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Topic: Ligurian language

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	Ligurian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ligurian language was spoken in pre-Roman times and into the Roman era by an ancient people of north-western Italy and south-eastern France known as the Ligures.
		Very little is known about this language (mainly place names and personal names remain) which is generally believed to have been Indo-European; it appears to have adopted significantly from other Indo-European languages, primarily Celtic (Gaulish) and Italic (Latin).
		Many Indo-European languages use 'mouth' to mean the part of a river which meets the sea or a lake, but it is only in Goidelic that PIE *genu- means 'mouth'.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ligurian_language (325 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Ligurian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred languages and dialects (443 according to the SIL estimate), including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in Southwest Asia, Central Asia and Southern Asia.
		The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, spoken by ancient and modern Celts alike.
		Ligurian is sometimes also applied to a Romance language currently spoken in Liguria, a region of Italy, and in Monaco.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ligurian-language (995 words)

	Indo-European languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred languages and dialects (443 according to the SIL estimate), including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in Southwest Asia, Central Asia and Southern Asia.
		Tocharian languages, extinct tongues of the Tocharians, extant in two dialects, attested from roughly the 6th century.
		Archaic Proto-Indo-European languages occur in the Balkans (Starčevo-Körös-Cris culture), in the Danube valley (Linear Pottery culture), and possibly in the Bug-Dniestr area (Eastern Linear pottery culture).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indo-European_languages (2302 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Ligurian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		However, the ancient Ligurian language, which was apparently not Indo-European, is not connected to the Italian dialect spoken by the modern inhabitants of Liguria, nor to the modern Monegasque language.
		Ligurians as a whole are never late, which has led to the reference in some quarters of the GC to 'Ligurian time," meaning 5 or more minutes early.
		Ligurians spend almost all of their free time in groups, accustomed from early childhood to having projects be group efforts where the failure of one means the failure of all.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ligurian (292 words)

	ITALIAN LANGUAGE - LoveToKnow Article on ITALIAN LANGUAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Then we have the faucal n by which the Ligurian and the Piedmontese (la~a ia, andc.) are connected with the group which we call Franco-Provenal (A. We pass on to the Gallic resolution of the nexus Ct (e.g.
		Among the phonetic phenomena peculiar to the Ligurian is a continual reduction (as also in Lombardy and part of Piedmont) of 1 between vowels into r and the subsequent dropping of this r at the end of words in the modern Genoese; just as happens also with the primary r : thus d=duriir=dolore, andc.
		With this the corresponding tendency of the Celtic languages has been more than once and with justice compared; here it may be added that the Milanese nOn, apparently a single form for noi, is really a compound on reduplication in the manner of the ni-ni, its exact counterpart in the Celtic tongues.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /I/IT/ITALIAN_LANGUAGE.htm (6827 words)

	Romance language
		The Romance languages are a subfamily of the Italic languages, specifically the descendants of the Vulgar Latin dialects spoken by the common people evolving in different areas after the break-up of the Roman Empire.
		Some Romance languages form plurals by adding "s" (derived from Latin accusative case), while others form the plural by changing the final vowel - "o"/"e" to "i", or "a" to "e" (derived from Latin nominative case).
		In some languages the word for 16 is morphematim "sixteen", like 11-15; in others it is "ten-and-six", like 17-19.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ro/Romance_languages.html (832 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: French language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		For the history of the French language, the most important of these groups are the Franks in northern France, the Alemanni in the German/French border, the Burgundians in the Rhone valley and the Visigoths in the Aquitaine region and Spain.
		The earliest extant text in French is the Oaths of Strasbourg from 842; Old French became a literary language with the chansons de geste that told tales of the paladins of Charlemagne and the heroes of the Crusades.
		French has been the only official language of Quebec since 1974, although it is commonly (and incorrectly) believed that the designation of French as the sole official language occurred in 1977 with the adoption of the Charter of the French Language (which is popularly referred to as Bill 101).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/French-language (1770 words)

	Sardinian language
		Native language of Sardinia is commonly considered as shared among the most archaic Sardo logudorese, Campidanese[?], Gallurese (the latter with minor reciprocal Corsican[?] influence, due to proximity).
		Sardinian language is one of the principal elements of the peculiar sardinian cultural heritage, and a really huge activity is running in current times in order to favour its study and the development of its acknowledgement.
		Sardinian language in Italy The national anthem of the Kingdom of Sardinia (and Piedmont) was the Hymnu Sardu (aka Cunservet Deus su Re), obviously in Sardinian language, which was partially substituted by the Savoy's March when Italy was unified.
	www.fastload.org /sa/Sardinian_language.html (2495 words)

	Ligurian language: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The romance languages, also called romanic languages or new latin languages, are a subfamily of the italic languages, specifically the descendants of...
		The mirandese language (lhéngua mirandesa in mirandese; língua mirandesa or mirandês in portuguese) is spoken in northeastern portugal....
		Rhaeto-romance languages are a romance language sub-family which includes a few languages spoken in switzerland and north-eastern italy....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/li/ligurian_language.htm (788 words)

	Indo-European languages - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Systematic comparison of these and other old languages conducted by Franz Bopp supported this theory, and Bopp's Comparative Grammar, appearing between 1833 and 1852 is considered the starting point of Indo-European studies as an academic discipline.
		The main strength of the farming hypothesis is that it connects the spread of Indo-European languages with an archeologically known event that likely involved major population shifts: the spread of farming; although the validity of basing a linguistics theory on archeological evidence is disputed.
		This migration route is meant to explain the existence of Tocharic, and the assumed early contacts between Indo-European and Uralic languages.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Indo-European_languages (2293 words)

	Oc Provencal Language - Langue d'Oc - ProvenceBeyond
		The names of the two languages, Oïl (langue d'oïl) in the north and Oc (langue d'oc) in the south were the words for "yes" in each of the languages.
		The Oc language resulted in a single literary community across all of Occitania, from the Atlantic coast to the Italian border.
		Provençal was the language spoken at the pontifical court of Avignon, and was the language Dante nearly wrote his Divine Comedy in.
	www.beyond.fr /history/oc.html (417 words)

	the indo european language Search-e.com \| theindoeuropeanlanguage
		The various subgroups of the Indo-European language family include (in historical order of their first attestation): Anatolian languages, earliest attested branch, from the 18th century BC ; extinct...
		That source language was never written down and is now extinct, but it has a name: it is called the "Proto Indo-European" language ("PIE"), and the family of languages believed to...
		Indo-European is one of about 225 language families worldwide) In the early Middle Ages, the people of the Iberian Peninsula spoke Latini, which had derived from Latin and was to become Romanzo, the...
	www.search-e.com /find/the+indo+european+language.shtml (1320 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Anatolian languages — earliest attested branch, from the 18th century BC; extinct, most notable was the language of the Hittites.
		Tocharian languages — extinct tongues of the Tocharians, extant in two dialects, attested from roughly the 6th century.
		Some linguists propose that Indo-European languages are part of a hypothetical Nostratic language superfamily, and attempt to relate Indo-European to other language families, such as South Caucasian languages, Altaic languages, Uralic languages, Dravidian languages, Afro-Asiatic languages.
	koz.vianet.ca /boshist6.htm (1662 words)

	Alcuin-Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the records of the Inquisition the womens' speech is invariably recorded as "utterings" or "incantations", certain proof of witchcraft, which meant that Exodus 22:18 had to be invoked: "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live." In fact, the church knew very well that witchcraft was impossible, that it didn't exit.
		It was the awesome task given to the Benedictines to re-make the culture, religion and language of this ancient and happy society which had a highly disciplined civilization, no weapons or fortifications, had a marvelous work-ethic and led a life of caring communal solidarity.
		Language invention had always been the manipulating of the versatile Saharan language which we would call Basque today and is mentioned in Genesis 11:1: "...now the whole earth had one language...".
	www.highspeedplus.com /~edonon/alcuin-g.htm (4419 words)

	Piedmontese language: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Piedmontese (also known as Piemontese, Piemontèis) is spoken in Piedmont (Piedmont: The region of northwestern Italy; includes the Po valley), northwestern Italy (Italy: A republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD).
		It is geographically and linguistically close to the northern Italian dialects Lombard (Lombard: A member of a Germanic people who invaded northern Italy in the 6th century) and Ligurian (Ligurian: the ligurian language was spoken in pre-roman times and into the roman era by an ancient...
		As elsewhere in Italy, Italian is by far the language actually spoken by the population.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/piedmontese_language (879 words)

	Happy European-American COLUMBUS Day! - Page 3 - Stormfront White Nationalist Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Occitan, or lenga d'òc, or languedoc, is a Romance language (or group of languages), spoken mainly in the Languedoc or Occitania region in southern France.
		The name Occitan comes from òc, the medieval Occitan word for yes, as opposed to oïl as used in the Oïl languages spoken in the territory now covered by northern France, parts of Belgium and the Channel Islands which was the ancestor of oui as used in French.
		In the independent state of Monaco the Monegasque language, a Ligurian dialect, is spoken despite strong Provençal immigration.
	www.stormfront.org /forum/showthread.php?p=3000574#post3000574 (1952 words)

	history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Ancient authors, the historian Diodorus Siculus and the geographer Strabon, described the Ligurians as a race of mountaineers used to the hardest work and practicing an exemplary frugality.
		The name "Monoikos" is certainly a native one and must have its origin in the Ligurian language.
		After the fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century, the whole region was ravaged by the barbarians; this period of invasions lasted until the end of the tenth century.
	www.monaco-consulate.com /about_history.htm (5111 words)

	piedmontese history 1
		We don't have a direct knowledge of their language, even if we can notice, without any doubt, in piedmontese, some words coming from their language, and some toponyms.
		Latin (even if just known by few people) and local celtic-ligurian language started to mix, giving rise at the basis for a neo-Latin language, in which the celtic root was very influent.
		The structure of the language was taken from Latin, that was "adapted" to the Celthic-Ligurian preceding language, and enriched with many other linguistical elements coming from North Europe, and the most important influence was from Franks, whose language had a common root with the language of the region.
	xoomer.virgilio.it /nmndem/hist1.html (4082 words)

	File: <ind-euro
		Their Ligurian language was, as far as can be determined, identical to Basque.
		A very new system of organizing the world's languages is urgently needed to accommodate the language invention findings, as well as a different approach to the teaching of linguistics.
		With the use of acrostic manipulation, using the vowel-interlocking formula, the original Saharan language was mutilated to the point where recognizing it was almost impossible.
	faculty.ucr.edu /~legneref/bronze/ind-euro.htm (2830 words)

	Ligurian language resources
		Ligurian Sea Sea A t l a n t i c N o r t h O c e a n Norwegian Sea Bay of Celtic Sea Strait Denmark Sea rn ya Se ve Dvina a Strait of Gibraltar Sea AlborÃ¡n D n ie p e r SPAIN RUSSIA ALB.
		The coastal strip forms the Italian Riviera ; further inland are the Ligurian Alps, on the west, and the Ligurian Apennines on the east.
		The Ligurian Sea counts one of the highest concentration of whales and dolphins in the Mediterranean and as many as eight cetacean species are living there...
	mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Ligurian.html (1225 words)

	Liguria
		This page is devoted to the IX region of Italy, Liguria, bounded by the Ligurian sea on the south, the Alps on the west, the river Padus on the north, and by Gallia Cispadana and Etruria on the east.
		Etymology: Mentioned by Pokorny as a Ligurian derivate of the IE root *bheres- 'quick', which is a likely explaination for a hydronym.
		In the Liguro-Sicanian language (Ligurian), the dissimilation gave bhed- and thus the consonant shift ped-, with ablaut *pad-.
	xoomer.virgilio.it /asciatopo/liguria.html (2656 words)

	Benedictine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The fact that the pre-Christian, universal language is still clearly discernable in the majority of words and names we speak means that an important element of the Neolithic civilization is still with us in a very fundamental way.
		The scriptorium was the only place in the monastery where the ancient language was allowed to be spoken and consequently was out-of-bounds to all those not involved in language invention.
		The knowledge contained in these institutes left no doubt that a world-wide civilization speaking a universal language (Genesis 11:1) had existed before the coming of Judaism and the library's existence was a major irritation for the Christian church in Rome, which had decided to deny the existence of this Neolithic civilization.
	www.highspeedplus.com /~edonon/benedict.htm (3624 words)

	The Piedmontese Language, the dialect of people of the Langhe
		In fact, Piedmontese and French are two twin Romance languages: the first was formed on the basis of a Celtic-Ligurian nucleus, on this side of the Alps; the second one on a Celt-Gallic nucleus, on the other side of the Alps.
		It is a language and not a dialect, for (as it will be shown) it has a written literature and follows precise grammatical rules.
		The relation between the koinè and the local speakings is similar to that between the written Italian language and the Italian language local variants.
	www.saporidilanga.com /cultura/lingua/indexen.htm (755 words)

	Endangered languages in Europe: indexes
		Languages belonging to the groups (a) and (b) are listed indifferently in the indexes, while (c) diaspora dialects appear unnumbered and unmarked, except in the index by country if they constitute the sole representative of the language in the country.
		The latest updates bring Piedmontese, Ligurian, Lombard, and Emilian into the group of potentially endangered languages and it may prove necessary to move at least some of them to the group of endangered languages.
		Please keep in mind that for languages other than Finno-Ugrian I have had to rely on second-hand sources, and in a number of cases even they were difficult to obtain.
	www.helsinki.fi /~tasalmin/europe_index.html (581 words)

	Language Connect :: Direct Search/Form
		This option is a "usual" search that allows you to find partners who knows your target language and/or leaving in your target country.
		Using this search option you are looking for partners who share the same interest like yours and located in the same or another city/country.
		i have learned the english language since i was 8.
	www.language-connect.net (165 words)

	Alternate History Discussion Board - My 1936 AH Europe: linguistic map (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		As for now the only major differences I'v stated are: the pre-Indoeuropean Ligurian language, a bit mixed with local Celtic and heavily influenced by latin first and Italian thenceon, holds hard in the Alps and Appennines south of Piedmont and Emilia, and is still quite largely spoken in my 1936.
		So te language unity of Italy is the result of century-long efforts by scholars and the recent mass education in Italian; and this Italian is very very similar to OTL one, if not identical.
		Isolated pocket of Slavic languages survive in East Germany; Polabian, along the Elbe (imagine a bilingual Martin Luther which tranlsates the Bible in POlabian too, preserving the language); Vendic, in the coastal region of Mecklemburg; Sorabian, between the Oder and Bohemia.
	www.alternatehistory.com /discussion/printthread.php?t=76 (3444 words)

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