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Topic: Limestone pavement

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	Limestone Pavement Action Group - Visiting limestone pavements
		The pavements on the side of Hampsfell are wooded and at the top is an expanse of open pavement with a view from the top taking in the Lakeland Fells and Morecambe Bay.
		When limestone pavement is covered in moss or plants, or is wet, the clints are extremely slippery.
		On shady limestone pavements, the grikes are often invisible due to vegetation cover.
	www.limestone-pavements.org.uk /visit.shtml (667 words)

	Action plan for Limestone pavements
		Limestone pavements are a scarce and non-renewable resource.
		Limestone pavements are of both geological and biological importance.
		Encourage the management of grazing activities on overgrazed limestone pavements such that the visibility of features of geological importance is in balance with the maintenance of a characteristic assemblage of native plant species.
	www.ukbap.org.uk /UKPlans.aspx?ID=26 (1264 words)

	An unsustainable resource - 5 August 2000
		One of Britain's rarest habitats and landscape features - limestone pavement - is disappearing because of the popularity and demand for water worn limestone for garden rockeries.
		Despite protective legislation, limestone pavement is still being illegally extracted according to a new report undertaken by Traffic International for the Countryside Agency and the Heritage Council of Ireland.
		Richard Lloyd, chairman of the UK Limestone Pavement Biodiversity Action Group and head of the farming and forestry branch of the Countryside Agency, said: "The British Isles are home to the world's most important areas of limestone pavement, yet we are in danger of losing it to a fad in garden design.
	www.countryside.gov.uk /LAR/archive/presscentre/unsustainable_resource.asp (394 words)

	Limestone Pavement (University of Paisley: Biodiversity Reference)
		Limestone is readily dissolved by rainwater that has been acidified by dissolved carbon dioxide or organic acids and this water can act on the rectangular joints, deepening and widening them to form fissures that may become several metres deep.
		Depending on the nature of the limestone and the action of the weather, the clints may remain intact, or else may be broken up to form 'shattered limestone pavements', with fragments of all sizes laying loose on the surface and falling into the fissures as they form.
		The best limestone pavements tend to be upland or on exposed coasts, and combinations of wind and, more particularly, grazing often prevent extensive colonisation of the pavement surfaces by vegetation.
	www-biol.paisley.ac.uk /bioref/Habitats/LimestonePavement.html (2272 words)

	Limestone Pavement
		The biological richness of limestone pavements is directly attributable to their unique geology that provides with an invaluable record of glacial and post-glacial history.
		Limestone pavements are very restricted and scarce in Europe and are listed as a 'Priority Habitat' on Annex 1 of the EU Habitats and Species Directive.
		All the county’s limestone pavements occur in Lancaster District.
	www.lbap.org.uk /bap/habitat/limestone.htm (2013 words)

	News Archive
		Limestone pavement is being illegally destroyed, broken up and sold in garden centres as rockery stone.
		Most limestone pavement in the UK is found in north west England in North Yorkshire, Cumbria and Lancashire with small pockets found in Wales, Perthshire and the north west of Scotland.
		Limestone pavement is listed as a priority habitat under the Government’s UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) — a set of published rescue plans for endangered species and habitats.
	www.wildlifetrusts.org /index.php?section=news:archive&id=182 (577 words)

	Limestone Pavement Action Group - Management
		If you own or manage a limestone pavement there are some ideas for good management practice laid out in the booklet ‘Managing Our Fragile Heritage’ (1.2M download.) Wooded, scrub-covered and bare pavements all need slightly different management to ensure that the highest levels of biodiversity occur.
		The Limestone Country Project based in the Yorkshire Dales is providing grants to farmers who are prepared to graze hardy cattle on areas of limestone pavement with limestone grassland.
		Management of limestone pavement within a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) or in a Northern Ireland Area of Special Scientific Interest (ASSI) can be funded through a Wildlife Enhancement Scheme or management agreement.
	www.limestone-pavements.org.uk /manage.shtml (277 words)

	Limestone Pavement
		Limestone Pavement, bare limestone rock surfaces composed of slabs of rock (clints), separated by variable-width vertical cracks (grikes) that have developed by weathering and enhanced solution along joints.
		At the back of the pavements where they emerge from the soil the clints are generally smaller and have a much more rounded and smooth appearance.
		Limestone pavements are common on the carboniferous limestone areas throughout the Arnside / Silverdale AONB, the northern Pennines of England, the Burren in the Republic of Ireland, the Causses of France, and the Karst Plateau of the former Yugoslavia.
	www.ruralnet.org.uk /~epic/fod/pave1.htm (292 words)

	Limestone Pavement Action Group (Site not responding. Last check: )
		• Limestone pavement is a globally rare habitat which is threatened by extraction for the rock garden and water feature trade.
		• Limestone pavements are outcrops of rocks where the surface has been dissolved by water over millions of years into ‘paving blocks’.
		• Limestone pavement is protected by law in the UK and it is an offence to damage or remove pavement from areas covered by Limestone Pavement Orders.
	www.limestone-pavements.org.uk (176 words)

	Andy's northern wildflowers - limestone beach
		However, ground water is close to the surface because the lake level occurs within a few meters of the pavement surface.
		Habitat: In cracks in limestone pavement alvar adjacent to Lake Huron and in open woodlands.
		Note that the shrub is rooted in a karst crack in the limestone.
	www.ontariowildflower.com /manitoulin_limestone_beach.htm (4277 words)

	Andy's northern Ontario wildflowers, habitat
		The beach may be a limestone pavement where all soil has been removed by wave action or it may be a sand beach.
		Alvars have their own unique flowering plants that tolerate or require the extreme variations in moisture, the cracks in the limestone bedrock, and soil that is rich in calcium, derived from the limestone rock.
		Plants that grow in the forest are different from the plants that grow at the forest edge which are in turn, different from the plants that grow in cracks in the limestone rock.
	www.ontariowildflower.com /habitat.htm (2387 words)

	Friends of the Earth: Community: Tools: Saving wildlife sites: Glossary: Limestone Pavement Orders
		This protection was introduced in response to the widespread destruction of limestone pavement features for sale as rockery stone.
		Most areas of limestone pavement are covered by LPOs and many are also SSSIs.
		Limestone pavements were given further protection under the European Habitats and Species Directives in 1992, when they were recognised as a priority habitat for designation as Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
	www.foe.co.uk /resource/local/saving_wildlife_sites/glossary/limestone_pavement_orders.html (236 words)

	AllRefer.com - limestone pavement Information
		More or less horizontal, the pavement has a bare limestone surface, cut into by grikes (deep fissures) running at right angles to each other, leaving clints (the slabs of limestone) between them.
		The freezing and thawing of rain and its mild acidic properties cause cracks and joints to enlarge, forming limestone pavements, potholes, caves, and caverns.
		The weathering process is thought to entail a combination of freeze-thaw (the alternate freezing and thawing of ice in cracks) and carbonation (the dissolving of minerals in the limestone by weakly acidic rainwater).
	www.allrefer.com /limestone-pavement (223 words)

	Campaigns and Appeals
		A new report has shown that limestone pavement quarried in the UK and Ireland is still widely available for sale despite legal measures put in place in the 1980s.
		The Limestone Pavement Action Group wants to reduce the popularity of this stone by raising awareness about the environmental damage caused by the stone’s removal from its natural habitat”.
		The survey shows that there is poor awareness of the environmental issues surrounding the extraction and sale of limestone pavement for both garden centres and stone merchants (both those that sold the material and those that did not).
	www.wildlifetrusts.org /index.php?section=news:campaigns&id=1402 (633 words)

	Burren1 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Burren is a limestone or karst area of County Clare, Republic of Ireland.
		It has little surface water as the water which falls disappears quickly into the grykes (the vertical cracks) which run between the clints (the flat pavement blocks).
		The limestone, being quite pure dissolves almost entirely on weathering so there is little remaining to form the basis of a soil.
	www.geographyinaction.co.uk /Assets/Photo_albums/Eleven/pages/Burren1.html (146 words)

	BBC News \| Sci/Tech \| Call to save vanishing limestone
		The limestone was originally formed about 300 million years ago, then scraped bare by glaciers during the Ice Age.
		Most limestone pavement is found in the Brecon Beacons, north Wales, north west England, Perthshire and the far north of Scotland.
		Another problem threatening the pavements is heavy grazing by sheep, which causes serious damage to the vegetation.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/329641.stm (408 words)

	Habitats and Species, Limestone Country Project, limestone pavements, limestone grasslands, bird's-eye primrose
		The limestone areas of the Yorkshire Dales National Park are of national and international importance for wildlife.
		Limestone Pavement is a unique and declining resource of international conservation importance which harbours a range of rare plant species.
		Malham Tarn is extremely rare in the usually free draining areas of the "limestone country" and is internationally important for its submerged beds of stoneworts (a type of algae).
	www.limestone-country.org.uk /NetBuildPro/process/5/HabitatsandSpeciesInformation.html (166 words)

	[No title]
		Also most of the limestone pavement is near the sea, this allows salty water into the depressions, when this evaporates it leaves salt crystals in fissures, which by their creation apply pressure on the limestone.
		Pavement and steps are two features formed in Limestone, these are both found on the Carraig Walk.
		Limestone pavement and steps are features which have been developed by processes on the landscape.
	members.lycos.co.uk /carriagwalk/Limestone_feature.htm (358 words)

	Malham
		Limestone is a sedimentary rock formed the shells and skeletons of sea creatures deposited on the bed of a warm tropical sea.
		The limestone pavement on the top of Malham Cove used to be covered by soil and vegetation but this was stripped away by ice flowing over the area during the last ice age.
		The surface of the limestone pavement at Malham is already shiny and polished by the feet of millions of visitors and large areas of some limestone pavements have been destroyed by people to use the stone for garden rockeries or for buildings.
	www.gowilder.org.uk /geog/WASP/malham.htm (1323 words)

	The Limestone Landscape quiz -- free game
		A prominent form of limestone weathering is the dissolution of limestone by acids.
		This term refers to a closed depression in a limestone area formed by dissolution of the limestone or collpase of a bedrock roof of a cave.
		Limestone pavements are large areas of flat, exposed limestone.
	www.funtrivia.com /playquiz.cfm?qid=205359 (231 words)

	Northern Peninsula- southern Labrador
		While striations and grooves are caused by stones carried in the ice as it moved over the rock surface, sichelwannen are made by water flowing between the limestone surface and the glacier; because of the weight of the ice, the water pressure was extremely high.
		From Blanc Sablon to Capstan Island, the sea cliffs and flat-topped hills consist of Cambrian conglomerate, sandstone, shale, and limestone that lie unconformably on Middle Proterozoic gneissic granite of the Grenville Province.
		Near the lighthouse, in the orange-weathering limestone, there is a large mound that formed as a reef in the Cambrian sea.
	www.wordplay.com /geology/northernpeninsula.html (2331 words)

	PRELIMINARY LISTING OF DECORATIVE STONES FOUND IN MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC BUILDINGS OF CAIRO
		The rest of the pavement consists of Proconnesian marble slabs with a trim of light and dark gray marbles, and small pieces of red limestone.
		According to the Ministry of Waqfs (1992: 89), in 1949 the mosque (the courtyard and four liwans) and mausoleum had pavements of "coloured marble" and that the walls of the mausoleum had a "dado of coloured marble".
		The pavement appears to be new and consists of a geometric design with a variety of "white" and "fl" marbles, fossiliferous red limestone, and orange astracane dorato (d'Egitto?).
	rubens.anu.edu.au /egypt/harrell/CAIRO_Mosques_3.htm (4782 words)

	Austwick Community Broadband Bringing ICT to Small Rural Areas
		The contact between them is unconformable whereby the Carboniferous limestone strata are more or less horizontal relative to the strongly folded older formations the surface of which had been eroded to form an ancient rolling landscape.
		The limestone formations appear as scarp slopes along the valley sides and karstic pavements in the uplands.
		Limestones, sandstones, and shales of the Yoredale Series and then the Millstone Grit rest above the Lower Carboniferous “Great Scar Limestones.” These rock strata are exposed on the upper slopes and summit of Ingleborough to the north and Penyghent to the northeast.
	www.austwick.org /geology.htm (610 words)

	Limestone Pavement
		Limestone is composed principally of calcite, or calcium carbonate.
		Limestone pavements are common in many areas, including the Pennine Hills in North Yorkshire and the Burren in Ireland.
		The exposure of very extensive pavements, such as in the Pennines, may be partly a function of the stripping away of the soil by moving ice during the last glaciation.
	www.good.co.uk /t.pot/pave2.htm (602 words)

	Rental Self-Catering Accomodation in the beautiful village of Ballyvaughan in County Clare, Ireland
		The limestone pavement, flora and built heritage are the resources on which tourism in The Burren thrives.
		Much of the limestone pavement is private property and is being farmed in the traditional way that maintains the nature of the limestone landscape.
		Weathered limestone has been used in garden rockeries for some time and the Burren's limestone pavements are being exploited to supply the market.
	www.ballyvaughan-cottages.com /content/burrencode.html (476 words)

	Buglife - The Invertebrate Conservation Trust - Conserving Invertebrates - Managing Priority Habitats for Invertebrates ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Limestone pavements are areas of glacial scoured limestone characterised by large, worn limestone blocks called clints separated by deep fissures known as grykes.
		Limestone pavement vegetation may contain unusual combinations of plants, with woodland and wood-edge species well-represented in the sheltered grykes.
		Any clearings or rides within wooded areas of limestone pavement should be maintained and moss cover on shaded clint tops retained, as it provides valuable shelter for invertebrates such as snails, rove beetles and woodlice.
	www.buglife.org.uk /html/conserving_managing_habitats_limestone_pavements.htm (593 words)

	Forestry Commission - News - half-million pound project launched to save world-famous limestone pavement areas in north ...
		The four-year Lowland Limestone Pavement Rehabilitation Project - which is formally launched next week (25 July) - has received a quarter of a million pounds from the European Union, which grants LIFE funding to projects which contribute significantly to the EC’s environmental policy.
		Now, only about 2,600 hectares of limestone pavement remain, and most of these are in the north west of England with small pockets in Wales.
		The limestone pavements in England and Wales were formed on Carboniferous limestone, laid down over 300 million years ago.
	www.forestry.gov.uk /NewsRele.nsf/AllByUNID/DD393E3C6A4C3EFF80256A8F00544C0E (761 words)

	The Limestone Country Project
		The limestone areas of the Yorkshire Dales are of national and international importance for biodiversity.
		The limestone grasslands are dominated by blue moor grass with colourful species such as bloody crane’s-bill, rockrose, small scabious and wild thyme.
		Limestone Pavement is a unique and declining resource of international conservation importance.
	www.whitebredshorthorn.com /bluegrey/limestone.html (989 words)

	Clare Biodiversity: Limestone Habitats (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The limestone landscape of the Burren is internationally important and exclusive to Clare and parts of South Galway.
		Scrub is encroaching on limestone pavement in some parts of the Burren and poses a threat to the survival of some of the typical plant and animal species of the pavement.
		The reclamation of land for agriculture, development of land and land abandonment pose a threat to limestone pavement.
	www.clarelibrary.ie /eolas/coclare/heritage/natural/limestone_habitats.htm (183 words)

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