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Topic: Ligitan

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	Ligitan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ligitan is a small island off Tawau, east of Borneo.
		This island was the object of a territorial dispute between Malaysia and Indonesia prior to 2002.
		Fabio Spadi (2003) "Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan: New Parameters for the Concept of Dependency in the Maritime Environment?
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ligitan (170 words)

	Press Release 2002-39bis: Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) - Summary of the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The islands of Ligitan and Sipadan (Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan) are both located in the Celebes Sea, off the north-east coast of the island of Borneo, and lie approximately 15.5 nautical miles apart.
		Ligitan is a very small island lying at the southern extremity of a large star-shaped reef extending southwards from the islands of Danawan and Si Amil.
		The Court first notes that, although it is undisputed that Ligitan and Sipadan were not within the scope of the 1898 Treaty of Peace, the 1900 Treaty does not specify islands, apart from Cagayan Sulu and Sibutu and their dependencies, that Spain ceded to the United States.
	www.icj-cij.org /icjwww/ipresscom/ipress2002/ipresscom2002-39bis_inma_20021217.htm (6964 words)

	Asia Times
		The loss of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia may set as a precedent for other islands and provinces to break away from Indonesia.
		Prolonged economic crisis, an ill-equipped military, and unending ethnic and religious conflicts have rendered Indonesia apparently powerless to defend the its territorial integrity.
		As such, Sipadan and Ligitan might just be the first of many islands Indonesia loses in territorial disputes with neighboring countries.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Southeast_Asia/DL21Ae01.html (875 words)

	[Acheh-Eye.Org] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Kini, berbekal kemenangan di Mahkamah Internasional atas Pulau Sipadan dan Pulau Ligitan, Malaysia kembali "memperkuat" klaimnya sesuai dengan peta tahun 1979 yang mereka buat sendiri, yang memang sudah memasukkan Sipadan dan Ligitan sebagai wilayah kedaulatannya.
		Baru belakangan setelah ada putusan atas Ligitan (4 derajat 09 menit lintang utara - 118 derajat 53 menit bujur timur) dan Sipadan (4 derajat 06 menit lintang utara - 118 derajat 37 menit bujur timur), mereka mulai mempertanyakan pemberian hak eksplorasi baru oleh Indonesia di wilayah Ambalat Timur.
		Berbeda dengan Ligitan dan Sipadan yang disikapi Malaysia dengan tegas karena mereka yakin menang, dalam soal wilayah laut di sekitar Ambalat itu agaknya Malaysia setidaknya sudah mengetahui fakta dan pertimbangan yuridis yang disampaikan Indonesia.
	www.acheh-eye.org /a-eye_news_files/a-eye_news_bahasa/news_item.asp?NewsID=346 (1262 words)

	Press Release 2002-39: Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) - The Court finds that ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ligitan and Sipadan are two very small islands located in the Celebes Sea, off the north-east coast of the island of Borneo.
		Indonesia thus maintains that that Convention established the 4° 10' north parallel of latitude as the dividing line between the British and Dutch possessions in the area where Ligitan and Sipadan are situated.
		In respect of the first of these arguments, it is the opinion of the Court that "it cannot be deduced [from the facts relied upon in the present proceedings] that the naval authorities concerned considered Ligitan and Sipadan and the surrounding waters to be under the sovereignty of the Netherlands or Indonesia".
	www.icj-cij.org /icjwww/ipresscom/ipress2002/ipresscom2002-39_inma_20021217.htm (968 words)

	The Jakarta Post - The Journal of Indonesia Today
		Sipadan and Ligitan were disputed islands about which both of the claimants, Indonesia and Malaysia, according to the Court, had weak cases.
		Legally speaking, Sipadan and Ligitan should not even be considered as belonging to either Indonesia or to Malaysia prior to the Court decision on Dec. 17.
		The first means the use of military force, which we have tried to avoid; the latter means the use of legal expertise and intellectual capacity to fight a legal battle.
	www.thejakartapost.com /yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20021227.F04 (835 words)

	World Court Digest
		The Court is of the opinion that both the measures taken to regulate and control the collecting of turtle eggs and the establishment of a bird reserve must be seen as regulatory and administrative assertions of authority over territory which is specified by name.
		It contends that the construction and maintenance of such lighthouses is “part of a pattern of exercise of State authority appropriate in kind and degree to the character of the places involved”.
		Similarly, the construction by Malaysia of lighthouses on Ligitan and Sipadan may or may not be evidence of occupation à titre de souverain when seen by itself, without reference to the 1891 Convention.
	www.mpil.de /ww/en/pub/research/details/publications/institute/wcd.cfm?201010300402.cfm (2140 words)

	Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The fact that Indonesia and Malaysia agreed in 1997 to submit the case of Pulau Sipadan and Pulau Ligitan through the International Court of Justice has clearly reflected the political commitment of the two countries to settle the dispute peacefully.
		For Indonesia, the manner by which the case of Sipadan-Ligitan has been resolved, spanning during the challenging period of transitions, reflects the courage and wisdom of the leaders and the people of the nation.
		It is my fervent hope, and I believe it is also the hope of the people of Indonesia and Malaysia, that the decision by the International Court of Justice on the case of Sipadan and Ligitan would close one chapter of the history of the bilateral relation between Indonesia and Malaysia.
	www.indonesianembassy.org.nz /PressRelease737-04-xii-2002.htm (853 words)

	DiveNews.Com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan are two of the world's best diving locations.
		Ligitan and Sipadan were uninhabited until Sipadan became known to the West in the 1980s after being filmed by ocean explorer Jacques Costeau.
		Formed by a stray volcanic flute, Sipadan was developed by tourism groups under Malaysian administration and became a destination for divers interested in its coral reefs.
	www.divenews.com /print.php?sid=1119 (207 words)

	News in Brief
		According to the president, she needed to again explain the Sipadan and Ligitan issue before the House as she had learned that certain quarters considered the International Court of Justice's ruling to award the islands to Malaysia as Indonesia's loss.
		Referring to the issue of Indonesia's territorial integrity, President Megawati said she found it necessary to explain about the case of the Sipadan and Ligitan islands, of which ownership, at the end of 2002 and by virtue of the decision of the international court of justice in The Hague, was accorded to Malaysia.
		The islands of Sipadan and Ligitan, from the legal perspective, are indeed not and were never part of Indonesia's territory, President Megawati added.
	www.kbri-canberra.org.au /brief/2003/aug/16aug03.htm (2044 words)

	Borneo Scuba Diving, dive trips, Ligitan Reef Island Malaysia
		Ligitan is the furthest island reachable from Semporna and depending on sea conditions it can take up to 2 hours to get to this tiny islet.
		Being at the southern most tip of the massive Ligitan Reef currents here are by far the strongest encountered anywhere in the area.
		While coral growth is only average the large number of rays, mostly blue spotted stingrays and the much larger fl blotched stingrays, but also manta rays are very frequent visitors of the area.
	www.gopro-borneo.com /ligitan_diving.htm (183 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		ICJ awarded Ligitan and Sipadan islands, also claimed by Indonesia and Philippines, to Malaysia but left maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil block.
		Malaysian control was further strengthened by two referenda: the first facilitated by the United Nations-backed Cobbold Commission, from February to April 1962 and the second before the formation of Malaysia in September 1963.
		Sabah's position within Malaysia was reinforced by the ruling made by the International Court of Justice for Pulau Sipadan and Pulau Ligitan to remain under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of Malaysia rather than Indonesia.
	www.worldhistory.com /search.php?ix=wiki3&rf=0,PN2,P3,PN4,P6&page=1&type=article&hpp=&lfs=1&q=Ligitan (209 words)

	INTERNATIONAL COURT FINDS THAT SOVEREIGNTY OVER ISLANDS
		The Court begins in this connection by observing that, while the Parties both maintain that the islands of Ligitan and Sipadan were not terrae nullius during the period in question in the present case, they do so on the basis of diametrically opposed reasoning, each of them claiming to hold title to those islands.
		Having found that neither of the Parties has a treaty-based title to Ligitan and Sipadan, the Court next considers the question whether Indonesia or Malaysia could hold title to the disputed islands by virtue of the effectivités cited by them.
		As for the second argument, the Court considers that "activities by private persons cannot be seen as effectivités if they do not take place on the basis of official regulations or under governmental authority".
	www.all-birds.org /United%20Nations/UN116.htm (1013 words)

	Sipadan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This matter was brought to the International Court of Justice for trial.
		In Dec 2002, the court awarded Sipadan to Malaysia along with Ligitan island based on "effective occupation".
		In year 2004, the Government of Malaysia ordered all on-site dive and resort operators of Sipadan to move their structures out of the island by the 31st of December 2004.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sipadan (799 words)

	ANTARA News :: RI Rejects Malaysian Proposal for Joint Operation in Ambalat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The reaction of the Indonesian government and its people to Malaysia`s awarding the concession was understandable, given the fact that the country is still smarting from the decision of the International Court of Justice to award Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia after a long and complicated legal process.
		The Hague-based International Court of Justice (ICJ), the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, on Dec 17, 2002 issued a Judgment in the case on sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan.
		Ligitan and Sipadan are two tiny islands located in the Celebes Sea, off the north-east coast of Kalimantan island.
	www.antara.co.id /en/print/?id=8251 (521 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend
		The oil blocks are near the Sipadan and Ligitan islands, disputed for years between Malaysia and Indonesia.
		Both Sipadan and Ligitan are south of that line under their former Dutch colonial masters - something that was reflected in all maps issued until 1979, when Malaysia began to declare them as part of its territory.
		The ICJ resolved the issue of ownership of the two islands in its landmark decision that made clear that Kuala Lumpur had shown 'manifestations of state authority' over the islands since the 1930s.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=8578983&postID=111024321447822259 (741 words)

	Ausland
		In its Judgment, the Court finds that "the Application of the Republic of the Philippines, filed in the Registry of the Court on 13 March 2001, for permission to intervene in the proceedings under Article 62 of the Statute of the Court, cannot be granted".
		It notes that, in outlining its claim, the Philippines has emphasized the importance of a document dated 22 January 1878 by which the Sultan of Sulu, with whom title, at least to part of Sabah (North Borneo), lay, had made a grant in that part to Messrs.
		This instrument, according to the Court, is said by the Philippines to be its "primal source" of title in North Borneo and is interpreted by it as a lease and not as a cession of sovereign title.
	www.jurawelt.de /gerichtsurteile/pressemitteilungen/ausland/3402 (721 words)

	Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Mahkamah Internasional telah memutuskan bahwa Malaysia memiliki kedaulatan atas Pulau Sipadan dan Pulau Ligitan berdasarkan pertimbangan “effectivitee”, yaitu bahwa Pemerintah Inggris telah melakukan tindakan administratif secara nyata sebagai wujud kedaulatannya berupa penerbitan ordonansi perlindungan satwa burung, pungutan pajak terhadap pengumpulan telur penyu sejak 1930-an, dan operasi mercu suar sejak awal 1960-an.
		Namun kita berkewajiban untuk menghormati Persetujuan Khusus untuk bersama-sama mengajukan sengketa antara Indonesia dan Malaysia tentang kedaulatan atas Pulau Sipadan dan Pulau Ligitan kepada Mahkamah Internasional, yang ditandatangani pada tanggal 31 Mei 1997.
		Penghargaan dan terima kasih juga ingin saya sampaikan kepada seluruh mass media, elektronik dan cetak yang telah mengkomunikasikan keseluruhan proses penanganan ini secara obyektif, khususnya fakta-fakta yang benar, sehingga terdapat pemahaman yang baik atas perkara ini, dan karena itu kami harapkan penerimaan yang baik atas keputusan ini oleh seluruh rakyat Indonesia.
	www.indonesianembassy.org.nz /PressRelease736-04-xii-2002.htm (840 words)

	MCA: ICJ Rules Sipadan And Ligitan Belong To Malaysia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The disputed islands of Sipadan and Ligitan off Borneo belong to Malaysia, the International Court of Justice ruled in The Hague Tuesday.
		Both parties have claimed effectivites over the islands, and have claimed that this was so based on treaty-based title, with Malaysia also making an alternative argument that it has been in peaceful possession and administration of the islands without objection from Indonesia or its predecessors in title.
		In concluding the case that made its first appearance before the court in June 2001, with a failed third party quest for admission into the arena by the Philippines, Guillaume cited the Permanent Court of International Justice (predecessor to the ICJ) statement in the case of the Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Denmark v.
	www.mca.org.my /services/printerfriendly.asp?file=/articles/news/2002/12/18/12395.html&lg=1 (680 words)

	Manila Standard: The Future is Ours (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The two small islands, Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan, are located off the northeast coast of Borneo on Celebes Sea.
		As it maintained that the claim over Sabah is enshrined in the Philippine Charter as well as it is being pursued legally and via peacefully means in accordance with the United Nations and international laws, DFA stated its only wish is for ICJ to listen to the Philippine side.
		Chiding Indonesia for failing to bring to ICJ its protest and disagreement over the administrative, legislative and quasi-judicial control of Malaysia over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan, DFA also insisted that the Philippines be granted permission to intervene in the case.
	www.manilastandardtoday.com /?page=politics02_jan01_2003 (279 words)

	Scuba Diving Kapalai - Dive Kapalai, Borneo, Malaysia - Scuba Dive Travel, Dive Adventures Australia
		The sand bar sits on Ligitan Reefs, an extensive stretch bordering the deep Celebes Sea.
		Built on sturdy stilts on the shallow sandbanks, with no land in sight, this airy and sunny water village offers style and complete comfort.
		The Ligitan reefs also act as a nursery for juveniles of many species.
	www.diveadventures.com /pages/destinations/Malaysia/Kapalai.htm (420 words)

	Indonesian Permanent Mission, Geneva (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Indonesia berpendirian bahwa Pulau Sipadan dan Ligitan yang terletak di sebelah selatan garis 4°10' LU berdasarkan Konvensi tersebut merupakan wilayah Indonesia.
		Sengketa Pulau Sipadan dan Ligitan muncul pertama kali pada waktu dilangsungkannya perundingan mengenai batas landas kontinen antara Indonesia dan Malaysia di Kuala Lumpur pada tanggal 9-22 September 1969.
		Masalah pokok yang dimintakan putusan dari Mahkamah Intemasional adalah apakah kedaulatan atas Pulau Sipadan dan Ligitan berdasarkan perjanjian yang ada, bukti serta dokumen yang tersedia, merupakan milik Indonesia atau Malaysia.
	www3.itu.int /MISSIONS/Indonesia/press/pr020603sipadan.htm (954 words)

	Filatelic.com - Malaysia Malaysian Islands & Beaches, Sipadan Island, Ligitan Island, Pulau Sipadan, Pulau Ligitan, ...
		Ligitan island is surrounded by very large reefs which forms the Ligitan group islands on the edge of the continental shelf.
		It is the thrill of diving in unexplored waters that brings the world's best divers here to sample Nature in her most pristine form.
		Indeed, the Ligitan group is regarded as one of the world’s top destinations for underwater nature photography.
	www.filatelic.com /00-05/Islands2.html (411 words)

	Harvard Asia Quarterly - Energy Security and Southeast Asia: The Impact on Maritime Boundary and Territorial Disputes
		Malaysia’s claims are at least partially based on the fact that on 17 December 2002 the ICJ ruled that sovereignty over the islands of Sipadan and Ligitan, which are located in the vicinity of the Ambalat area, rested with Malaysia.
		The key factor which led the ICJ to award sovereignty to Malaysia, the Court having rejected both sides’ arguments concerning treaty-based title to the islands, was the fact that Malaysia was able to demonstrate the stronger case in terms of effectivités – acts of administration demonstrating effective exercise of authority over the islands.
		It is worth noting that the Sipadan and Ligitan case still resonates in Indonesia, and this factor contributes to the intense Indonesian reaction to the Ambalat dispute.
	www.asiaquarterly.com /content/view/160/43 (8018 words)

	indoirish.com - The Indonesian Irish community
		Indonesians were rudely awakened from their complacency when in December 2002 the Court of Justice in the Hague ruled that ownership of the Indonesian claimed border islands of Sipadan and Ligitan in the North Celebes Sea was granted to Malaysia, thus ending a long-standing dispute of the islands between the two ASEAN neighbours.
		The reason given by the Court was that the islands had been “utilized” by Malaysia, since Malaysia had built diving resorts on the islands, whereas, Indonesia had done almost nothing.
		They cover a considerable period of time and show a pattern revealing an intention to exercise State functions in respect of the two islands in the context of the administration of a wider range of islands.
	www.indoirish.com /full_story.php?story=23 (1222 words)

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