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Topic: Likert scales

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	Likert Scales: Dispelling the Confusion
		Likert scales were originally developed by Rensis Likert, a sociologist at the University of Michigan from 1946 to 1970.
		Likert used a number of specific techniques to first generate items, and then select from among them those that were valid, unidimensional (all measuring a common trait), and well discriminating.
		A Likert scale is never an individual item; it is always a set of several items, with specific format features, the responses to which are added or averaged to produce an overall score or measurement.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/jsuebersax/likert.htm (1661 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Likert Scales
		A Likert scale (pronounced 'lick-ert') is a type of psychometric response scale often used in questionnaires, and is the most widely used scale in survey research.
		Likert scaling is a bipolar scaling method, measuring either positive and negative response to a statement.
		Likert scale data can, in principle, be used as a basis for obtaining interval level estimates on a continuum by applying the polytomous Rasch model, when data can be obtained that fit this model.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Likert-Scales (351 words)

	Questions and answers about language testing statistics: Likert-scale Questionnaires
		Still other times, Likert scales are analyzed as continuous, with each set of 1 2 3 4 5 treated as equal points along a continuum.
		The scale cannot be considered continuous because the points on the scale are not equally spaced.
		But, the scale the 1 4 6 10 researcher chose to use is neither fish nor fowl, and must have been very difficult indeed to analyze and interpret.
	www.jalt.org /test/bro_7.htm (1524 words)

	likert paper
		Other scale characteristics such as the length of the scale, the semantics of the scale, balanced versus unbalanced construction, and bipolar versus unidimensional scales are also considered but are not the subject of this report.
		The implication is that construction of precise scales should be attempted only after the correct number of intervals has been discovered and further, that the correct or optimal number should be based not on cost/benefit analyses but on the information processing characteristics of the human subjects.
		The data suggest that a Likert scale with seven points according to the distances shown in Figure 2 would generate data that can be used as interval data with a lower measurement error and a correspondingly higher precision when compared with 5-point equal interval scales.
	www.munshi.4t.com /papers/likert.html (4927 words)

	Likert scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Likert scale (pronounced 'lick-ert') is a type of psychometric response scale often used in questionnaires, and is the most widely used scale in survey research.
		Likert scaling is a bipolar scaling method, measuring either positive and negative response to a statement.
		Likert scale data can, in principle, be used as a basis for obtaining interval level estimates on a continuum by applying the polytomous Rasch model, when data can be obtained that fit this model.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Likert_scale (550 words)

	likert
		Likert scales are the four, five, six, seven, eight or nine point scales much used in various fields of research.
		The highest possible standard deviation achievable for a 5-point scale on 1,2,3,4,5 is given by the distribution {.5,0,0,0,.5}; the value of sigma for this distribution is 2.
		See Distributions on Likert scales for solutions and for a tabulation of the standard deviation of distributions on three-point Likert scales.
	www.uic.edu /classes/idsc/ids270sls/likert.htm (443 words)

	PA 765: Scales and Standard Measures
		Proximity scaling uses many of the same statistics (ex., coefficient of reproducibility) as Guttman scaling, but the definition of scale errors is different.
		A rule of thumb is to speak of a "strong scale" for values exceeding 0.50, a "moderate scale" for values from.40 to.50, and a "weak scale" for values from.30 to.40.
		Use of 7-point scales or higher would seem best, but it must be noted that use of 5-point Likert scales with interval procedures is extremely common in the literature.
	www2.chass.ncsu.edu /garson/pa765/standard.htm (6637 words)

	CIOS - (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Likert items are extremely susceptible to "response sets" which should be avoided and can be misinterpreted..............J. At 6/27/2006, you wrote: >Dear Q colleagues > >I have a question I am interested in your views on.
		However, respondents to likert scale questions could, potentially, give similar responses to all which would give us little information (although perhaps this is unlikely).
		A discomfort I have with presenting 12 statements with likert response scales, one by one, is that respondents may need to see all of them before responding - in order that they can express their relative strength of preference for one or another.
	www.cios.org /mailboxes/Q-method/06276125.812 (1561 words)

	The value of Likert Scales in measuring attitudes of online learners
		A form of scale that is frequently used is the 'graphic scale', the respondent indicates his/her rating by placing a mark at the appropriate point on a line that runs from one extreme of the attribute to the other.
		To be a true Likert scale after the series of items has been developed using a graphic rating scale, it is then necessary to determine which items have the highest correlation with a specific criterion measure; only these will be included in the scale.
		They suggested the Likert scale can be considered a measure of both magnitude and confidence, and they concluded, based on reliability, predictive validity, and factor analysis data, that a Likert scale measure of self-efficacy is an acceptable alternative to the traditional measure.
	www.hkadesigns.co.uk /websites/msc/reme/likert.htm (3822 words)

	The International Electronic Journal of Health Education
		Supporting statements of the Likert scale are that it is easier to use and understand both for the researcher and the respondent and that coding as well as interpretation is easier compared to VAS.
		On the Likert scales, a higher percentage of the respondents tended to mark the middle options and avoided the extreme ends of the scales.
		Altogether, the results of the present and previous studies comparing VAS and Likert scales imply that both types of scales are relevant for the measurement of fluctuating variables, such as psychosocial exposures.
	www.aahperd.org /iejhe/template.cfm?template=2005/hasson.html (5980 words)

	attitude scales
		We may now have a number of statements with the same scale value and a randomising procedure can be used to select the statement to be retained in the final attitude scale.
		For both the Likert and Thurstone scales, the reliability of the scales tends to increase with the number of items.
		There is no hard and fast rule to determine the final number of items in a scale and this will reflect the nature and complexity of the attitude being assessed.
	www.chssc.salford.ac.uk /healthSci/resmeth2000/resmeth/attitude.htm (695 words)

	Statistics Solutions : Scales and Standard Errors
		Likert Scales are considered a misnomer by some, as their ordinality refers only to an ordinal relationship of values within a single item.
		Likert scales are by far the most common type of survey item, in which the usual response categories are "strongly agree," "agree," "don't know,", "disagree," and "strongly disagree." These values are ordinal within any given Likert item but sets of Likert items are not necessarily ordinal with respect to each other.
		Studies found Thurstone scales were not significantly better than Likert scales in establishing intervalness, and it was also found many statistical procedures were robust in the face of moderate departures from the assumption of intervalness.
	www.statisticssolutions.com /standard.htm (6503 words)

	FOLIO (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Questions using Likert Scales are relatively simple to construct and they are easy for respondents to complete (8), so you may find the response rate to these type of questions is higher than open-ended questions.
		When analysing the responses from Likert scales, the data can be treated as quantative data and is therefore easier to analyse statistically (11).
		There is no hard and fast rule to determine the final number of items in a scale and this will reflect the nature and complexity of the question (9), but it is generally accepted that between 5 and 7 points on a scale is optimal (10).
	www.nelh.nhs.uk /folio/asq/likert.htm (1434 words)

	2002-10 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Since the SFAS is an applied type of the Likert scale, its strengths and weaknesses need to be examined from the strengths and weaknesses of general Likert-type scales.
		Furthermore, the use of a self-rating scale may be limited by many variables such as socioeconomic, educational, cultural, and linguistic variables, as well as by the type of disorders the client has (Suttle, 1985).
		The Smiley Face Assessment Scale (SFAS), which is one of the attitude assessment scales used primarily to measure the affective domains of children, was used to measure participants’ evaluations of the Camp Koinonia.
	www.nccu.edu /larnet/2002-10.html (4563 words)

	[No title]
		Likert scales are easy to construct, easy for respondents to complete, and easy for the researcher to score and analyze.
		An even-numbered scale is preferred because people inclined toward the middle are forced to choose either between the positive or negative.
		Unidirectional scales - choices are anchored at one end by an implied zero (e.g., never to frequently or not important to very important).
	extension.osu.edu /~marwin/PL2.HTM (790 words)

	A Comparison of the Reproducibility and the Sensitivity to Change of Visual Analogue Scales, Borg Scales, and Likert ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Three subjective scales were used: (1) the VAS (continuous scale); (2) the Borg Scale (12 fixed points); and (3) the Likert scale (LS; 5 fixed points).
		Two other tests were undertaken to assess the sensitivity of each scale to a change in symptom perception: a double-blind treatment with propranolol, 80 mg, (ie, active therapy; to increase the sensation of breathlessness and general fatigue during exercise) or matching placebo.
		Some of these scales are as follows: (1) the visual analogue scale (VAS), a horizontal line with two anchor points, one at each extreme; (2) the modified Borg CR10 (Borg) scale, which has 12 points, 10 of which have verbal descriptors; and (3) a 5-point Likert scale (LS), with verbal descriptors at each number.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0984/is_5_116/ai_57892894 (939 words)

	Survey Resources - Key Survey - (888) 708 8118
		Rensis Likert (1903-1981) worked for a number of US government agencies in the business of collecting survey information and he spent the early part of his life developing and perfecting a method for obtaining reliable information from respondents.
		The essence of a Likert scale is that the scale items, like a shoal of tropical fish, are all of approximately the same size, and are going in the same direction.
		A very real risk a developer runs when constructing a scale is that they start to 'model the data.' That is, they take items in and out and they compute their statistics, but their conclusions are only applicable to the sample that evaluated the questionnaire.
	www.keysurvey.com /likert_and_the_mathematical_basis_of_scales.jsp (1178 words)

	likert scales dissertations: officialresearchpapers.com- the only quality official research papers, book reports, term ...
		All scaling is the assignment of numbers to objects according to an established rule.
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	www.officialresearchpapers.com /term-papers/451182/likert-scales-dissertations.html (376 words)

	Scoring Likert-Type Scales
		Likert-type scales are those for which the value, e.g., 1 - 5, of the response for each item is the score for the item.
		Please write some identifying information on each of these sheets that will indicate the order in which the scales are to be computed, i.e., indicate which one should be first, second, etc. This will assist us in ensuring that the sheets are scanned in the correct order.
		Scores for a maximum of 50 scales may be computed.
	www.ualberta.ca /CNS/TSQS/scalscor.html (392 words)

	Likert Scaling
		Because this is a unidimensional scaling method, it is assumed that the concept you want to measure is one-dimensional in nature.
		Notice that, as in other scaling methods, the judges are not telling you what they believe -- they are judging how favorable each item is with respect to the construct of interest.
		The final score for the respondent on the scale is the sum of their ratings for all of the items (this is why this is sometimes called a "summated" scale).
	www.socialresearchmethods.net /kb/scallik.php (937 words)

	[No title]
		Attitude scores produced by Likert-type scales have been found by Likert and others to yield data which may be analyzed by "normal curve" statistics.
		Likert attitude scales can be used in much the same way as semantic differential scales.
		In an earlier Today's Speech article, the writers suggested four areas of research in which the semantic differential could be used: (1) to measure the credibility of speakers, (2) to measure listener attitudes, (3) for classroom evaluation of speakers and speeches, and (4) to assess the worth of speech courses to the students.
	www.jamescmccroskey.com /publications/25.htm (1052 words)

	VALIDITY OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION SCALES (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The battery was administered by a class of second-year undergraduate students to "Males whom you feel able to rate in terms of their achievement motivation." The class was comprised of 13 students in a seminar course on social attitudes and each student took six inventories for administration.
		The success orientation cluster correlated.421 with the equivalent Costello scale (Scale II) and negatively (-.322) with,the Costello scale I. If it were desired to use these two clusters as scales, then, it could be said of them that they have not only satisfactory reliability but also demonstrated predictive and concurrent validity.
		Scales written to measure these two attributes in fact correlate extremely highly (here.583) and the cluster analysis revealed no new clusters identifiable with these concepts.
	jonjayray.tripod.com /compnach.html (3262 words)

	a:\volumes\dci07976.gwp (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Likert scales are rating scales (usually from 1 to 5) of degrees of agreement or disagreement to statements.
		Likert showed, that if even theoretically, you could demonstrate a positive relationship between measures on a 1 to 5 rating scale (actually an ordinal level of measurement) and some other measurement of the same concept that was actually an interval level of measurement, you could assume the ordinal data to be interval.
		To provide a hypothetical example, if for every increase in the rating of pain on a scale from 1 (no pain) to 5 (extremely severe pain) there was a comparable increase in the number of pain pills taken (ratio level data), then the rating scale could also assume to be at least interval level data.
	www.bamc.amedd.army.mil /DCI/articles/dci07976.htm (970 words)

	FORCED CHOICE SCALES AND ACQUIESCENCE (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The person who constructed the scale may have done tests to see that the opposite-seeming items were in fact perceived as opposite by his respondents but there is no way to check on whether this opposition prevails on all subsequent occasions of the scale's use.
		People who construct forced-choice scales are supposed to equate their items in terms of social desirability at the time the scale is constructed but social desirability, unfortunately, changes over time and from sample to sample (Orvik, 1972).
		That balanced Likert scales, however, are a viable solution to the problem of acquiescent response bias is suggested by the fact that even the F scale was eventually re-written in a psychometrically satisfactory balanced form (Ray, 1972).
	jonjayray.tripod.com /forcho.html (979 words)

	Scales and Indexes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Scales are predictive of outcomes (like behavior, attitudes, or feelings) because they measure underlying traits (like introversion, patience, or verbal ability).
		A great many scales can be found in the literature or in handbooks (Brodsky and Smitherman 1983), and beginning researchers are well-advised to borrow or use an established scale before attempting to create one of their own.
		Scaling is all about homogeneity, a term sometimes used as synonymous with being unidimensional.
	faculty.ncwc.edu /toconnor/308/308lect05.htm (2532 words)

	SCALE and INDEX DEVELOPMENT
		A scale is always at the ordinal or interval level, but it's conventional for researchers to treat them as interval or higher.
		Likert scales were developed in 1932 as the familiar five-point bipolar response format most people are familiar with today.
		These scales always ask people to indicate how much they agree or disagree, approve or disapprove, believe to be true or false.
	www.chsbs.cmich.edu /fattah/courses/empirical/19.html (1541 words)

	UK Biobank
		Likert scales were used to measure the strength of agreement with possible options associated with the issues described above in postal and interview elements of the consultation.
		Respondents comprised: 1930 to the interview Likert survey; 410 to the postal Likert survey; 367 to the ranking (postal) survey; 1283 to the interview conjoint analysis; 665 to the postal conjoint; 44 to the qualitative interview.
		However, in the interview Likert sample the police were second favourite, whereas pharmaceutical and biotech companies were ranked second after the NHS and universities in the postal sample.
	www.shef.ac.uk /scharr/sections/ph/research/genetics_ethics/research/ukbiobank/public_attitudes_ukbiobank.html (1167 words)

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