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Topic: Lightning rod

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Lightning

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Georg Wilhelm Richmann

Ben Franklin

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List of technologies

	NASD: Boating-Lightning Protection
		Lightning occurs when the difference between the positive and negative charges, the electrical potential, becomes great enough to overcome the resistance of the insulating air and to overcome the resistance of the insulating air and to force a conductive path between the positive and negative charges.
		Lightning strikes represent a flow of current from negative to positive, in most cases, and may move from the bottom to the top of a cloud, from cloud to cloud, or most-feared, from cloud to ground (see Figure 3).
		The purpose of lightning protection is to reduce the damage to the boat and the possibility of injuries or death to the passengers from a lightning strike.
	www.cdc.gov /NASD/docs/d000001-d000100/d000007/d000007.html (2699 words)

	Second Wind - Solutions - Anemometry Lightning Protection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Lightning strikes are a common problem in wind energy resource assessment, but the damage can be minimized with proper protection.
		There are two important components of lightning protection when installing towers and equipment: lightning rods to divert the strike to ground and protect the sensors, and surge-protection in the data logger.
		From the top of the lightning rod, an approximate 45 degree cone of protection from the rod to the ground will be formed, so it is important to make sure that the anemometers and wind vanes are installed within this cone of protection.
	www.secondwind.com /solutions/AnemometryLightningProtection.shtml (416 words)

	Exploring: Weather
		A lightning stroke is a brief but large current of negative charge that travels from cloud to ground along a "wire" of air molecules that have been ionized or ripped apart.
		He figured that if lightning were to strike his house it would most likely strike the highest point, the metal rod, and the wire would safely conduct the electricity into the ground through the metal stake.
		The lightning rod was first used in England in 1760 on the Eddystone Lighthouse, a wooden structure that had been previously destroyed by lightning.
	www.exploratorium.edu /ronh/weather/weather.html (2547 words)

	Lightning rod Summary
		A lightning rod (or lightning protector) is a metal strip or rod, usually of copper or similar conductive material, used as part of lightning safety to protect tall or isolated structures (such as the roof of a building or the mast of a vessel) from lightning damage.
		A lightning rod is connected via a low-resistance wire or cable to the earth or water below, where the charge may be safely dissipated.
		Lightning rods sometimes possess a short circuit to the ground that is interrupted by a thin non-conductor over which lightning jumps.
	www.bookrags.com /Lightning_rod (2496 words)

	Lightning Rod History - Invention of the Lightning Rod
		His English colleagues favored blunt-tipped lightning rods, reasoning that sharp ones attracted lightning and increased the risk of strikes; they thought blunt rods were less likely to be struck.
		The lightning rod constructed on the dome of the State House in Maryland was the largest "Franklin" lightning rod ever attached to a public or private building in Ben's lifetime.
		The pointed lightning rod placed on the State House and other buildings became a symbol of the ingenuity and independence of a young, thriving nation, as well as the intellect and inventiveness of Benjamin Franklin.
	www.ideafinder.com /history/inventions/lightningrod.htm (1108 words)

	Lightning and Enlightenment - Ben Franklin and the Lightning Rod
		Hence, when Benjamin Franklin invented his "lightning rod" in 1752, most Christians were far from eager to place a "rod of iron" designed by an "arch-heretic" at the top of their churches near the holy cross of Christ.
		In one church a bolt of lightning struck the tower and melted the bell, electrocuted the priest, deprived a parishioner of her sensibilities and destroyed a painting of the Savior.
		The case which did the most to convert the Italian theologians to the scientific view of lightning and the use of the lightning rod was that of the church of San Nazaro, at Brescia.
	www.edwardtbabinski.us /skepticism/franklin.html (1080 words)

	Lightning Attenuation Onboard
		The lightning protection system will therefore consist of a robust “primary path” which will be designed to safely conduct a direct strike to ground, and a series of “secondary paths” which will be designed to safely dissipate the accumulation of charge by the boat, and which will feed into the primary path.
		In other words, lightning that would, in the absence of the lightning rod, strike within the region bounded by the conical surface is supposed to instead strike the cone apex.
		It is critical that the primary conductor of the lightning protection system, which takes the path from the top-most end of the system to the water be as robust as it can be made, be as direct as possible, and use long radii, rather than sharp bends along the primary path to the grounding plate.
	www.kastenmarine.com /Lightning.htm (3096 words)

	USATODAY.com - Researchers find that blunt lightning rods work best (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Franklin based his lightning rod on the discovery that electrified objects could be discharged by approaching them with a metal needle.
		In fact, however, his rods were struck by lightning, and Franklin realized that grounding the rod with a wire provided lightning a preferential path, away from the structure.
		They concluded that "Franklin's method for providing (lightning) protection has been made less effective than it could be by his urging that the tip of lightning rods be sharpened".
	www.usatoday.com /weather/resources/basics/2000-05-15-lightn-rod-tests.htm (530 words)

	Howstuffworks "Lightning Rod"
		Lightning rods were originally developed by Benjamin Franklin.
		The purpose of lightning rods is often misunderstood.
		While it is not a given that the rod will always conduct the lightning discharged in the immediate area, it does have a better possibility than the structure.
	science.howstuffworks.com /lightning7.htm (551 words)

	Warren Lightning Rod Company
		Lightning rods do not have an impact on whether a building will be struck by lightning.
		Lightning is a tremendously powerful, uncontrollable force that will strike when and where conditions are right, much like a hurricane or tornado.
		Lightning rod cable can safely be concealed in a house surrounded by insulation and attached to wooden structural members.
	www.wlrc.net /myths.htm (551 words)

	Lightning Rod Conference Bakken 2002
		Lightning was still an instrument of divine direction, philosophers claimed, as long as one accepted their re-definition of this direction as benevolent, lawful and predictable.
		Frequent lightning strikes during a particular year were thought to portend a good harvest, and in a ceremony seen throughout Japan, people used to place green bamboo stalks around fields that were struck by lightning, marking them as chosen targets of heavenly power.
		Although lightning rods had been around for nearly a century, they had just begun to change from a homemade device erected by knowledgeable farmers, mechanics, flsmiths, and others to a commodity made in a factory and sold and installed by salesmen or lightning rod companies.
	www.thebakken.org /research/lightning-rod-conference.htm (4106 words)

	Ohio Lightning Rod Insulators & Items.
		Lightning Rod Balls are not considered an insulator and do not insulate.
		The lightning rod ball was an attempt to squeeze a few more dollars out of the customer.
		Lightning rods need to be the tallest objects of a system.
	groups.msn.com /OhioLightningRodInsulatorsItems (1332 words)

	Lightning Rod Types (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Blunt-tipped lightning rods that show evidence of having been struck by lightning.
		Three different lightning rods that are competing for lightning strikes.
		The left one is a French device, the Prevectron; the center device is an Australian air terminal, and the one on the right is a 19-mm-diameter blunt rod, the type that has been preferentially struck during these strike-reception competitions.
	www.ee.nmt.edu /~langmuir/l-rods.html (140 words)

	Benjamin Franklin's Lightning Rod (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Electricity was one of the things he experimented with when he retired from his business.
		Ben discovered that lightning and electricity were the same thing.
		The lightning rod was an important invention that we still use today.
	www2.lhric.org /pocantico/franklin/lightningrod.htm (64 words)

	How a Lightning Protection System Works
		A negative charge or build-up occurs in the bottom part of the cloud closest to earth and a positive charge of energy occurs directly underneath in the ground.
		The positive ground charge is attracted upward, utilizing the lightning protection system on the building as an outlet.
		Phase II As the negative leader stroke from the cloud continues toward earth, the positive ground charge travels up through the Lightning Rod System and when the negative leader stroke is about 150 feet above the top of the protected building, the positive ground charge starts upward to meet and neutralize the downward leader stroke.
	www.lightningrod.com /manual5_how.html (278 words)

	Lightning rod - The Boston Globe
		PHILADELPHIA -- When the bus carrying the Tampa Bay Lightning pulled into the Wachovia Center parking lot here last Thursday, a couple of hours before the start of Game 3 of the Eastern Conference finals, it stopped under a balcony where dozens of Flyers fans were waiting.
		It was Tortorella who, after the Lightning were drilled at home in Game 2, vented in memorable fashion against Philly coach Ken Hitchcock.
		Jay Feaster, the Lightning's executive vice president and general manager, attributes much of the club's success to the 45-year-old Tortorella, a West Concord, Mass., native.
	www.boston.com /sports/hockey/articles/2004/05/20/lightning_rod (1353 words)

	Walter De Maria: Lightning Field (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Lightning Field, 1977, by the American sculptor Walter De Maria, is a work of Land Art situated in a remote area of the high desert of southwestern New Mexico.
		A sculpture to be walked in as well as viewed, The Lightning Field is intended to be experienced over an extended period of time, and visitors are encouraged to spend as much time as possible in it alone, especially during sunset and sunrise.
		Commissioned and maintained by Dia Art Foundation, The Lightning Field is recognized internationally as one of the late-twentieth century's most significant works of art and exemplifies Dia's commitment to the support of art projects whose nature and scale exceed the limits normally available within the traditional museum or gallery.
	www.lightningfield.org (1087 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A bolt of lightning had struck the tower, partly melting the bell and electrocuting the priest; afterwards, continuing, it had shattered a great part of the ceiling, had passed behind the mistress, whom it deprived of sensibility, and after destroying a picture of the Savior hanging upon the wall, had disappeared through the floor.
		With Franklin's scientific explanations of lightning, the question that had so long taxed the minds of the world's leading theologians-"Why should the Almighty strike his own consecrated temples, or suffer Satan to strike them"-could finally be answered rationally.
		In Switzerland, France and Italy, popular prejudice against the lightning rod was ignited and fueled by the churches and resulted in the tearing down of lightning rods from many homes and buildings, including one from the Institute of Bologna, the leading scientific institution in Italy.
	www.evolvefish.com /freewrite/franklgt.htm (1161 words)

	Amazon.com: Stealing God's Thunder: Benjamin Franklin's Lightning Rod and the Invention of America: Books: Philip Dray (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Ben Franklin's invention of the lightning rod and his revelation of the mysterious workings of lightning and thunder made him one of the foremost scientists of his day.
		Lightning had the interesting quality of seeming directed; a lightning bolt might take out one particular sinner, whereupon all remaining could speculate why God had chosen that one rather than others for such a spectacular display of divine displeasure.
		It was a Frenchman who captured Franklin's legacy in the motto: "He snatched lightning from the sky and the scepter from tyrants." Franklin modestly said that actually, lightning was right where it had always been, and it was his countrymen who had done the fighting for the scepter.
	www.amazon.com /Stealing-Gods-Thunder-Franklins-Lightning/dp/140006032X (3982 words)

	Benjamin Franklin's Lightning Bells
		What quantity of lightning a high, pointed rod, well communicating with the earth, may be expected to discharge from the clouds silently in a short time, is yet unknown; but I reason from a particular fact to think it may at some times be very great.
		From the foot of this rod, a wire (the thickness of a goose-quill) came through a covered glass tube in the roof, and down through the well of the staircase; the lower end connected with the iron spear of a pump.
		On the staircase opposite too my chamber door, the wire was divided; the ends separated about six inches, a little bell on each end; and between the bells a little brass ball, suspended by a silk thread, to play between and strike the bells when clouds passed with electricity in them.
	sln.fi.edu /franklin/bells.html (353 words)

	lightning rod — Infoplease.com
		lightning rod, a rod made of materials, especially metals, that are good conductors of electricity, which is mounted on top of a building or other structure and attached to the ground by a cable.
		Lightning rod: market watchers survey the enron wreckage for the utility industry's good news.
		Lightning Rod Effect; That one big hit is all it takes to catapult a cable net-and win buyers' favor.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0829753.html (233 words)

	Benjamin Franklin and Lightning Rods - Physics Today January 2006
		He acknowledged that insulated rods or "electroscopes" did verify that thunderclouds are electrified, but for the rest of his life he steadfastly opposed the use of grounded rods as "preservatives." In 1753, he published a series of letters attacking Franklin's Experiments and Observations and suggested other methods of lightning protection.
		Vessels also, having a sharp pointed Rod fix'd on the Top of their Masts, with a Wire from the Foot of the Rod reaching down, round one of the Shrouds, to the Water, will not be hurt by Lightning.
		Metallic rods, or air terminals as they're now called, were mounted on the roof of a structure and connected by horizontal roof conductors and vertical down conductors to a ground connection.
	www.physicstoday.org /vol-59/iss-1/p42.html (3615 words)

	Franklin's Lightning-Rod.
		The spire of St. Bride's Church in London was greatly injured by lightning in 1750, and in 1764 a storm so wrecked its masonry that it had to be mainly rebuilt; yet for years after this the authorities refused to attach a lightning-rod.
		In 1388 it was badly shattered; in 1417, and again in 1489, the wooden spire surmounting it was utterly consumed; it was again greatly injured in 1548, 1565, 1653, and in 1745 was struck so powerfully that the whole tower, which had been rebuilt of stone and brick, was shattered in thirty-seven places.
		Sent by pious donors, they were solemnly baptized and consecrated in 1871, four bishops officiating, a multitude of the faithful being present from all parts of Europe, and the sponsors of the great tenor bell being the Bourbon claimant to the ducal throne of Parma and his duchess.
	cscs.umich.edu /~crshalizi/White/air/rod.html (2047 words)

	New Old Products Lightning Rod Styles & Descriptions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The “Classic” old time lightning rod is what you see from time to time where people wanted a little more than the ‘standard’ lightning rod set up.
		Premium II The “Premium” lightning rod, shown in the photo is one that you see only rarely.
		Lightning protection hardware is a real pain when it comes time to re-roof or re-side a house if edge connectors are not used.
	www.newoldproducts.com /systems.htm (1112 words)

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