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Topic: Limulus

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	Limules (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Limulus belongs to merostomes class; nowadays 4 limulus species live in the world and are the only living menber of merostome, there is 1 american limulus and three asian ones...
		Limulus species lives since the apparition of Aglaspis eatoni (590 MY) and their morphology rather unchanged, so limulus are perfectly adapted into their ecosystem...
		Limulus body is divided in two parts (or tagmata), which are in fact composed of combined segment.
	denis.audo.free.fr /VE/limules.html (605 words)

	Limulu_polyph
		Limulus is an ancient genus which has probably existed since the Silurian period (440 to 410 million years ago), and shows little morphological change from the now extinct genus Paleolimulus that lived about 200 million years ago.
		Limulus polyphemus is distributed geographically from approximately 19° N to 42° N along the east coast of North America from Maine through south Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the Yucatan peninsula, with peak abundance in Delaware Bay (Botton and Ropes 1987).
		After the molt to the juvenile stage, Limulus ceases the nocturnal swimming characteristic of trilobite larvae (Rudloe 1979) and becomes a benthic animal that alternatively crawls at the surface of the substratum and buries itself in the sand (Rudloe 1981).
	www.sms.si.edu /IRLSpec/Limulu_polyph.htm (2547 words)

	Limulus lysate of improved sensitivity and preparing the same - Patent 4107077
		Limulus lysate of improved sensitivity to endotoxin is prepared by withdrawing hemolymph from Limulus polyphemus (horseshoe crab), preparing a lysate by lysing the amoebocytes obtained from the hemolymph, treating the lysate with an amount of an organic solvent sufficient to precipitate a clotting inhibitor within the lysate and isolating the organic solvent treated lysate.
		Limulus lysate is sensitive to the endotoxins released from all Gram-negative bacteria which include, for example, the species of pseudomonas, salmonella, and escherichia.
		Since the Limulus lysate test is responsive to as little as 10.sup.-12 gms of endotoxin, and since the dry weight of endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides) is about 10.sup.-14 gm derived from a single bacterium of E. coli, for instance, weighing about 10.sup.-13 gm, it is apparent that the Limulus test can detect as few as 100 bacteria.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4107077.html (5189 words)

	The Science Creative Quarterly » LIMULUS & CHARLIE
		Limulus is a distant relative of the sea spider and one of the oldest creatures in the ocean.
		Limulus is a descendent of the Eurypterida, an order of sea scorpions that thrived in freshwater swamps and estuaries 400 million years ago.
		Limulus does not possess a copulatory organ; he must climb atop the female and release his payload into the sandy pit of eggs.
	www.scq.ubc.ca /?p=662 (1989 words)

	Zoology- Clipart ETC
		Limulus "Ventral surface of the entosternum of Limulus polyphemus, Latr.
		Limulus Polyphemus "Diagram of the dorsal surface of Limulus polyphemus.
		Limulus Polyphemus "View of the ventral surface of the mid-line of the prosomatic region of Limulus polyphemus.
	etc.usf.edu /clipart/galleries/Science/zoology_8.htm (2262 words)

	Marine Biological Laboratory
		Limulus do eat shellfish, although their diet mostly consists of non-commercial species of shellfish and other marine organisms.
		Limulus has been a very important biomedical model for research in vision, neurobiology, cell biology, immunology, biochemistry and drug discovery.
		For nearly 100 years, until 1994, a drawing of the Limulus with the words "The Test of Years" was the trade mark of the Aquatic Resources Division (formally, Supply Department, Marine Resources Department) at MBL appeared on all stationary, labels and catalogs.
	www.mbl.edu /marine_org/marine_org.php?func=detail&myID=BX151 (527 words)

	Untitled Document
		That Limulus are nocturnal is bolstered by a wealth of physiological data (Barlow, 2001).
		In Limulus, the temporal patterns of activity seem to also be modulated by other factors as well: in field experiments, Rudloe (1980) found evidence of tidal breeding activity patterns with nocturnal peaks of activity.
		Rudloe A. The breeding behavior and patterns of movement of horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus, in the vicinity of breeding beaches in Apalachee Bay, FL.
	oz.plymouth.edu /~chrisc/CrustaceanResTCRLimulus.htm (2105 words)

	Horseshoe Crab
		Limulus is found along the Atlantic coast, spending summers in the shallow coastal waters and winters offshore in the mud.
		Limulus is a true "blue blood" for, while human blood is red, the blood of this creature is a light blue.
		Limulus has one pair of feeding legs, four pairs of walking-feeding legs, and one longer pair of walking legs that shove the body forward.
	seagrant.gso.uri.edu /factsheets/horseshoe_crab.html (1547 words)

	Endotoxin and Limulus Tests
		Two glucan-specific limulus tests were recently developed by deletingfactor C from the lysate (Gluspecy, Seikagaku Corporation and B-G Star,Maruha Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) (Ref. 10, 11).
		Interfering factors, i.e., inhibitors and non-specific amidase activityfor limulus reaction, are present in human plasma, and it must be removedbefore testing.
		We confirmed that limulus tests were useful for the diagnosisof UTI, especially in suspected cases having already been treated withantibiotics.
	www1.neweb.ne.jp /wa/kaind/endotoxinT.html (2894 words)

	Horseshoe crab Summary
		The horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) is a chelicerate arthropod, therefore it is more closely related to spiders and scorpions than crabs.
		Since 1964 a substance made from their blood called Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) has also been used to test for bacterial endotoxins in pharmaceuticals and for several bacterial diseases.
		Limulus polyphemus is not presently endangered, but harvesting and habitat destruction have reduced its numbers at some locations and caused some concern for these animals' future.
	www.bookrags.com /Horseshoe_crab (2241 words)

	Horseshoe crab - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) is a chelicerate arthropod, therefore it is more closely related to spiders and scorpions than crabs.
		The blood of horseshoe crabs is blue, which is a result of its high content in copper-based hemocyanin instead of the iron-based hemoglobin found, for example, in humans.
		Limulus polyphemus is not presently endangered, but harvesting and habitat destruction have reduced its numbers at some locations and caused some concern for these animals' future.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Limulus (1308 words)

	Horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus - Sandy Hook, Animals and Plants - Brookdale College Ocean Institute - Dave Grant - ...
		The Limulus leech exhibits features of all three "-isms", at least in the literature, and biologist don't all seem to agree on its exact relationship to the crab.
		Traditionally the feeling was that the leech was not a parasite and didn't harm the crab, but merely took advantage of the minute bits of organic material that drifted around while the crab was eating or perhaps grazed the film of fouling growth on the shell surface.
		The shrimp are no doubt incidentals in the catch and temporarily caught up with the crabs legs, although while diving and watching horseshoe crabs, I have seen shrimp and mud crabs hiding on, under, and around their shells as though the resting horseshoe crabs were algae-covered rocks.
	www.brookdale.cc.nj.us /staff/sandyhook/dgrant/field/limulus.htm (4439 words)

	Limulus polyphemus, Horseshoe Crab at MarineBio.org
		Limulus polyphemus (Linnaeus, 1758), commonly known as the Horseshoe "crab", was originally classified as a crab erroneously.
		Although it looks prehistoric, and ancient relatives of Limulus polyphemus were present 520 million years ago as evidenced by fossils, this species has only been around for about 20 million years which is not enough time consider this animal a "living fossil" as it is sometimes called.
		When the moon is full again, the 1 cm long larvae hatch and crawl from where they are buried in the sand to return to the water.
	marinebio.org /species.asp?id=281 (1589 words)

	Limulus Vision in the Marine Environment -- Barlow et al. 200 (2): 169 -- The Biological Bulletin
		Limulus Vision in the Marine Environment -- Barlow et al.
		Spatial summation of inhibitory influences in the eye of Limulus, and the mutual interactions of receptor units.
		Physiological and Morphological Identification of Photosensitive Neurons in the Opisthosomal Ganglia of Limulus polyphemus
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/full/200/2/169 (3619 words)

	LAL Testing
		The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test is in vitro assay for detection and quantitation of bacterial endotoxin.
		Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Test (LAL), gel clot validation, inhibition and enhancement, 1 lot USP 85, USP 161, USP 797, AAMI ST72:2002, EP 2.6.14
		LAL is an aqueous extract of the blood cells of horseshoe crabs which forms a clot or change in color, depending on the technique, in the presence of bacterial endotoxin.
	www.nelsonlabs.com /laltest.jsp (1270 words)

	Cytoskeletal Organization of Limulus Amebocytes Pre- and Post-Activation: Comparative Aspects -- Conrad et al. 207 (1): ...
		The marginal band (MB), enclosed within the F-actin-rich cortical layer in the plane of flattening, is presumed to act as a flexible frame imposing pressure against the cortex to maintain the flattened ellipsoidal shape of unactivated cells.
		Limulus amebocyte exemplifies the former, whereas the presence
		Response of the blood cell of the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, to a lipopolysaccharide-like molecule from the green alga Chlorella.
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/full/207/1/56 (4679 words)

	Analysis of Gene Expression in the Ancient Marine Arthropod, Limulus polyphemus (horseshoe crab).
		Analysis of Gene Expression in the Ancient Marine Arthropod, Limulus polyphemus (horseshoe crab).
		A cDNA library was constructed from purified polyA mRNA from the hemocytes of the North Atlantic horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus.
		While a number of new gene identifications were made, most of the Limulus cDNA sequences continue to have no significant matches in the database.
	www.usip.edu /research/scholarlyday/abstractDetail.asp?id=297 (404 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Nissen’s most recent works are a series of bronzes and collages Limulus, based on forms of the Horse Shoe Crab.
		This rather bizarre animal is called a living fossil as it is the oldest living animal known to us that has not changed its form in millions of years, and has long fascinated him.
		Its simple exterior helmet shape encloses the baroque symmetry of the inside, and he was attracted to developing these contained forms with the idea of inside/outside as a sculptural space; the one invoking the other.
	www.briannissen.com /limulus.html (89 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| The excitation cascade of Limulusventral photoreceptors: guanylate cyclase as the link ...
		The active state of metarhodopsin activates a G protein as evidenced by the fact that G protein inhibitors decrease the light-response, whereas G protein activators mimic the light response [31,35,36].
		The Limulus cascade is more complex than that of the vertebrate rod, but this increased complexity can be viewed in light of the remarkable performance characteristics of Limulus photoreceptors.
		Fein A, Corson DW: Excitation of Limulus photoreceptors by vanadate and by a hydrolysis-resistant analog of guanosine triphosphate.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2202/5/7 (4358 words)

	Horseshoe "Crab" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Range: Limulus polyphemus is found from the Gulf of Maine to the Gulf of Mexico.
		Limulus swims upside down at a 30 degree angle to the horizontal at a rate of 10-15 cm/sec, propel;led by prosomal and opistosomal appendages.
		Eldredge, N. Observations on burrowing behaviour in Limulus polyphemus (Chelicerata, Merostomata) with implications on the functional morphology of trilobites.
	seaturtle.sdsmt.edu /0788limu.html (372 words)

	Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus at MarineBio.org
		Limulus polyphemus (Linnaeus, 1758), commonly known as the horseshoe "crab", was originally classified as a crab erroneously.
		Although it looks prehistoric, and ancient relatives of Limulus polyphemus were present 520 million years ago as evidenced by fossils, this species has only been around for about 20 million years which is not enough time to consider this animal a "living fossil" as it is sometimes called.
		When the moon is full again, the 1 cm long larvae hatch and crawl from where they are buried in the sand to return to the water.
	www.marinebio.com /species.asp?id=281 (1631 words)

	Transcriptional Regulation of Limulus Factor C: REPRESSION OF AN NF{kappa}B MOTIF MODULATES ITS RESPONSIVENESS TO ...
		Limulus actin-3 in the lower panel was probed to normalize loading variations in the amount of RNA sample in each lane.
		Three major bands of putative limulus dorsal transcript are evident, with molecular sizes of 2.4, 1.0, and 0.8 kb.
		Proposed model for the signaling pathway in the limulus innate immune response and transcriptional regulation of Factor C by LPS.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/278/49/49428 (6594 words)

	The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biology
		Although the functions of myoIII are not understood, we speculate that the modification of Limulus myoIII we see contributes to light-driven and clock-driven changes in the photoreceptor’s sensitivity to light.
		First discovered in the photoreceptors of Limulus and fruit flies, homologues of these myoIIIs have recently been identified in the photoreceptors of fish and in the retinas of humans.
		Limulus polyphemus (Chelicerata, Xiphosura): evidence for a conserved protocerebral architecture in Euarthropoda.
	www.whitney.ufl.edu /research_programs/battelle.htm (989 words)

	Environment:
		The horseshoe crab, or limulus polyphemus, has existed for 350 million years, at least 200 million of them as a living fossil that ceased to change before the appearance of dinosaurs, birds, mammals and even flowering plants.
		The program begins on Tuesday, December 4, with a roundtable discussion at 4:30 p.m., followed by an opening reception for "Limulus: Visions of the Living Fossil," an exhibition of sculptures and reliefs by artist Brian Nissen in The Graduate Center Media/Information Center.
		Among the dozen panelists will be biologist John Tanacredi, author of a new book on the subject, Limulus in the Limelight: A Species 350 Million Years in the Making and in Peril?; Graduate Center Distinguished Professor Mary Ann Caws, expert on surrealist art; Sylvia Earle, National Geographic Society Scientific Explorer; and Nissen.
	www.ashp.cuny.edu /nml/artsci/limuluspr.htm (722 words)

	Amazon.com: Limulus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Detection of bacterial endotoxins with the Limulus amebocyte test: Proceedings of an international conference held in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, September...
		Endogenous rhythms and entrainment cues of larval activity in the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus by G.S. Ehlinger and R.A. Tankersley (Oct 3, 2006)
		Abundance of adult horseshoe crabs (Limulus polylphemus) in Delaware Bay estimated from a bay-wide mark-recapture study.: An article from: Fishery Bulletin by David R. Smith, Michael J. Millard, and Sheila Eyler (Nov 13, 2006)
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Limulus&tag=icongroupinterna&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (409 words)

	Arch Intern Med -- Abstract: Detection of endotoxin in cerebrospinal and joint fluids by limulus assay, January 1, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Arch Intern Med -- Abstract: Detection of endotoxin in cerebrospinal and joint fluids by limulus assay, January 1, 1977, Tuazon et al.
		Detection of endotoxin in cerebrospinal and joint fluids by limulus assay
		the presence of endotoxin using the limulus assay.
	archinte.ama-assn.org /cgi/content/abstract/137/1/55 (95 words)

	Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Calcium Release Is Necessary for Generating the Entire Light Response of Limulus ...
		Adaptation in the ventral eye of Limulus is functionally independent of the photochemical cycle, membrane potential, and membrane resistance.
		Ca2+ is an obligatory intermediate in the excitation cascade of limulus photoreceptors.
		A role for hydrolysis of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in terminating the response to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and to a flash of light in Limulus ventral photoreceptors.
	www.jgp.org /cgi/content/full/121/5/441 (5016 words)

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