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Topic: Limited Voting

	Limited Voting, Cumulative Voting and Choice Voting: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Limited voting and cumulative voting are not as certain to represent voters fairly, but still have clear advantages over the winner-take-all election system.
		With limited voting, the fewer votes each voter has, the more likely political minorities will win fair representation — when voters are limited to one vote, the victory threshold is as low as it is with cumulative voting and choice voting.
		In the next round, "surplus votes" — those votes beyond the victory threshold obtained by any winning candidate -- are counted for the second choices of voters as indicated by their ballots (for fairness, all ballots are counted for second choice candidates at an equally reduced value).
	www.fairvote.org /factshts/comparis.htm (1080 words)

	Limited voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Limited voting is a voting system in which electors have fewer votes than there are positions available.
		In the special case in which the voter may vote for only one candidate and there are two or more posts, this system is called the single non-transferable vote or sometimes the strictly limited vote.
		It is used for elections in Gibraltar where electors have eight votes for the 15 seats.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Limited_voting (709 words)

	newsobserver.com \| Limited voting
		Not only does limited voting assure fair minority representation on the Beaufort County Board of Commissioners, it could be a model for fixing other election problems.
		With limited voting, if three members are being chosen, each voter can vote for one candidate.
		Limiting voters to one vote prevents the majority from capturing all the seats and shutting out the minority.
	www.newsobserver.com /673/story/461255.html (267 words)

	Limited Voting Concessions For Journalists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Journalists wanting to take advantage of this dispensation would have to lodge an application for a declaration vote with the IEC on a date which will be specified in regulations to be promulgated soon, the IEC said in a statement.
		The IEC said declaration votes could also be cast by other people who were away from their registration district on June 2 because of business, study or work commitments, or personal or family trauma as a result of unavoidable and unforseen circumstances.
		But they would also be unable to vote if they could not return to the district in which they registered to collect their declaration certificates in person.
	www.anc.org.za /elections/news/en050616.html (389 words)

	Subchapter III. Limited Partners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Unless otherwise provided in a partnership agreement, on any matter that is to be voted on by limited partners, the limited partners may vote in person or by proxy, and such proxy may be granted in writing, by means of electronic transmission or as otherwise permitted by applicable law.
		(a) A limited partner is not liable for the obligations of a limited partnership unless he or she is also a general partner or, in addition to the exercise of the rights and powers of a limited partner, he or she participates in the control of the business.
		However, if the limited partner does participate in the control of the business, he or she is liable only to persons who transact business with the limited partnership reasonably believing, based upon the limited partner's conduct, that the limited partner is a general partner.
	www.delcode.state.de.us /title6/c017/sc03/index.htm (1974 words)

	Bloc voting - Electowiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Bloc voting (or block voting) (also called Plurality-at-large) refers to a class of voting systems which can be used to elect several representatives from a single constituency.
		In first past the post bloc voting, each voter places n Xs on the ballot paper, where n is the number of candidates to be elected.
		It was used in the Australian Senate from 1901 to 1948 (from 1918, this was preferential bloc voting), is widely used for local elections in the United Kingdom and is often used to elect the boards of directors of corporations.
	wiki.electorama.com /wiki/Bloc_voting (473 words)

	Voting Reform Legislation Languishes in Congress
		Any person denied the right to vote because of a violation of the Motor Voter Act standards should be permitted to vote if he or she files a timely complaint, and there should be tough penalties for violations of the Motor Voter Act.
		Limited polling hours are a problem for working people, particularly those who work mandatory overtime and, in some cases, have to work until after the polls close.
		Voting should not be treated as a series of traps where the role of election officials is to disqualify those who make mistakes.
	www.ibew.org /articles/02journal/0210/p8.htm (1523 words)

	Texas SOS - Election and Voter Information
		A person voting a limited ballot under this chapter is entitled to vote only on each office or measure to be voted in a territorial unit (state or district) of which the person was a resident both before changing their county of residence and after the change.
		An application for a limited ballot to be voted by mail under this chapter must be submitted to the early voting clerk serving the election precinct in which the applicant currently resides.
		An application for a presidential ballot to be voted by mail under this chapter must be submitted to the early voting clerk serving the county of the applicant’s most recent registration to vote.
	www.sos.state.tx.us /elections/pamphlets/specialearlyvoting.shtml (776 words)

	u-vote Press Release 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		An example of an election difficult to compute manually is one with a weighted voting scheme, where the voters do not place 100% of their vote to a single option, but distribute it over an arbitrary number of preferences in arbitrary percentages.
		A voting event is the set of processes that must take place from the inception of the choice to be made until the final outcome and reporting of the suffrage result.
		The parameters that define a voting engine are: the title and visual or acoustic feel of the interface of the voting event, the questions and multiple choices, the method of voting (absolute, hierarchical, weighted), the deadline for submission of vote, the list of voters, their demographics and contact information and the type of reporting tools.
	www.cc.gatech.edu /~mromero/u-vote/pr02.htm (2982 words)

	Washington Daily News Online
		Under limited voting, a county voter may mark a ballot for one commissioner candidate during each election, though three or more candidates may be on the ballot.
		Limited voting took effect during the early 1990s, when a federal judge ruled the commissioners of that day had accepted a settlement with plaintiffs in a voting-rights lawsuit led by future Commissioner David Moore, a fl Democrat.
		Voting for the motion were all four of the board’s Republicans — Deatherage, Richardson, Chairman Jay McRoy and Commissioner Earl Tetterton.
	www.wdnweb.com /articles/2006/02/10/news/news03.txt (723 words)

	Preferential voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Preferential voting (or preference voting) is a type of ballot structure used in several electoral systems in which voters rank a list or group of candidates in order of preference.
		Votes allocated to a candidate that is to be excluded from the election counting process are redistributed and allocated to the subsequent continuing candidate in order of the voter's indicated preference.
		In single-winner elections the use of a preferential ballot limits the extent in which candidates stand for election as spoilers in an attempt to remove votes that would otherwise be allocated to a particular candidate or party.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Preferential_voting (1055 words)

	February 4, 1999, Letter
		Section 5 of Chapter 149 repeals and replaces Education Law § 2590-c(7), replacing the single transferable vote method of election (STV) with a form of limited voting whereby voters may cast one vote for each of up to four candidates (LV 4), and the nine candidates receiving the greatest number of votes shall be elected.
		Section 5 also provides for tie-breaking procedures, for the use of voting machines for the proposed LV 4 elections, and for the authority of the Board of Elections to promulgate regulations for the administration of the limited voting system.
		Further, the information we have indicates that the degree of racial bloc voting in Community School Board elections, in the covered counties and throughout the city, is such that the ability of minority voters to elect their candidates of choice will be considerably reduced under the submitted change in voting method.
	www.usdoj.gov /crt/voting/sec_5/ltr/l_020499.htm (948 words)

	Glossary
		Cumulative Voting -- Each voter may vote as many times as there are seats to be filled, and the voter may either give all of his/her votes to one candidate, or distribute them among several candidates.
		Jurisdictions covered by Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act are required to preclear planned changes in their voting procedures -- that is, demonstrate, prior to implementation, that the changes do not have the purpose or the effect of discriminating against protected racial or language minorities.
		Vote dilution may result from the use of at-large elections, districting plans and/or other electoral structures -- such as majority vote requirements, numbered post provisions or staggered terms.
	academic.udayton.edu /Race/04needs/Voting03h.htm (428 words)

	Law and the Political Process - Guinier
		Limited voting is a system in which a voter may not cast a number of votes that is more than one-half the number of Representatives to be elected.
		Cumulative voting is a system in which a voter may cast a number of votes up to the number of Representatives to be elected, and the voter may distribute those votes, including fractions of votes, in any combination, including all votes for one candidate.
		An identifiable group of voters includes, but is not limited to, those defined as members of a protected class under the Voting Rights Act of 1965 as amended.
	www.law.harvard.edu /academics/registrar/exams/1995-96/lawpolit.html (1135 words)

	The New Atlantis - A Journal of Technology and Society
		If an Internet voting system were hacked, the hackers would have the power to alter election results, or at the very least to place results in serious doubt and dispute.
		And last year, two other leading electronic voting companies, Diebold and Sequoia, were left red-faced when it was discovered that the proprietary code they developed for their voting machines had been leaked over the Internet.
		As a result, proponents of Internet voting have argued that open source software, rather than the proprietary software of Diebold and Sequoia, is the only way to allow public oversight of elections and ensure that voting machines are tabulating and registering votes the way that voters had intended.
	www.thenewatlantis.com /archive/4/soa/evoting.htm (990 words)

	Washington Daily News Online
		At the center of the limited-voting issue is Commissioner David Moore, a party to a late-1980s voting rights lawsuit that led a federal judge to impose limited voting.
		Limited voting allows each voter to mark a ballot for one commissioner candidate, though four or more may be running.
		Under guidelines issued by the commissioners, the committee's job was to pick an election method that would satisfy requirements for the replacement of limited voting and recommend that method to the commissioners.
	www.wdnweb.com /articles/2003/10/22/news/news01.txt (898 words)

	Chapter 9: Findings and Recommendations
		The recently enacted election reform law mandates that a county must use an electronic or electromechanical precinct-count tabulation voting system and that as of September 2, 2002, a voting system that uses a device for the punching of ballots by the voter may not be used in Florida.
		The process should include, but not be limited to, insufficient telephone systems in supervisors of elections offices, incorrect use of laptop computers intended to access county voter registration information, and the lack of at least one computer in each voting precinct to access voter registration information.
		An individual may seek to vote by affidavit if there is a change of address, a change of name, the voter requires assistance due to disability, his or her right to vote is challenged, or if the voter’s name does not appear in the precinct registration book.
	www.usccr.gov /pubs/vote2000/report/ch9.htm (8801 words)

	THIS VERSION OF THE FEB 06 ELECTIONS CODE DRAFT SHOWS THE CHANGES FROM THE NOV 05 DRAFT
		Limited Voting – A semi-proportional system (non RV) used for multi-seat elections that prevents a majority bloc from winning all seats.
		This is especially disputable in the cast of ranked voting, but we are choosing not to dispute it.
		Voting Equipment – Not all counties have equipment that is certified to handle ranked ballot elections, so in all cases we have defined alternative methods for use in these cases.
	www.cagreens.org /erwg/ec/proposal_apr06.htm (1286 words)

	Verified Voting Foundation : E-voting Snafus Limited in Scope, Severity
		The Verified Voting Foundation engages in educational activities permitted by IRC Section 501(c)(3).
		A total of 7,537 people were listed as having voted at the precinct, but the machines recorded only 3,005 votes.
		Implicit in that right is the notion that that vote be private, that vote be secure, and that vote be counted as it was intended when it was cast by the voter.
	www.verifiedvotingfoundation.org /article.php?id=5218 (730 words)

	HB 0458
		Notwithstanding the provisions of any other law, persons between the ages of 14 years and 17 years, inclusive, shall be allowed to vote in municipal elections upon the approval of a majority of the voters present and voting on the question at an annual meeting or a special town meeting called for such purpose.
		If a majority of those voting on the question shall vote in the affirmative, approval of limited youth voting in the town shall be deemed granted.
		If a majority of those voting on the question shall vote in the negative, such approval shall be deemed not granted and no limited youth voting shall be permitted in such town unless approval is subsequently granted in accord with this section.
	www.gencourt.state.nh.us /legislation/2005/HB0458.html (597 words)

	In Support of Limited Voting (Vanity)
		To be sure, some of those were joke votes (I myself wrote in the name of one of my politically career minded buddies rather than vote for the unopposed liberal "in office til I die" candidate in my districts congressional race.) But jokes cannot account for 20,000 votes.
		Raise the voting age to 30, make anyone who is receiving any kind of welfare payments from state or federal government ineligible, and make anyone who has a court appointed guardian due to mental incapacity ineligible.
		If limits are put on voting rights, then people in power will abuse those limits to their own ends.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/783722/posts (1257 words)

	Electronic Voting Rule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Each permanent paper record shall be printed by the voting device upon activation of the marking summary by the voter and shall contain a unique, randomly assigned six to seven digit identifying number that shall correspond to the number randomly assigned by the voting system to each ballot as it is electronically recorded.
		Some voting systems may further provide for electronic storage of the vote count and result transmission to a central results location by a telecommunications network.
		This test shall include, but not be limited to, processing a pre-audited ballot test which includes ballot generation, precinct security codes, ballot types, split precincts, multiple candidates, cumulative reports, precinct reports, canvass reports, press reports, log reports, etc., in all report formats and any other tests the election authority finds necessary.
	www.elections.il.gov /VotingInformation/ElectronicVotingRule.aspx (7796 words)

	A VOTING RIGHTS ODYSSEY: BLACK ENFRANCHISEMENT IN GEORGIA
		A VOTING RIGHTS ODYSSEY is a chronicle of the struggle undertaken by African Americans to achieve their constitutional right to vote in Georgia.
		Interestingly, A VOTING RIGHTS ODYSSEY begins in Chapter 1 with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and President Johnson's efforts to make voting free and equal to all citizens, including a discussion of those individuals and groups who opposed it and their reasons why.
		African Americans were registered to vote under supervision by the federal government; however extension of voting rights met resistance, for whites did not want them to exercise their right.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/McDonald204.htm (1228 words)

	Turns of Phrase: E-voting
		e-voting is limited to systems that use methods to record and count votes that are entirely electronic, so it excludes the voting machines commonly used in the USA that were responsible for the great hanging chad scandal of the 2000 presidential election.
		Many observers believe the fundamental problem with e-voting is that the government appears to be using it to provide a technical fix to what is essentially a political and social problem.
		Those wounds were reopened this month when Florida counties debuting their electronic voting machines struggled through another election fiasco, thanks largely to poorly trained poll workers.
	www.worldwidewords.org /turnsofphrase/tp-evo2.htm (226 words)

	Voting Rules and Restrictions . NOW \| PBS
		1995-2004: Georgia is among the top 15 states in voting rights objections and claims per capita, largest disparities between citizens of color and statewide elected officials of color, largest disparities between citizens of color and all elected officials of color, least party competition for voters of color, and largest minority group.
		In 1996, after the city added Chinese voting materials and oral assistance, an estimated 30 percent of the Chinese-American voters in the city relied on the Chinese ballots, the cost of which accounted for under 4 percent of the city's total $16 million election budget.
		1995-2004: Texas is among the top 15 states in voting rights objections and claims per capita, largest disparities between citizens of color and statewide elected officials of color, largest disparities between citizens of color and all elected officials of color, largest racial disparities in voter turnout, and largest low-English-proficient population.
	www.pbs.org /now/shows/235/voting-rules.html (3451 words)

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