dispute in Britain in 1972 on whether the Mathematics Laboratory at the University of Cambridge or the Department of Machine Intelligence and Perception at the University of Edinburgh should be funded to acquire an American DEC PDP10 computer.
		Sir James Lighthill, Lucasian Professor of Applied Mathematics at Cambridge, was commissioned by the Science Research Council to make a survey of the state-of-the-art in artificial intelligence research.
		The so-called Lighthill Report was damning as to the lack of achievement of twenty five years of artificial intelligence research (Lighthill, 1973), and had an adverse effect on funding not only in Britain but also in America.
	btlab.cpsc.ucalgary.ca /~gaines/reports/PSYCH/SIM/index.html (11155 words)

	Construction Manager - Official magazine for the Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB)
		Why is it I continue to ask myself, that those employed in the industry simply cannot accept that the situation the industry now finds itself in, is entirely of their own making.
		After reading your report on the above, I was extremely frustrated and appalled by some of the attitudes displayed by some fairly influential opinions.
		The majority of the report is tendentious, contradictory and sensationalized, more befitting of tabloid newspapers.
	www.construction-manager.co.uk /magazine/html/April_2003.html (2301 words)

	Secarga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Contributions of AI to psychology are further discussed in the paper Some Comments on the Lighthill Report by N. Tags: [28], Accounting newsletter
		Advancing this observation to the social turbulence of the sixties, I felt it was obvious that if fls and women were treated exactly the same as the white men who still held the reins of power, they would grab those reins of power.
		We have categorized our reports and maps into the following application areas to make it easy for you to choose the appropriate reports and maps.
	secarga.halard.com (5020 words)

	Tagierc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Contributions of AI to psychology are further discussed in the paper Some Comments on the Lighthill Report by N. Tags: Tech care, [30]
		Programs which report the time on the site count the time between the first and the last request.
		I remember that on my own report cards in the 1950s these skills were listed under the heading of "citizenship" -- a usage of that term that would have completely baffled George Washington.
	tagierc.halard.com (4987 words)

	Interactivist Info Exchange \| Matthew Fuller, "Endless, Multilayered, Super-Fast and Infinitely Complex Boredom: Hooray" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A phrase which has passed into the everyday understanding of computing, 'the combinatorial explosion' was coined in the 1973 Lighthill report into artificial intelligence.
		This was seen to set a natural limit to the scale of the then current programme of artificial intelligence and the report was used to legitimize the drastic cutting of the number of centres involved in such research in the UK.
		Such seemingly natural scales to both understanding and 'intelligence' set thresholds of complexity beyond which it is difficult, if not arduously boring to go beyond.
	info.interactivist.net /article.pl?sid=05/09/08/2218207 (2250 words)

	Regetun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Pedro Gomez, the ESPN reporter, was passing the time with me when his old friend Felix Rodriguez passed in front of the dugout.
		The need to have assembly line workers report to a central factory to crank out Model Ts is the only reason we temporarily had the notion of work being a separate part of life.
		Dana Milbank has an amusing report of the four Justices' "rulings" about when they should applaud: At times, Alito followed the lead of the other three justices who sat with him in the front row.
	regetun.halard.com (4968 words)

	[No title]
		`..22.1: Langley meeting, April 1992* LIGHTHILL, J.* Report on the final panel discussion on computational aeroacoustics* NASA CR 189718, ICASE Report No. 92-53* 1992.
		`..22.1: wave transport by mean flow - combination of Lighthill and Lilley theories* RIBNER, H.D.* Effects of jet flow on jet noise via an extension to the Lighthill model* J.
		`..22.1,21.2: DNS and accurate computation of Lighthill T_ij source term* FREUND, J.B.* Noise sources in a low-Reynolds-number turbulent jet at Mach 0.9* J.
	navier.stanford.edu /bradshaw/pbref/refs221 (2407 words)

	sciforums.com - AI:Evolution,brains involved,Issues.
		Lighthill report kills AI funding in UK LOGO funding scandal: Minsky and Papert forced to turn leave MIT's AI lab
		This is a management position with a large team of reports, some of which are PhDs.
		To be considered for this position you must have a background in image and signal processing, neural network techniques, and/or computer-aided detection algorithms.
	www.sciforums.com /showthread.php?t=6643 (8006 words)

	Naamloos1
		Early experiments in machine evolution (now called genetic algorithms) suffered from the same incorrect supposition that large problems could be dealt with when using better equipment.
		This is a report of the presentation given by dr. ir.
		The following chapter is a report of a lecture given by Mr.
	ch.twi.tudelft.nl /route99/pre/chapter6.html (11951 words)

	Class 1: Introduction
		Before the theory of NP-completeness was developed it was thought that “scaling up” means more powerful hardware and clever software.
		Lighthill report (1973) was the basis for the decision by British government to end support for AI research.
		Weak methods: general-purpose search algorithms to string together elementary reasoning methods.
	cs.gmu.edu /~dkaznach/cs480-2004-02/01/Introduction.htm (1039 words)

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