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	CGFA- Bio: Limbourg Brothers
		The Limbourg brothers, Paul, Jean, and Hermann, were a Netherlandish family of manuscript illuminators.
		Paul is thought to be the eldest and therefore the head of the workshop, but the first mention of any of the brothers was in the late 1390s when Jean and Hermann were apprenticed to a goldsmith in Paris.
		In 1404 Philip died and soon afterwards the brothers transferred to the Duke's brother, Jean, Duc de Berry.
	cgfa.sunsite.dk /limbourg/limbourg_bio.htm (251 words)

	Limbourg brothers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Limbourg brothers, or in Dutch Gebroeders van Limburg (Herman, Pol, and Jean; 1385..
		In the first half of 1416, Jean de Berry and the three brothers Limbourg (all three less than 30 years old) died of unknown causes, and the Très Riches Heures remained unfinished.
		The work of the Limbourg brothers, being mostly inaccessible, became forgotten until the 19th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Limbourg_brothers (708 words)

	Printable Version on Encyclopedia.com
		The Limbourg brothers, Pol, Jan, and Herman, were trained as goldsmiths.
		This is filled with exquisite illustrations of the daily life of the aristocracy and peasantry, including a series of calendar illuminations that are considered the finest extant examples of the International Gothic style (see Gothic architecture and art).
		The Limbourgs' influence upon Flemish painting, especially in landscape and genre subjects, was profound and extensive.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.aspx?id=1E1:limbourg (106 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pol de Limbourg
		With his two brothers, he flourished at Paris at the end of the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth century.
		At the latter date they worked for the Duc de Berry (brother of the Duke of Burgundy and uncle of Charles VI) on the decoration of a manuscript which is still extant and which forms part of the library of the Musee Conde.
		The work of the Limbourg brothers was epoch-making, a century later it was still being imitated, and the Flemish artists of the celebrated Grimani Breviary in the Library of St. Mark confined themselves to copying it, while they modernized it and made it dull.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09259a.htm (1010 words)

	French Court Art: The Limbourg Brothers
		The Limbourg Brothers, Annunciation to the Virgin, from the Très riches heures of Jean de Berry, c.
		Limbourg Brothers, January from the Très riches heures.
		Limbourg Brothers, March from the Très riches heures.
	employees.oneonta.edu /farberas/arth/ARTH110/ARTH110_SL2.html (501 words)

	The Limbourg Brothers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Limbourg Brothers, Duke Jean de Berry Departing on a Pilgimage, from: Les Petites Heures de Jean de Berry, France, c.1412, Paris, Bibliothèque national de Paris, Ms.
		The honour belongs to Museum Het Valkhof in Nijmegen, the town where the three brothers were born and received their education shortly before 1400.
		Apart from these original book illuminations by the Limbourg brothers, one can also see manuscripts, panel paintings, sculptures and metalwork by their contemporaries and followers.
	www.museumhetvalkhof.nl /gvl_engels.htm (1351 words)

	LES TRES RICHES HEURES DU DUC DE BERRY
		The Tres Riches Heures was painted by the Limbourg brothers, Paul, Hermann and Jean.
		Jean de Berry was one of the highest nobles in 15th-century France - his brothers were King Charles V, the Duc d'Anjou and the Duc de Bourgogne, and his nephews were King Charles VI and the Duc d'Orleans.
		The Limbourgs used a wide variety of colours obtained from minerals, plants or chemicals and mixed with either arabic or tragacinth gum to provide a binder for the paint.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /images/heures/heures.html (1083 words)

	Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Many other references to the three brothers were to follow this one in the Duke's inventories and accounts.
		Although all three brothers were famous in their time (describing Paris, Guillebert de Metz named "les trois frères enlumineurs), a century later, Jean Pèlerin, known as le Viateur, cited in his De Artificiali perspectiva only one of the three - "Paoul" - as among the great painters of the past.
		If these two manuscripts are correctly attributed to the Limbourgs, it would prove that although the brothers devoted the greater part of their energies to works commissioned by the Duc de Berry, they were not above executing less important works for other collectors.
	www.christusrex.org /www2/berry/limbourg.html (1120 words)

	the Limbourg brothers: The Maelwael-Limbourg lineage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The most famous members of this artistic lineage were Jan Maelwael and the Limbourg brothers - Paul, Herman and Jan Limbourg.
		The Limbourg brothers' work became internationally renowned under the name of their patron - Jean de France, the Duke of Berry (1340 - 1416) who lived alternately in Bourges and Paris.
		The Limbourg brothers worked at his court, copying, compiling and especially illustrating manuscripts, such as Les Belles Heures and Les Très Riches Heures.
	www.gebroedersvanlimburg.nl /english/content/2-2.php (92 words)

	R-MWC Book of Hours
		The Limbourg brothers were responsible for several important innovations in painting.
		The Limbourg brothers used little bits of scrolling, but they also expanded on them, adding bears, angels, birds, snails, and even knights in castle towers to the margins of the page (fig.
		Another innovation is the way that the Limbourg brothers use their illuminations to create a portrait of their patron and his surroundings as well as a work for religious devotion (Meiss, 8).
	library.rmwc.edu /hours/tresriches_paper.html (2818 words)

	Trés Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Limbourg brothers all died suddenly in 1416, probably of the plague.
		The Limbourgs' joint masterpiece, Les Très Riches Heures, was commissioned by the wealthy and extravagant manuscript collector, the Duc de Berry.
		Limburg (or Limbourg) Brothers, Netherlandish manuscript illuminators, Herman, Jean (Jannequin), and Paul (Pol), all three of whom died in 1416, presumably victims of the plague or other epidemic.
	medieval.mrugala.net /Enluminures/TRHBerry/tr-heure.htm (5553 words)

	Biographies from famous aritsts in the world (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Limbourg (also spelled Limburg), three Flemish brothers who were the most famous of all late Gothic illuminators.
		About 1400 the brothers were apprenticed to a goldsmith in Paris, and between 1402 and 1404 Pol and Jehanequin were working for the Duke of Burgundy in Paris, possibly on the illustration of a Bible moralisée now in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.
		An awareness of the most progressive international currents of the time, particularly those deriving from Italy, suggests that at least one of the brothers visited there.
	www.euro-art-gallery.com /history/limbourg.htm (284 words)

	Limbourgh Clock
		The clock is comprised of five panels borrowed from the Limbourg Brothers' 1413-1416 "Les Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry." The original images are illuminations of approximately 8 1/2 inches by 5 1/2 inches.
		The front of the clock has a sun-shape for a face and on the face is a drawing taken from a golden mask from the Mycenaean culture (c.
		Some art historians believe that in certain illuminations the Limbourg Brothers showed with subtlety that at times the peasants who worked the lands of the upper class were more free than the aristocracy was.
	www.burningartistry.com /gallery/furniture/clocks/limbourgclock.htm (372 words)

	Midtown Fiction
		In contrast to the Limbourg brothers' piece that heralds the changing of the seasons from Winter to Spring, the Stolichnaya advertisement is trumpeting in the winter Holidays, inferring that it is the spirit of celebration.
		The Limbourg brother's intent was to meticulously portray the pursuits of men and women, aristocrats and peasants, in their natural environment throughout different times of the year.
		The sense of innocent leisure time as depicted in the Limbourg brothers' ''May," may have inspired the advertiser of Stolichnaya vodka to reflect the same sense of naivness to the viewer.
	ccollege.hccs.cc.tx.us /instru/midmag/elisa.htm (645 words)

	The Belles Heures of Jean Duke of Berry Finn's Fine Books Facsimile Book Catalogue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Limbourg brothers were born in the last quarter of the 14th century, in Nijmegen, the capital of the Duchy of Gelderland on the Meuse.
		Their talent for the fine arts was not a matter of pure chance: their father worked as a wood carver and the three brothers grew up in the crafts quarter of the town.
		All the 172 miniatures of the Limbourg brothers have a vivacity and colourfulness that secure for them a place in the history of illumination.
	www.finns-books.com /bellberr.htm (914 words)

	Biography
		Some time after Burgundy's death in 1404, they entered the service of his brother, the Duke de Berry, and it was for him that their most lavishly illustrated books of hours (the popular form of private prayer book of the period) were produced.
		The Belles Heures (or Les Heures d'Ailly; now in The Cloisters, New York) show the influence of the Italianate elements of the contemporary French artist Jacquemart de Hesdin's illuminations.
		Their art did much to determine the course that Early Netherlandish art was to take during the 15th century.
	gallery.euroweb.hu /bio/l/limbourg/biograph.html (334 words)

	Nijmegen, Valkhof museum: Limbourg Brothers, review
		There is a lot of art from contemporaries of the Limbourg brothers that makes clear the state of the art around 1400.
		The scriptorium is nice: a room in which is explained how the miniatures were made.
		The Limbourg Brothers, Nijmegen masters at the French court
	home.wanadoo.nl /ingeborg.mensinga/art/brothers_vLimbourg.htm (584 words)

	Patronage at the Early Valois Courts (1328-1461) \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		After the death of his brother Philip the Bold, Jean de Berry secured the services of the Limbourg brothers.
		The brothers were clearly on good terms with the duke, since on New Year's Day 1411 they presented him with what appeared to be a finely bound book with silver clasps bearing his arms but was actually a painted woodblock.
		, was as close as Jean's to the Limbourg brothers.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/valo_1/hd_valo_1.htm (1695 words)

	TIME Asia Print Page: Family Reunion -- October 3, 2005 Vol. 166, No. 14 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		For the first time since the 15th century, brothers Herman, Paul and Jean Limbourg's brilliant and colorful miniature illuminations will be shown together at the Valkhof Museum in "The Limbourg Brothers, Nijmegen Masters at the French Court (1400-1416)" until Nov. 20.
		The exhibition shows four out of six surviving manuscripts, which the brothers illuminated while in residence at the Paris court from 1400 to 1416—the year all three died, presumably from the plague.
		The Late Gothic paintings lend themselves astonishingly well to this modern technique—it's hard not to feel chilled by the snowy February "landscape." "The Limbourg brothers are about graphic and atmospheric detail," says Pieter Roelofs, curator of the exhibition.
	www.time.com /time/asia/magazine/printout/0,13675,501051003-1109399,00.html (436 words)

	The Limbourg Brothers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The exhibition will be unveiled at Museum Het Valkhof in Nijmegen, the city where Herman, Paul and Johan Limbourg were born and raised, prior to embarking on their dream job in the early 1400s at the French court, where they achieved star status.
		Museum Het Valkhof has obtained on loan an extraordinary collection of Limbourg brothers originals from collections in the United States, France and the Vatican: Les Petites Heures, La Bible Moralisée, a Valerius Maximus manuscript, as well as 17 miniatures from Les Belles Heures.
		Following the ceremony, a colourful procession of players will wind its way through the Burchtstraat, where the Limbourg brothers lived and learned their trade, to Museum Het Valkhof, where a private reception will be held.
	www.gebroedersvanlimburg.nl /pers/indexUK.php (503 words)

	The Fall and the Expulsion from Paradise by LIMBOURG brothers
		The Fall and the Expulsion from Paradise by LIMBOURG brothers
		In the centre of the circular Garden of Eden surrounded by a golden wall stands the ornate Late Gothic edifice of the Fountain of Life.
		The lucid spatial relationship between the figures and the firm stance of the kneeling Adam lead us to conclude that the artists had definite ideas about representing space.
	www.wga.hu /html/l/limbourg/bookhour.html (413 words)

	Listed Items \| Art History & Archaeology Database \| Columbia University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Limbourg Brothers (Herman, Paul, Jean), Tres Riches Heures, calendar page: June, c.
		Limbourg Brothers (Herman, Paul, Jean), Tres Riches Heures, calendar page: September, c.
		Limbourg Brothers (Herman, Paul, Jean), Tres Riches Heures, calendar page: December, c.
	www.learn.columbia.edu /cgi-bin/dbcourses/item?skip=10120 (820 words)

	- SHOP.COM
		Limbourg Brothers Posters Prints - St. Gregory--Les Tres Riches Heures Art Giclee Print - Artist: Limbourg Brothers - Poster Size: 18x24
		Browse all your favorite Limbourg Brothers posters, art prints and framed art at Art.com, the World's # 1 Art Print and Poster store.
		All other designated trademarks, copyrights and brands are the property of their respective owners.
	www.shop.com /op/aprod-p30174819 (169 words)

	Limbourg Brothers portfolio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Illuminated prayer books for each month of the year.
		The Limbourg brothers were apprenticed to a goldsmith in Paris about 1400, and between 1402 and 1404 Pol and Jehanequin were working for the Duke of Burgundy in Paris, possibly on the illustration of a Bible moralisée now in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.
		The Limbourg brothers were among the first to render specific landscape scenes with accuracy.
	www.asu.edu /cfa/wwwcourses/art/SOACore/Limbourg_portfolio.htm (263 words)

	A Gothic Romance Paper Doll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Little Mermaid and the Prince paper dolls are based on the work of the three Limbourg brothers.
		The brothers most famous work for him was Tres riches heures du duc de Berry, which consisted of brilliantly colored, intricate drawings of court & country life throughout the 12 months of the year.
		Seen in the background is a simplified version of the Duc's castle, taken from one of these illustrations.
	www.gallimauphry.com /PD/Gothic.html (192 words)

	Pol, Jean, and Herman de Limbourg: The Belles Heures of Jean of France, Duke of Berry \| Object Page \| Timeline of Art ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pol, Jean, and Herman de Limbourg: The Belles Heures of Jean of France, Duke of Berry
		Pol, Jean, and Herman de Limbourg (Franco-Netherlandish, active in France, by 1399–1416)
		Ink, tempera, and gold leaf on vellum; 9 3/8 x 6 5/8 in.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/manu/ho_54.1.1.htm (74 words)

	Home Page
		The Burgundian court played a pivotal role in the production of one of the most outstanding illuminated manuscripts of the entire medieval period.
		This famous collection of miniatures was painted by the three Limbourg brothers for the duke of Berry, brother of Philip the Bold of Burgundy.
		These illustrations stand above the others of their time for their exquisite detail, liveliness, and intricate crowd scenes——some of the marks of the Late Gothic style.
	www.etsu.edu /philos/classes/rk/galleries/15_late_middle_ages/pages/10.html (211 words)

	The CODART List - The Limbourg brothers: Nijmegen masters at the French court, 1400-1416 - Museums with Dutch art and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Limbourg brothers: Nijmegen masters at the French court, 1400-1416
		The Limbourg brothers and illumination from the Guelders region
		Museum Het Valkhof presents a special evening opening to the participants of the symposium on Thursday 17 November from 7 pm till 10 pm.
	www.codart.nl /?page_id=119&event_id=985 (361 words)

	AllRefer.com - Limbourg brothers (European Art To 1599, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Limbourg brothers (European Art To 1599, Biography) - Encyclopedia
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	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/Limbourg.html (223 words)

	Limbourg brothers on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Warren Cup: homoerotic love and symposial rhetoric in silver.
		Magazines and Newspapers for: Limbourg brothers or search in Pictures and Maps for Limbourg brothers
		The Fall of the Rebel Angels (The Limbourg brothers, 1412-1416).(Brief Article)(Poem)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/L/Limbourg.asp (304 words)

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