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Topic: Limonene

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	Limonene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Limonene is a hydrocarbon, classed as a terpene.
		Limonene is a relatively stable terpene, which can be distilled without decomposition, though it forms isoprene when passed over a hot metal filament.
		Limonene is formed from geranyl pyrophosphate, via cyclisation of a neryl carbocation or its equivalent as shown.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Limonene (702 words)

	Limonene (CICADS)
		Limonene is used as a solvent in degreasing metals prior to industrial painting, for cleaning in the electronic and printing industries, and in paint as a solvent.
		Limonene and its epoxides were not mutagenic when tested at concentrations of 0.3-3333 µg/plate in in vitro assays using different strains of Salmonella typhimurium, in the presence or absence of metabolic activation (Florin et al., 1980; Watabe et al., 1981; Haworth et al., 1983; Connor et al., 1985; NTP, 1990).
		Ozonolysis of limonene may also lead to the formation of hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides, which have various toxic effects on plant cells and may be part of the damage to forests observed in the last decades (Peters et al., 1994).
	www.inchem.org /documents/cicads/cicads/cicad05.htm (12915 words)

	LIMONENE - (Partially Validated Method #2036) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This evaluation was undertaken to establish a suitable sampling and analytical procedure for limonene.
		Limonene is used as a solvent, wetting and dispensing agent.
		The desorption efficiencies (DE) of limonene were determined by liquid-spiking four groups of six charcoal tubes with 557, 3092, 6200, and 12612 µg.
	www.osha.gov /dts/sltc/methods/partial/pv2036/2036.html (1695 words)

	Limonene Synthase, the Enzyme Responsible for Monoterpene Biosynthesis in Peppermint, Is Localized to Leucoplasts of ...
		Limonene Synthase, the Enzyme Responsible for Monoterpene Biosynthesis in Peppermint, Is Localized to Leucoplasts of Oil Gland Secretory Cells -- Turner et al.
		of limonene synthase to the leucoplasts of peppermint (Mentha
		to limonene is one of the simplest of all terpenoid cyclization
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/120/3/879 (5077 words)

	ISOLATION OF (+)-LIMONENE FROM CITRUS RIND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Orange skins are probably the best source of limonene, but other citrus skins can also serve as the starting material.
		If more than a drop or two of water is transferred, move the limonene to a new vial before treating with drying agent.
		Measure the observed optical rotation by weighing as much limonene as you have into a 10 ml volumetric flask and adding hexane to the mark.
	perth.uwlax.edu /faculty/koster/limonene.htm (377 words)

	ISOLATION OF AN OPTICALLY ACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCT
		Your pre-lab should consist of a title, a brief objective, and a table of physical properties (including hazards) for limonene and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), especially the specific rotations for the enantiomers of limonene.
		Limonene is a chiral molecule, and both enantiomers are found in nature.
		Limonene is an irritant and a cancer suspect agent.
	www.muhlenberg.edu /depts/chemistry/chem201woh/limonene.html (1270 words)

	Limonene / Methyl-4-isopropenyl / Cyclohexene / Cajaputene / Carvene / Cinene / Dipentene / Efchole Information
		Limonene is a liquid monoterpene, made up of two isoprene units.
		Limonene is also used as a solvent and cleaner.
		Limonene is generally regarded as safe when taken in the recommended doses; however, it is best to consult with a physician for use of Limonene essential oil internally.
	www.herbalremedies.com /limonene-information.html (1078 words)

	[No title]
		Limonene, a principle ingredient in the aroma of citrus fruits like oranges and lemons, was found to protect rats from asthma in a new study.
		Limonene protected rats from the symptoms of asthma by eliminating inhaled ozone which increases lung inflammation, according to the study.
		In fact, other scents, like those emitted from pine trees, geraniums and roses, contain ingredients similar to limonene, which may explain why asthma is much more common in urban areas that lack vegetation, scientists said.
	www.mercola.com /blog/2004/dec/21/limonene_may_fight_asthma (420 words)

	Ozone and Limonene in Indoor Air: A Source of Submicron Particle Exposure
		Limonene was introduced into the inner chamber either by the evaporation of reagent-grade d-limonene or by inserting a lemon-scented, solid air freshener.
		A series of ozone injections were made into the inner chamber during the course of each experiment, and an optical particle counter was used to measure the particle concentration.
		This is important to determine the efficacy of the mass-based particulate matter standards in protecting public health because the indoor secondary particles can vary coincidently with the variations of outdoor fine particles in summer.
	www.ehponline.org /docs/2000/108p1139-1145wainman/abstract.html (582 words)

	..:: Limonene Oil ::.. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It contains a naturally-occurring high content of limonene, a potent, immune-boosting compound.
		PH-balanced Limonene oil is a naturally occurring simple monoterpene found in high concentration in orange peels.
		PH-balanced Limonene oil has been clinically tested with hundreds of people and has shown great help in many of the following conditions: candida, poor digestion, stomach pain, constipation, fatigue, kidney pain, skin disorders, toenail fungus, gall bladder problems, muscle stiffness and bacterial, viral and fungal disorders.
	www.naturalhealinghouse.com /limonene.htm (180 words)

	Cereal Chem 2005 \| Quality Comparison of Rice Bran Oil Extracted with d-Limonene and Hexane.
		The optimum solvent-to-rice bran ratio and extraction time required for d-limonene extraction of oil, based primarily on crude rice bran oil yield, have been determined to be 5:1 and 0.5 hr, respectively.
		Despite the absence of antioxidants during the limonene recovery step with vacuum evaporation, the quantity of the oxidation products in the recovered limonene was <1% (wt) of the original limonene solvent.
		The application of d-limonene solvent as an alternative to hexane in edible oil extraction could potentially eliminate the safety, environmental, and health issues associated with the use of hexane.
	www.aaccnet.org /cerealchemistry/abstracts/2005/CC-82-0209.asp (241 words)

	Biocatalytic Production of Perillyl Alcohol from Limonene by Using a Novel Mycobacterium sp. Cytochrome P450 Alkane ...
		The conversion of limonene to perillic acid by a
		Biotransformation of limonene by bacteria, fungi, yeasts and plants.
		Bioconversion of limonene to increased concentrations of perillic acid by Pseudomonas putida GS1 in a fed-batch reactor.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/71/4/1737 (5399 words)

	Organization of Monoterpene Biosynthesis in Mentha. Immunocytochemical Localizations of Geranyl Diphosphate Synthase, ...
		Haudenschild C, Schalk M, Karp F, Croteau R (2000) Functional expression of regiospecific cytochrome P450 limonene hydroxylases from Mint (Mentha spp) in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cervisiae.
		Turner G, Gershenzon J, Nielson EE, Froehlich JE, Croteau R (1999) Limonene synthase, the enzyme responsible for monoterpene biosynthesis in peppermint, is localized to leucoplasts of oil gland secretory cells.
		Wüst M, Little DB, Schalk M, Croteau R (2001) Hydroxylation of limonene enantiomers and analogs by recombinant (-)-limonene 3- and 6-hydroxylases from mint (Mentha) species: evidence for catalysis within sterically constrained active sites.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/136/4/4215 (5753 words)

	Center for the Science & Engineering of Materials @ Caltech
		Orange and lemon peel both contain a molecule called limonene.
		However, the limonene molecule in orange peel has a different structure than the limonene in lemon peel.
		The types of limonene in oranges and lemons are mirror molecules.
	www.csem.caltech.edu /material_of_month/oranges_lemons.html (279 words)

	Cancer Preventing Properties of Essential Oil Monoterpenes D-Limonene and Perillyl Alcohol by Mark Brudnak, Ph.D. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		As seen in Figure 1, DL is a monocyclic MT with POH a metabolite of d-limonene, being its hydroxylated form.
		The bulk of the toxicity data for the monoterpenes comes from the study of limonene in animals and has been well presented by Von Burg.8 To briefly summarize, limonene can cause skin sensitization in susceptible people.
		However, the promotional activity was not observed when either limonene or straight orange peel oil were added to the diet, suggesting a relationship between promotion and irritant properties of the straight oil.
	www.positivehealth.com /permit/Articles/Cancer/brud53.htm (2682 words)

	Ingredient Details - Weleda North America
		Limonene is a naturally occurring component of essential oils, such as Lemon Oil, Orange Oil, Grapefruit Oil, Bergamot Oil, Fennel Oil and Lavender Oil.
		The quality of the soil, seed and plant reflects the quality of our finished product.
		Over 250 varieties of healing plants are grown in our own company gardens worlwide.
	usa.weleda.com /ingredients/ingredient.asp?id=413 (73 words)

	Chemical Sampling Information: Limonene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Notes: 1) Limonene is on FDA's list of synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants that are Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) (21 CFR 182.60).
		2) Oxidation products of limonene that form during handling and storage, rather than limonene itself, are the mediators of irritation and sensitization.
		Kleno, J. and Wolkoff, P.: Changes in eye blink frequency as a measure of trigeminal stimulation by exposure to limonene oxidation products, isoprene oxidation products and nitrate radicals.
	www.osha.gov /dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_249450.html (349 words)

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