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Topic: Ligurians

	American Egyptomania Search
		The Ligurians (including Siculi) dispossessed the Iberians of most of western Europe, at about the same date, and in the time of Hesiod (85o B.C.) they held Gaul.
		The Ombro-Latins wrested most of Italy from the Ligurians, but were, in turn, subjugated by the Etruscans.
		The Kelts of Gauls suddenly appeared along the valley,of the upper Danube, driven, probably, by the Scythians, from the region of the Dnieper.
	chnm.gmu.edu /egyptomania/detailpage.php?browse=topic&articleid=45&page_num=12 (424 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ligurian language
		The Ligurian language was spoken in pre-Roman times and into the Roman era by an ancient people of north-western Italy and south-eastern France known as the Ligures.
		Location within Italy Genoa (Italian Genova, Genoese (dialect of Ligurian) Zena, French GÃªnes, German Genua, Spanish GÃ©nova, Galician XÃ©nova) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria.
		Ligurian is sometimes also applied to a Romance language currently spoken in Liguria, a region of Italy, and in Monaco.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ligurian-language (940 words)

	Liguria - LoveToKnow 1911
		In the middle ages the ancient Liguria north of the Apennines fell to Piedmont and Lombardy, while that to the south, with the coast strip, belonged to the republic of Genoa.
		Southward their domain extended as far as Pisa on the coast of Etruria and Arretium inland in the ' The dividing line between Liguria and Etruria was the lower course of the river Macra (Magra), so that, while the harbour of Luna was in the former, Luna itself was in the latter.
		Ridgeway holds that the language of the Ligurians, as well as their antiquities, was identical with that of the early Latins, and with that of the Plebeians of Rome (as contrasted with that of the Patrician or Sabine element), see Rome: History (ad.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Liguria (1462 words)

	ItalianMade.com - REGIONS: Liguria: The Foods
		Ligurians, whose ancestors once dominated northwestern Italy and southeastern France, were noted as seafaring traders long before their famous son Christopher Columbus opened channels for foods from America.
		Ancient Ligurians made polenta and breads from the flour of dried chickpeas and chestnuts.
		Ligurians prize their limited sources of wine, first among them the white from the seaside terraces of Cinque Terre, either dry or sweet as Sciacchetrà.
	www.italianmade.com /regions/foods3.cfm (639 words)

	Ligurians
		Ligurians is one of the topics in focus at Global Oneness.
		Although the exact date of its foundation is unknown, it is known that it was already in existence in the 3rd century BC, for in 218 BC, during Hannibal's invasion of Italy, the Boii revolted and laid siege to the city.
		The border with the Ligurian Oxybii (Ὀξύβιοι) being to the west of Antibes and east of Frejus (Smith, entry on Oxybii).
	www.experiencefestival.com /ligurians (2090 words)

	Liguria - by Mark Vogel - Food Reference
		The Ligurians are known for their independence and reliance on their own freshly grown products.
		Similar to Provence, their gastronomy is dominated by the use of seafood, olive oil, herbs, and vegetables, (particularly artichokes, olives, asparagus, leeks, and tomatoes).
		Originally focaccia bread was unleavened since the salty air of the Ligurian coast hampered the action of the yeast and thus, the rising of the bread.
	www.foodreference.com /html/art-liguria.html (855 words)

	Nice History Town Village visit - by Provence Beyond (Site not responding. Last check: )
		On the hill of Cimiez, 3 km north of Le Chateau, were the remains of an oppidum belonging to the Ligurian tribe.
		Although there was a Greek acropolis on the Colline du Chateau, the Greeks were probably here along with the Ligurians, and with their cooperation.
		Auguste conquered the Alpine tribes, and in 14 BC established Cemenelum, at Cimiez, as the regional center of the Alpes Maritimae.
	www.beyond.fr /villages/nicehistory.html (835 words)

	Liguria (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Starting from the Middle Ages, while Genoa being the marine republic began to expand its territory, two factors characterized an arrangement of the regional space: blooming of specialized horticulture and penetration of the cultivation activity in less hospitable inland.
		The region stands between the mountains and the sea, occupying The Maritime Alps and Ligurian Apennines.
		Even if the gross income is less than in Piedmont and Lombardy Ligurians do not save money as much as in richer regions and spend them more for sport and recreation.
	www.italycyberguide.com /Geography/regions/liguria.htm (1043 words)

	Salon Wanderlust \| Passages: Enchanted Liguria
		Pesto remains the touchstone of Ligurians, a bastion as solid as the Apennines that protect the region's gastronomy from the perceived onslaught of barbarian influences.
		It is indicative of the passion and particularities of the Ligurians themselves and of their cooking, which changes, like their dialects, from village to village, from the Levante in the east to the Ponente in the west and from coast to interior.
		Ligurian Riviera cities have always had easy contacts with other seaboard regions, but the interior -- called the entroterra, as if it were something distant and vaguely threatening -- was poor and isolated until the postwar economic boom.
	www.salon.com /wlust/pass/1997/12/22pass.html (1562 words)

	Paganism in Provence - Vincent Bridges
		As the two communities, Greek and Ligurian, mixed and grew, a new and larger city in the protected delta north of the Alpilles, near the present-day town of Saint-Remy-de-Provence, was founded.
		The Salian confederation of Greeks and Ligurians were defeated by the Romans within a generation of their rescue and soon thereafter the entire region was annexed as Rome's first province, the Provincia Narbonesis.
		The Neolithic Ligurians, from the scanty evidence of the Camonica valley pictoglyphs, seem to have worshipped a mysterious Mother-Goddess of the kind described by anthropologists such as Marija Gambustas.
	www.jwmt.org /v1n6/provence.html (6162 words)

	history
		Altars were dedicated to him at the main crossroads of the modest road known as "The Road of Hercules".
		A complete temple was consecrated to him in the Ligurian port of Monaco.
		The name "Monoikos" is certainly a native one and must have its origin in the Ligurian language.
	www.monaco-consulate.com /about_history.htm (5111 words)

	Livy's History of Rome
		There was a quantity of land taken in the wars with the Ligurians and the Gauls which was lying unappropriated, and the senate passed a resolution that it should be distributed amongst individual holders.
		When the consul found that in no part of the field were the Ligurians giving way, he ordered the cavalry to mount and deliver as fierce a charge as possible on the front and flanks of the enemy's line.
		Moved by these considerations the senate determined that M. Popilius should restore the Ligurians to liberty and return the purchase-money, and see that as much of their property as could be recovered should be given back to them; their arms also were to be restored.
	mcadams.posc.mu.edu /txt/ah/Livy/Livy42.html (22195 words)

	Il Fornaio, Festa Regionale - Liguria
		Often, the cargo was spices; the constant, intense smell became offensive, so few spices appear in Ligurian cooking.
		Fresh herbs were not to be had on these journeys, and so were craved upon the return to land.
		We hope that you enjoy these dishes —Pansotti alle Noci and Braciola di Maiale ai Carciofi— as we enjoy and celebrate both the spirit of Liguria and your return to Il Fornaio.
	www.ilfornaio.com /Festa/festa_0303.html (1040 words)

	recipes \| food for thought \| mark vogel
		The Ligurians are known for their independence and reliance on their own freshly grown products.
		Similar to Provence, their gastronomy is dominated by the use of seafood, olive oil, herbs, and vegetables, (particularly artichokes, olives, asparagus, leeks, and tomatoes).
		Originally focaccia bread was unleavened since the salty air of the Ligurian coast hampered the action of the yeast and thus, the rising of the bread.
	www.thatsmyhome.com /food-for-thought/liguria.htm (781 words)

	Lucca e le sue terre: l'arte, la cultura e gli eventi nella provincia di Lucca
		A great number of finds show that the IIIrd century B.C. was a period of relative stability for the Ligurian communities in Garfagnana and Versilia and that in this period intense commercial relations with nearby Pisa were established through the Etruscan villages along the Versilia coast and the lower Serchio valley.
		The crisis became evident when, during the Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.), the Ligurians openly sided with Hannibal against the Romans and their Etruscan allies.
		Hence, at the end of the war, Rome concentrated her forces against the indomitable Ligurians who stood in the way of an expansion towards the North of Italy.
	luccapro.cribecu.sns.it /ENG/MON/ARC_M0002/index.asp (408 words)

	Liguria
		Ligurians live in the tiny strip of land between the sea and the mountains that rise steeply a few miles inland.
		It was this crushed basil sauce that put this region's name on the culinary map, and Ligurian pesto is the best in the world.
		Because the region is also pastureless, Ligurians depend on chicken and rabbit for meat.
	www.agferrari.com /index.php/liguria_region.html?sid=9j3vDnwi0XRgTHBK (275 words)

	Celts, Basques and Picts
		These included the Ligurians (in what is now Germany and France), Iberians (in Spain), Picts (in Britain), the Sikels (in Sicily), and the proto-Latins (in Italy).
		The ethnic composition of Europe was quite different during the Medieval period, and even more so during the 1st and 2nd Centuries BC, when the Romans were putting their empire together.
		The Ligurians (except for the Basques), Iberians, and Etruscans disappeared.
	www.hyw.com /books/history/Celts__B.htm (1620 words)

	The Ligurians - Ancient Roman Empire Forums
		Their behavior and lifestyle is a lot like the Ligurians and I see no reason why they couldn't have been related to the Ligurians at an early period.
		The Ligurians of Narbonesis would more than likely fight in a manner that was part war band - part Hoplite style due to the Phocaean Greek (Massalia) influence.
		Even after multiple campaigns against the Ligurian tribes of Gallia Transalpina (Narbonensis) and Liguria proper, it’s said that the Roman road was only then secured by a 12 mile ‘safe zone’.
	www.unrv.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=2550&mode=linear&view=findpost&p=51478 (1091 words)

	The French - Speaking Peoples In Prophecy
		Before the arrival of the Gauls in France, the country was populated with other races which history knows principally under two general names: the Ligurians and the Iberians.
		Dottin writes: “The problem [the origin of the Ligurians] remains insoluble, because no one is able to determine to which family the Ligurian language belongs” (The Ancient Peoples of Europe, Dottin, p.
		To conclude, we emphasize the fact that neither the Ligurians nor the Iberians, who were enemies, were the ancestors, properly speaking, of the French.
	www.giveshare.org /israel/french/chapter3.html (866 words)

	Liguria
		The Ligurians were fierce mountaineers and sailors, valiant in war.
		From the darkness of tunnel after tunnel, the warm sunlight bursts forth with the glimmering aquamarine sea at your side.
		Ligurians have two names for their coastline: one that stretches from France to Genova is called La Riviera di Ponente; the other half that lies on the Italian peninsula is La Riviera di Levante.
	www.floria-publications.com /italy/regions_and_cities/regions_of_italy__liguria.html (831 words)

	ligurians - Fanaticus Forum
		Pass of the North has a pack of Ligurians in their Carthaginian line.
		With the following note: Ligurians were used as allies by Celts, Romans and Carthaginians.
		If you are thinking of DBA rather than DBM and want to field an army with some Ligurians you have less choice.
	www.fanaticus.org /discussion/showthread.php?t=2682 (280 words)

	Liguria
		Ligurian sea, mild weather, sceneries and good food are well known worldwide.
		This is the land of the ancient Ligurians.
		The inland is full of history and places to visit and enjoy due to powerful Ligurians and Genoese families which used to travel and trade all over the world and build castles and mantion houses which now, in many cases, are nice hotels and good restaurants.
	www.italydreamvacation.com /Liguria.html (1014 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 168 (v. 2) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Whether this is true or not cannot be ascertained ; but when he had properly reinforced himself, he carried on a successful war in Spain: he besieged and took the wealthy and fortified town of Litabrum, and made Corribilo, a Spanish chief, his prisoner.
		At last, however, C. Flaminius and Aemilius Lepidus marched into their province against the Ligurians, and Flaminius, after having gained several battles against the Triniates, a Ligurian tribe, reduced them to submission, and deprived them of their arms.
		Hereupon he proceeded against the Apuani, another Ligurian tribe, who had invaded the territories of Pisa and Bononia.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/1276.html (927 words)

	Palazzo Ducale - Mostra - I Liguri
		Un antico popolo europeo tra Alpi e Mediterraneo", made possible by the Ligurian Archaeological Heritage Office as part of the celebrations for GeNova 2004, brings together the archaeological traces of the people who lived on this territory before the arrival of the Romans.
		More than 900 objects are exhibited here for the first time together, some of which have never before been shown to the public, introducing the visitor to the history of the Ligurians, showing aspects of their daily life, traditions and customs, as well as their spiritual world, their economy, handicrafts and artistic output.
		During the seventh century B.C. the Ligurians entered into cultural contact and exchange with the Etruscans and later with the Greeks in Marseille.
	www.palazzoducale.genova.it /eng/inaviga.asp?pagina=8590 (370 words)

	History & Language of Provence (Chapter 1)
		efore the arrival of Greeks and Romans, Provence was inhabited by Celtic tribes north of the Durance, and by Ligurians to the south.
		The Celts were a Germanic tribe, while the Ligurians had come from the northwestern parts of Italy.
		Ligurians built the first oppida, defensive positions of drystone walls at vantage points.
	www.discoverfrance.net /France/Provinces/Provence.shtml (1653 words)

	Herakles in the West - Frater L.
		Thucydides also speaks of the Ligurians having expelled the Sicanians, an Iberian tribe from the banks of the river Sicanus, in Iberia, to Sicily, thus pointing to a still wider extension of their power.
		But while the Ligurian settlements to the W. of the Rhone are more obscure and uncertain, the tribes that extended from that river to the Maritime Alps and the confines of Italy are assigned on good authority to the Ligurian race.
		On the N. of the Apennines, in like manner, it is probable that the Ligurians were far more widely spread, before the settlement of the Gauls, who occupied the fertile plains and drove them back into the mountains.
	www.jwmt.org /v1n7/herakles.html (3159 words)

	Nice Cote d'Azur apartment vacation rental
		On the hill of Cimiez, 3 km north of Le Chateau, were the remains of an oppidum belonging to the Ligurian tribe.
		Although there was a Greek acropolis on the Colline du Chateau, the Greeks were probably here along with the Ligurians, and with their cooperation.
		Auguste conquered the Alpine tribes, and in 14 BC established Cemenelum, at Cimiez, as the regional center of the Alpes Maritimae.
	www.nice-apartment-rental.com /history.html (1043 words)

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