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Topic: Limonoids

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	Limonoids: Pesticide to anticancer applications from secondary metabolites of the Rutaceae and Meliaceae
		Abstract Limonoids are described as modified triterpenes with or derived from a precursor with a 4,4,8-trimethyl-17-furanylsteroid skeleton.
		Limonoids are usually grouped according to changes they undergo in one or more of their four-ring structures.
		The role of limonoids in a speculated coevolutionary relationship between plants and insects would have to be examined in the context of the adapted insect species feeding on limonoid containing plants (4).
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/Entomology/courses/en570/papers_1998/bagge.htm (2922 words)

	BBC News \| Health \| The citrus cancer beaters
		Researchers think citrus limonoids may be responsible for health effects that may previously have been attributed to vitamin C. The substance is present in commercially produced citrus fruit drinks at about the same level as the vitamin.
		Limonoids are compounds found in citrus fruits, usually in the peels.
		The researchers tested the limonoids in the juices and their results suggest the compounds were responsible for the drop.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/health/301923.stm (436 words)

	Newsletter Item : Citrus and Certain Cancers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Their work emphasized the compounds' ability to kill existing the neuroblastoma cells with the rationale that, if the method and time limonoids take to obliterate the cancer could be found, perhaps scientists could exploit it to help cure the disease.
		The limonoids appeared to be as effective as vitamin C in some of the tests.
		One of the limonoids, glucoside, is tasteless, he noted, so it might become a food additive for its health benefits, but food engineers would need to know how much to add for human consumption.
	www.preparedfoods.com /CDA/ArticleInformation/PF_Newsletter_Item/0,8364,140870,00.html (1096 words)

	Citrus shows promise for certain childhood cancer
		What Poulose found with the extracted limonoid was that the neuroblastoma cells died with relatively small amounts of concentrated limonoids and all in 48 hours or less.
		This part of the research revealed that with only 5 micromoles of a limonoid known as LG, the cancer cells were dying in as little as 12 hours.
		Limonoids with a sugar unit attached, the so-called limonoid glucosides, are water soluble and tasteless; those without the sugar, the aglycons, are responsible for bitterness of some citrus.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-11/tau--csp113004.php (1180 words)

	Citrus Limonoids & Limonin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Citrus limonoids obacunone and limonin inhibit azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats.
		Obacunone and limonin are bitter limonoids in citrus.
		In a subsequent long-term experiment (38 weeks), in which rats were initiated with AOM and fed 0.05% obacunone or 0.05% limonin during the initiation or post-initiation phase, both compounds in diet caused significant reduction (65%-92% inhibition) in the incidence of colonic adenocarcinoma.
	www.annieappleseedproject.org /citlimlim.html (231 words)

	Citrus Compounds May Fight Cancer, Cholesterol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The team's research into limonoids is just one of a number of studies on the subject presented Tuesday at the annual meeting of the American Chemical Society in Anaheim, California.
		Limonoid glucosides develop when a sugar molecule attaches to the limonoid precursor molecule.
		Limonoid consumption was also associated with "a reduction in tumor multiplicity" in mice with liver and/or lung cancers, according to a second study conducted by Dr. Luke K.T. Lam and others at LKT Laboratories, Inc. in St. Paul, Minnesota, and the USDA's Western Regional Research Center in Albany, California.
	www.personalmd.com /news/a1999032309.shtml (366 words)

	85-3 Citrus limonoid isolation, identification and biological activity study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Citrus limonoids are a group of triterpenoids present in significant quantities in citrus fruits and citrus juice factory byproducts such as peel, seeds, and molasses.
		Identification of limonoids was conducted using electron ionization, electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
		Limonoid mixtures exhibited a higher inhibition effect against human breast cancer cells than individual limonoids at the same concentration level, indicating that a synergetic or additive effect may be present.
	ift.confex.com /ift/2005/techprogram/paper_28982.htm (329 words)

	Azadirachtin -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Azadirachtin A is a (Produced by or used in a reaction involving changes in atoms or molecules) chemical compound belonging to the (additional info and facts about limonoids) limonoids.
		It is a (additional info and facts about secondary metabolite) secondary metabolite present in the (Large semi-evergreen tree of the East Indies; trunk exudes a tenacious gum; bitter bark used as a tonic; seeds yield an aromatic oil; sometimes placed in genus Melia) Neem tree seeds.
		Many more compounds, related to Azadirachtin A, are present in the seeds as well as in the leaves and the bark of the Neem tree which also show strong biological activities.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/az/azadirachtin.htm (398 words)

	Linonoids, Quassinoids, and Related Compounds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Two major groups of metabolically altered triterpenes, the limonoids (tetranortriterpenoids) and the quassinoids (decanortriterpenoids) are derived from the triterpenoid precursor euphol.
		Because juice of oranges is of major economic importance, the development of bitter taste, caused by the formation of limonin from precursors in the juice has been studied.
		Limonoid synthesis occurs in the leaves and the compound is transported into the fruits under normal conditions.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /plantbio/363/lecture25.html (603 words)

	Citrus Impact on Childhood Cancer Noted in Professional Journals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The duo said that limonoids may work against cancer in any of three ways: prevent it from forming, slow the growth of existing cancer, or kill cancer cells.
		In the lab, relatively small amounts of extracted limonoid caused death to neuroblastoma cells in 48 hours or less.
		Patil and Harris have proposed that studies be funded for the next phase, which would include trials on the purification of limonoids, bioactivity studies in neuroblastoma in animals and then humans.
	agnews.tamu.edu /dailynews/stories/BICH/Apr2105a.htm (445 words)

	Tip Sheet: Citrus Limonoids Versus Cancer, Cholesterol And Insects
		Limonoids (pronounced lye-muh-noids) are compounds in citrus fruits, generally found in the peels, that produce the familiar bitter taste.
		More importantly, limonoids have been shown to produce anticancer activities in animals and inhibit the spread of human breast cancer cells in culture.
		Testing of the limonoids in the juices suggests the compounds Acould contribute to cholesterol-lowering action of citrus juices.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1999-03/ACS-TSCL-230399.php (415 words)

	Anti-Aging Medicine & Science Blog: Citrus compounds fight child cancer cells
		The researchers based at the Texas Agriculture Experiment Station have already shown that limonoids, of which eight different kinds have so far been characterised from extractions, reduce the ratio of LDL cholesterol to 'good' HDL cholesterol, improving the profile for a healthy heart.
		Limonoids, a major phytochemical class in citrus fruits, are not the only compounds to offer potential health benefits.
		Structurally different from the flavonoids also found in citrus fruits, limonoids seem to work against cancer three ways: prevent it from forming, slow the growth of existing cancer and kill cancer cells.
	anti-ageing.us /2004/12/citrus-compounds-fight-child-cancer.html (969 words)

	Backgrounder About Citrus Limonoids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Limonoids and limonoid glucosides are natural, organic compounds in citrus fruits.
		Because limonoids have unique chemical structures, researchers may also be able to use them as taxonomic markers to identify beneficial citrus relatives that could be used to improve commercial citrus varieties.
		In many citrus fruits, limonoid glucosides are present at greater concentrations than vitamin C. They are also abundant in citrus juice processing by-products such as seeds, pulp and peel.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/pr/1999/bg990323.htm (326 words)

	Life Extension Daily News
		Limonoids cause apoptosis in cancer cells, he said.
		Harris said some cancers, such as leukemia, are not affected by the limonoids, and that further research is required to discover the reason why.
		The most promising aspect of limonoids is that they kill cancer cells without damaging normal cells like drugs do, Harris said.
	www.lef.org /news/LefDailyNews.htm?NewsID=2419&Section=NUTRITION (549 words)

	Natural Insecticides in IPM for Colorado Potato Beetle
		Citrus limonoids and their role as antifeedants against the CPB Limonoids are tetranortriterpenes that are found in the plant families Meliaceae, Rutaceae, Cneoraceae, and Simaroubaceae.
		In structure-activity studies of limonin, it has been determined that the furan ring and epoxide groups in the citrus limonoid structure are critical for the antifeedant activity of the limonoids against CPB larvae (Bentley et al 1988, Mendel et al 1991b).
		Studies conducted on the effects of limonoid in reducing colonization and oviposition show that applications of limonoid are an effective means of controlling CPB populations.
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/Entomology/courses/en570/papers_1996/danielson.html (3716 words)

	Apria - resources - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The scientists also said flavonoids and limonoids -- nutrient-packed pigments that give color and taste to fruit -- may work against cancer in any of three ways: prevent it from forming, slow the growth of existing cancer or kill cancer cells.
		The team found limonoids were as effective, in some cases, as vitamin C in quenching the oxygen radicals -- cancer-causing substances that are destructive to normal cells.
		A micromole is about the equivalent of a tiny skin flake, an amount easily obtained from a glass of orange or grapefruit juice.
	www.apria.com /resources/1,2725,494-240013-9,00.html (210 words)

	neem limonoids : The Termite Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		So far, at least nine neem limonoids have demonstrated an ability to block insect growth, affecting a range of species that includes some of the most...
		So far, at least nine neem limonoids have demonstrated an ability to block insect growth, affecting a range of species that...
		Limonoids The most significant limonoids present in Neem are Azadirachtin, Salannin, Meliantroil and Nimbin.
	www.thetermitesite.com /terms/neem/neem-limonoids.htm (300 words)

	Love Those Limonoids - RealAge Tip of the Day
		Orange juice and other sources of citrus are high in limonoids, phytochemicals that studies suggest inhibit the growth of certain types of cancer cells.
		Results from several animal studies suggest limonoids -- phytochemicals found in citrus fruit and citrus fruit juices -- may arrest the growth of malignant mouth, skin, colon, and lung tumors as well.
		Citrus limonoids induce apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells and have radical scavenging activity.
	www.realage.com /news_features/tip.aspx?cid=15993 (384 words)

	Anti-Aging Medicine & Science Blog: CITRUS SHOWS PROMISE FOR CERTAIN CHILDHOOD CANCER
		In fact, citrus breeders seeking to improve the fruit's tastiness for consumers and yield for producers led researchers to discover limonoids - eight of which have been characterized from extractions at the Weslaco facility, according to the researchers.
		Harris explained that flavonoids and limonoids - nutrient-packed pigments that give color and taste to fruit - may work against cancer in any of three ways: prevent it from forming, slow the growth of existing cancer, or kill cancer cells.
		In their tests, the cancer cells treated with limonoids - but not the apoptosis blocker - all died within 36 hours.
	anti-ageing.us /2004/12/citrus-shows-promise-for-certain.html (1772 words)

	Citrus Shows Promise For Certain Childhood Cancer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Health Benefits Of Citrus Limonoids Explored (April 9, 2005) -- Oranges rich in vitamin C offer another important yet lesser-known nutritional bonus: citrus limonoids.
		In laboratory tests with animals and with human cells, citrus limonoids have been shown to help...
		From A Few Wild Ancestors, A Citrus Cornucopia (June 27, 2005) -- Whether it's a halved grapefruit sprinkled with sugar, mandarin slices tumbled in a green salad, mouth-puckering lemon wedges or a classic navel orange, there are probably enough kinds of citrus...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/11/041130203424.htm (1397 words)

	RSSL Science With Service \| Our Services \| Food e-News
		Limonoids are compounds which are only commonly found in citrus fruits.
		Limonoids are naturally occurring compounds which have no side effects, so could be a particularly useful therapy for neuroblastomas.
		The most effective limonoids were shown to have a closed ring in their chemical structure.
	www.rssl.com /OurServices/FoodENews/NewsLetter.aspx?ENewsletterID=77&printable=true (6859 words)

	Inhibition of azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats by the citrus limonoids obacunone and limonin ...
		Inhibition of azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats by the citrus limonoids obacunone and limonin -- Tanaka et al.
		Inhibition of azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats by the citrus limonoids obacunone and limonin
		Limonoids are a group of triterpene derivatives present in the
	carcin.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/22/1/193 (2994 words)

	Macleans.ca \| Top Stories \| Health \| Citrus compounds fight cancer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Biochemist Ed Harris and plant physiologist Bhimu Patil have so far been able to extract eight limonoids which seem to prevent the cancer from forming, slow the growth of existing cancer or kill cancer cells.
		The limonoids that had the dramatic anti-cancer effect were called limonoid glucosides.
		Limonoids without the sugar, called aglycons, are responsible for the bitterness of some citrus.
	www.macleans.ca /topstories/health/article.jsp?content=20050321_105515_3440 (247 words)

	Gaia Chemical Corporation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Limonoids are heavily oxygenated, modified triterpenes dominant in the plant family Meliaceae, and to a lessor extent in Rutaceae.
		The major limonoid in this family is limonin, accountable for the bitterness of poor quality juices.
		Limonoids are of moderate polarity, being insoluble in water; soluble in DMSO, ethanol, toluene; insoluble in hexane.
	www.gaiachem.com /limin.html (228 words)

	Citrus Limonoids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Limonoids are abundantly present in Rutaceae (citrus fruits) and Meliaceae (neem) families.
		However, bitter limonoid aglycones turn to glucosides with maturity of fruit and Limonoid glucosides are tasteless and water soluble.
		Limonoids have ability to induce detoxifying enzyme system, glutathione S-transferase and this may be the possible mode of action of limonoids in cancer chemoprevention (Lam et al., 1997).
	phytochemicals.tamu.edu /citrus/Citrus2002/project/CitrusLimonoids.html (171 words)

	Grapefruit Has Mixed Effects on Drugs
		Limonoids, found in the skin of citrus fruits, could have significant health benefits, scientists said last month at the American Chemical Society conference.
		Citrus limonoids are present in commercial orange juice at about the same level as vitamin C. Some researchers think citrus limonoids may be responsible for health effects previously attributed to vitamin C. Japanese company, Wakayama Prefectual Federation of Agricultural Co-operatives, is making an orange juice with triple the level of limonoid glucosides.
		Preliminary research found limonoids could prevent and halt cancer under laboratory conditions.
	www.psa-rising.com /eatingwell/citrus_effects.php (1130 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Problems (1992)
		So far, at least nine neem limonoids have demonstrated an ability to block insect growth, affecting a range of species that includes some of the most deadly pests of agriculture and human health.
		New limonoids are still being discovered in neem, but azadirachtin, salannin, meliantriol, and nimbin are the best known and, for now at least, seem to be the most significant.
		In the main, these compounds belong to a general class of natural products called "triterpenes"; more specifically, "limonoids." LIMONOIDS So far, at least nine neem limonoids have demonstrated an ability to block insect growth, affecting a range of species that includes some of the most deadly pests of agriculture and human health.
	www.nap.edu /openbook.php?record_id=1924&page=31 (2698 words)

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