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Topic: Lighthorse (American Indian police)

	Violent crimes increasing among American Indians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		American Indians represent almost 1 percent of the total population, but they are the victims of violent crimes at more than twice the rate of all U.S. residents.
		The Osage police force consists of three officers, including Teel, patrolling its tribal lands extending from Ponca City and near downtown Tulsa to the Kansas state line — which is Osage County, the largest county a tribal police force covers in Oklahoma, Teel said.
		The Cherokee Nation tribal police have not reported crimes in the last three years because the BIA took over in 1997 when the tribe was experiencing internal conflict, he said.
	www.ocolly.com /new_ocollycom/new_site/read_story.php?a_id=8499 (1151 words)

	January 2004 Newsletter from "On This Date in North American Indian History" by Phil Konstantin
		"American Indians were never subjected to the same kind of racial bias of fls." 2.
		American Indians were subjected to the same biases as fls.
		A police officer has to be able to run five miles through alleys in the dark, scale walls, enter homes the health inspector wouldn't touch, and not wrinkle his uniform.
	www.americanindian.net /newsletter0104.html (9806 words)

	ccr crystal dragon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		However, the life of an outlaw Indian is a hard lot, and their bands never become very large; besides, these bands frequently provoke the wrath of the tribe and secured their own destruction.
		It is a prehistoric Native American cosmological rock structure laid down about 2,500 years ago by an Aztec-Tanoan culture that occupied the infamous Bighorn Canyon and adjacent areas between 1500 B.C. andÊ 500 A.D. The Wheel lies at an elevation of 9,642 feet, 11 miles south of the Montana Boundary.
		The crow are North American Plains Indian people of Siouan linguistic stock, historically affiliated with the Hidatsa of the upper Missouri River; they occupied the area around the Yellowstone River and its tributaries, particularly the valleys of the Powder, Wind, and Bighorn rivers.
	www.msnusers.com /ccrcrystaldragon/indiansandanimals.msnw (16590 words)

	TESTIMONY
		The case was jointly investigated by BIA OLES, Chickasaw Nation Lighthorse Police, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, and state/local law enforcement agencies in both Oklahoma and Texas.
		Methamphetamine use, trafficking and manufacture on Indian land is relatively new to most tribal communities, although the Department of Justice has been fighting meth for over 20 years; Indian Country needs to be made aware of the dangers of meth.
		The BIA OLES Indian Police Academy is working in partnership with the Department of Homeland Security’s Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (DHS FLETC) to take education on these matters directly to Indian country communities.
	www.doi.gov /ocl/2006/MethamphetamineUseInIndianCountry.htm (1826 words)

	Belgian Regime Keeps Harassing The Brussels Journal (2) \| The Brussels Journal
		I told the officer that if the police wants to question me they will have to arrest me. The Belgian authorities are clearly intent on intimidating us and closing down this website.
		To begin with, the police would like Paul to confirm (or deny) he is the author of the article in question.
		The police are lazy by definition, they don't want to go to the trouble of sending subpoenas to the registrar of the brusselsjournal.com domain (who just happens to be located in Baltimore and will be very unimpressed, to say the least).
	www.brusselsjournal.com /node/1251 (3355 words)

	History of the Cherokee -- Images 1800-1838
		The Texas Cherokees were forced to move to Indian Territory after a bloody battle with the army of the Republic of Texas in the 1840's.
		Although allied with the Confederacy in the American Civil War, Ross allowed himself to be captured without incident by Union troops in 1862 and moved to Philidelphia where he lived until the end of the war.
		The forced removal of the Cherokee in 1838-39 from their homelands in the east to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) is known as the "Trail of Tears" or "The Trail Where They Cried".
	cherokeehistory.com /image1a.html (586 words)

	6th Generation - Chief Charles Renatus Hicks & Lydia Halfbreed Hicks - David & N-wa-lee-ya-he Nannie Otterlifter Miller
		Indians who committed a crime were caught and punished just as the white outlaws.
		When an Indian or a freedman was found guilty of a minor misdeed, whipping was the punishment and the strongest of the Light Horsemen (Indian police) was chosen to do the job.
		Be it further resolved, that any male Indian or white man marrying a negro woman slave, he or they shall be punished with fifty-nine stripes on the bare back, and any Indian or white woman, marrying a negro man slave, shall be punished with twenty-five stripes on her or their bare back.
	www.angelfire.com /ak2/MannFamilyTree/6thGeneration.html (17687 words)

	The Official Site of the Chickasaw Nation \| Heritage & Culture \| Recent Acquisitions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Legends and Lore of the American Indians, Edited by Terri Hardin - Here is an extraordinary collection of Native American legend and lore drawn from a wealth of material gathered together by both storytellers and scholars.
		Legends and Lore of the American Indians is a bountiful crop of some of the most famous and interesting Native American myths.
		Letters and Notes on the North American Indians is Catlin's finest work, presenting in vivid detail his first-hand observations of the manners, customs and living conditions of the Indian tribes of the American frontier during his travels between 1832-1839.
	www.chickasaw.net /heritage/250_1023.htm (2239 words)

	The Cherokee
		The American Civil War was the next disaster and cost the Cherokee 25% of their population.
		Indian removal to west of the Mississippi had been suggested as early as 1802 by Thomas Jefferson and recommended by James Monroe in his final address to Congress in 1825.
		Americans are usually surprised to learn that the Civil War was bitterly contested between the Native Americans in Oklahoma.
	www.snowwowl.com /peoplecherokee1.html (8127 words)

	The Official Site of the Chickasaw Nation \| Heritage & Culture \| Staff/Trustees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		She also is a member of the Oklahoma Indian Bar Association, Native American Bar Association, the Federal Bar Association and a ten-year member of The College of the State Bar of the State of Texas.
		She is a member of the American Nurses Association, National Alaskan Native and Native American Indian Nurses Association, and the Centers for Disease Control, Health Resources and Services Administration AIDS Advisory Committee.
		In her position as special assistant to the Governor she serves as the lead negotiator of the tribes in the area of self governance and was instrumental in the development of the Lighthorse Police.
	www.chickasaw.net /heritage/250_1137.htm (1645 words)

	National Native News
		Legislation proposed by members of the Senate that specifically pertains to American Indians, Native Hawaiians, or Alaska Natives, is under the jurisdiction of the Committee.
		Doctor Fredenberg was a member of the Menominee Nation and the second American Indian in the country to become a dentist.
		On this day in 1978, American Indians marched across the country to Washington D.C. The march, called "The Longest Walk," was held to symbolize the forced removal of American Indians from their homelands and to bring attention to the problems plaguing Native communities.
	www.nativenews.net /nnn_history2004.shtml (9005 words)

	New Page
		One national American hero’s feet of clay were forever exposed and political hypocrisy and deceit reached an all time high.
		Then there was Major Ridge, Chief of the Cherokee police, The Lighthorse Patrol, Counselor to his good friend Chief John Ross and Speaker of the Council in the Cherokee lower legislative house.
		He was one of the first Cherokees to advocate the sale of Indian land when he supported the sale of a piece of property to the Morovian Missionaries for a school.
	www.katywalls.com /newechota.html (2760 words)

	CHEROKEE HISTORY TIMELINE
		President Thomas Jefferson signs and agrees with the state of Georgia to removal of all American Indians in exchange for the state’s claim of western lands.
		In the west, unassigned lands in Indian Territory are opened to white settlers known as "boomers." Thousands of non-Indian intruders move into the Cherokee Nation.
		Indian Reorganization Act establishes a land base for tribes and legal structure for self government (on a corporate model).
	www.wsharing.com /WScherokeeTimeline.htm (4635 words)

	Chickasaw Times :: Official publication of the Chickasaw Nation
		Tribal Lighthorse Police Chief Jason O’Neal was recently invited to speak at the Kiwanis Club Meeting in Ada, Oklahoma.
		Young Indian adults who seek to learn about tribal leadership, and contribute to future tribal vision and involvement, are encouraged to apply for the American Indian Ambassadors Program.
		Indian students with an interest in the study of natural resources are encouraged to apply for special scholarship awards from a Northwestern council.
	www.chickasawtimes.net /december/stories/index_general.htm (694 words)

	Towns and Settlements
		It was located outside of Indian Territory and further west in Oklahoma Territory in Kingfisher County.
		It was believed that the death of the Cherokee was in revenge of the death of the African Lighthorse.
		It later was abandoned by the Creek Indians who left it as a school for their former African slaves.
	members.aol.com /angelaw859/freetown.html (1380 words)

	Cherokee Timeline, 1450-1838
		The town of Hightower moves from the vicinity of Rome, Georgia to present-day Cartersville, further east on the Etowah River after a brutal attack on the village by Tennessee governor John Sevier(more).
		President Thomas Jefferson agrees with the state of Georgia to removal of all American Indians in exchange for the state's claim of western lands.
		A faction of the Creek Indians, the "Red Sticks," revolt, attacking Fort Mims, Alabama and massacre 250 men, women and children.
	www.ngeorgia.com /history/cherokeetimeline.html (1061 words)

	Cherokee justice, laws and punishment
		Some of the lighthorse police were fl men and white men.
		The Cherokee got the name "lighthorse" from Revolutionary War hero, General Henry Lee who was called "Lighthorse Harry" due to the rapidity of his cavalry movements during the conflict.
		For the first offense, the rapist was punished with fifty lashes upon the bare back and his left ear cropped off close to the head: for the second offense, one hundred lashes and the other ear cut off, for the third offense, death.
	www.cherokeebyblood.com /justice.htm (1830 words)

	Amazon.ca: A Fine Dark Line: Books: Joe R Lansdale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although he embodies many of the racial attitudes of the day, he acquiesces to his spouse's demand to take in a fl woman named Rosy Mae when domestic problems with her abusive boyfriend Bubba Joe threaten to put the woman in the local morgue.
		The Mitchell family, including the story's narrative voice, Stanley, is a warm and comfortably stoic group, highly developed morals, a sense of family love, and a warm heart for even those outside of the family (most noticeably in their "adoption" of the Negress Rosy).
		Buster Lighthorse Smith, who works as the projectionist at the Mitchell's drive-in, is a moody, often caustic alcoholic, who becomes a friend to young Stanley and helps him in his investigation of two murders committed twenty years before.
	www.amazon.ca /Fine-Dark-Line-Joe-Lansdale/dp/0892967293 (2501 words)

	Amazon.com: "lighthorse police": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		over the Seminoles is not approved by this Department "12 In the administration of Seminole justice, the chiefs, judges, and lighthorse police took pride in the speed with which cases were brought to a conclusion.
		Parker respected Indian law and left to the tribes those affairs which had to do only with Indians.
		The constitution bolstered the authority of the Lighthorse police, formed a national council to make political decisions, established new laws protecting rights of private property and inheritance through the...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/lighthorse-police (541 words)

	Elijah `Eli' Lighthorse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		But the old Indian had already seen too much death and hardship on the Trail of Tears, when the Cherokee had been forcibly relocated to Okalahoma, including that of his wife.
		In certain circumstances, the early lighthorse had to serve as policemen, jurors and judges, meting out the punishment for crimes as they saw fit.
		Eli Lighthorse is an anachronism, a man out of his own time, with his complete and consuming belief in the law.
	home.earthlink.net /~caledre/id10.html (1565 words)

	Native Americans - Famous Native Americans in History
		Red Cloud was in a group of Indians which went to Washington in 1870, and his actions and speech indicated that he had changed his ideas about war and was an advocate of peace.
		Gall later revived, and in spite of his terrible wounds and the fact that he was nearly naked in the cold and snow, made his way to the lodge of a friend some twenty miles away.
		Henry Procter's retreat after the American victory on Lake Erie, and lost his life in the battle of the Thames, in which Gen. William Henry Harrison overwhelmed Procter and his Native American allies.
	www.nativeamericans.com /FamousNatives.htm (5625 words)

	1st/15th Royal NSW Lancers Band
		A Promenade Concert was held at the Sydney Town Hall to aid expenses, the Colonial Governor attending.
		This was the introduction of the Band into involvement with the major events in N.S.W. The next day the Band led a parade through Sydney of the N.S.W. Contingent to Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee Celebrations to their embarkation.
		The fleet arrived in Sydney at the conclusion of the annual Light Horse training exercises, which were extended by one day so that the ALH could form part of the Grand parade in which the American sailors also took part.
	www.lighthorse.org.au /military/RNSWL_Band.htm (3369 words)

	Chickasaw Times :: Official publication of the Chickasaw Nation
		Captive insurance companies that are owned, controlled and managed by Indian tribes are a phenomenon that appears to be poised to sweep across Indian Country in the next few years.
		The artwork of 29 American Indian artists from around the country was on display recently at the beautiful and historic capitol grounds of the Chickasaw Nation in Tishomingo, Oklahoma.
		The 2005 Oklahoma Native American Prevention Conference sponsored by the American Indian Prevention Resource Center, the American Indian Institute, The University of Oklahoma OUTREACH and Health Promotion Programs is proud to announce record high attendance for the September 20-21, 2005 gathering.
	www.chickasawtimes.net /november/stories/index_general.htm (580 words)

	Amazon.com: "Muskogee Nation": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		African Americans and Native Americans in the Cherokee and Creek Nations, 1830s-1920s : Collision and Collusion (Studies in African American History and Culture) by Katja May
		Indian Territory and the United States, 1866-1906: Courts, Government, and the Movement for Oklahoma Statehood (Legal History of North America, Vol 1) by Jeffrey Burton
		Road to Disappearance: A History of the Creek Indians (Civilization of the American Indian (Paperback)) by Angie Debo
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Muskogee-Nation (415 words)

	James Vann
		Benefiting from Hicks' association with Indian Agent Return J. Meigs, for whom Hicks translated papers, Vann learned that on at least three occasions Doublehead had illegally sold Cherokee land to whites, a crime punishable by death.
		At first, few people would listen to Vann as he exposed Doublehead's activities, but slowly he convinced a majority of the Nation that Doublehead was indeed committing crimes.
		He was known to beat people, including his wives, for little or no reason, and the Cherokee Nation empowered him as head of part of the Lighthorse Patrol, a loose-knit Cherokee police force.
	ngeorgia.com /people/vann.html (1291 words)

	The Peter Conser House
		Before the Civil War he was left an orphan fending for himself as Union forces invaded Indian Territory from the north.
		He was later appointed a captain of the Choctaw Lighthorse for the Moshulatubbe District.
		The Lighthorse were the mounted police force of the Five Civilized Tribes.
	www.shareyourstate.com /oklahoma/ConserHouse.htm (1772 words)

	NewsChannel 8 - Two Black Men Say They Are Creek Indians And Want Citizenship Confirmed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As early as the 1700s, many fls and Native Americans lived together, married into families and created fl Indians.
		The problem is the government listed many of the fl Indians has having no Indian blood at all, cutting them off from Indian citizenship.
		Ron Graham may not look Native American, but he is. His dad even spoke Creek, fluently.
	www.ktul.com /news/stories/0306/312371.html (416 words)

	Major Ridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		the 1830 Indian Removal Act and in 1832 Boudinot argued that removal was the "course that will come nearest benefiting the nation".
		In return the tribe was granted land in the Indian Territory.
		Although the majority of the Cherokees, including Chief John Ross, opposed this agreement they were forced to make the journey by General Winfield Scott and his soldiers.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /WWmajorridge.htm (540 words)

	Old West & Gunfighters Groups
		We of the Cherokee Lighthorse [Indian Police] are members of the Guthrie Gunfighters Association, Guthrie, Oklahoma.
		Each Saturday of the year except when we have accepted another engagement we can be found in front of the Blue Bell Saloon on the corner of 2nd St. and Harrison Rd., Guthrie, Oklahoma..
		As an exception this is mainly a civilian group, but with an important aspect of the American West: guns.
	www.reenactor.net /1870-1900/western.html (417 words)

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