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Topic: Linceans

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	Linceans
		The Accademia dei Lincei (The Lincean Academy) was one of the earliest scientific academies.
		The Linceans produced an important collection of micrographs, or drawings made with the help of the newly invented microscope.
		After Cesi's death, the academy closed and the drawings were collected by Cassiano dal Pozzo, a Roman antiquarian, who sold them in 1763 to George III of the United Kingdom.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/li/Linceans.html (145 words)

	Rocky Road: Cesi and the Linceans
		While a number of Lincean works were published during the 17th century, however, many more of their supporting notes and illustrations were eventually scattered among private collections throughout Europe, many of them winding up in the Royal Collection at Windsor.
		The Linceans were divided on the issue of fossil origins, but examination of the fossil wood deposits caused Stelluti, who carried on with Cesi's research after his death, to conclude that fossil wood had formed inside the earth.
		But the Linceans lost many members in the unification of Italy in 1870, and in the 1930s, almost all of the Linceans succumbed to political pressure and declared allegiance to Italy's fascist regime.
	www.strangescience.net /lincean.htm (1047 words)

	Guardian Unlimited Books \| Review \| Review: The Eye of the Lynx by David Freedberg
		He was a member of the Academy of Linceans, named after the sharp-eyed lynx and Lyncaeus, "the keen-sighted pilot of the Argonauts".
		Initially Cesi and the Linceans toured the hilly countryside around the family's small castle in southern Umbria, gathering specimens that were then drawn by professional draftsmen; later they also included specimens from China and the Americas.
		Unfortunately the Linceans had made a "deep investment in the worth of appearance" by creating their extraordinary visual archive of nature.
	books.guardian.co.uk /review/story/0,12084,885721,00.html (871 words)

	DAVID FREEDBERG The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History.(Book Review) - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Galileo's smiling and slightly chilling affirmation that when it suited him he could, and did, have things done by others, is borne out by Freedberg's reconstruction of the activities of the Linceans from the establishment of their academy in 1603 through the publication of their Treasury of Medical Matters of New Spain in 1649-51.
		An index of the intellectual timidity, or political perspicacity, that distinguished them from the Linceans lies in the epic poem of Manso's protege and their sometime prince, Giambattista Marino, whose Adone of 1623 left the cratered Moon, telescope, and Galileo inconveniently stranded in a Ptolemaic universe.
		To resume, then: the not infrequent substitution of the microscope for the telescope, and a sense of an actual continuum between the two, is emblematic of the curious entanglement of the Linceans' endeavors in natural history with Galileo's discoveries.
	highbeam.com /library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1G1:114244258&... (3562 words)

	American Scientist Online - In Galileo's Orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In the first decades of the 17th century—so the old story goes—Galileo Galilei led a struggle to replace the sclerotic natural philosophy of the Middle Ages, entrenched in European universities and the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, with a new science based on mathematics and observation, not blind adherence to authority.
		Cesi and his fellow Linceans devoted countless hours to carefully observing and meticulously describing the plants, animals and minerals that they found on their journeys throughout Italy and the rest of Europe.
		By paying attention to visual detail and the variety of nature, the Linceans were continuing a 16th-century tradition, although they addressed problems their predecessors had neglected and used a new instrument.
	www.americanscientist.org /template/AssetDetail/assetid/18838 (1268 words)

	Amazon.ca: The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Where previous thinkers had classified objects based mainly on similarities of external appearance, the Linceans instead turned increasingly to sectioning, dissection, and observation of internal structures.
		They applied their new research techniques to an incredible variety of subjects, from the objects in the heavens studied by their most famous (and infamous) member Galileo Galilei--whom they supported at the most critical moments of his career--to the flora and fauna of Mexico, bees, fossils, and the reproduction of plants and fungi.
		But by demonstrating the inadequacy of surface structures for ordering the world, the Linceans unwittingly planted the seeds for the demise of their own favorite method--visual description-as a mode of scientific classification.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0226261476 (1063 words)

	Science Recent Picks
		Founded by Prince Federico Cesi in 1603, the Linceans took as their task nothing less than the documentation and classification of all of nature in pictorial form.
		In this first book-length study of the Linceans to appear in English, Freedberg focuses especially on their unprecedented use of drawings based on microscopic observation and other new techniques of visualization...
		Profusely illustrated and engagingly written, 'The Eye of the Lynx' uncovers a crucial episode in the development of visual representation and natural history.
	www.wcl.govt.nz /mylibrarycurrent/currentsci9.html (779 words)

	The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History home Mortgage and repair how to ...
		Based in Italy it was called the Academy of Linceans for Lynx-eyed.
		The mighty task of the Linceans is recounted for the first time in English in this wondrous book.
		For its time, one of the most outre ideas proposed by the Linceans was the microscope.
	www.buyhomerepairbooks.com /books/isbn0226261484.html (686 words)

	Association of American Publishers
		In The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History, Freedberg traces the history of a little-known scientific organization from seventeenth-century Italy, the Academy of Linceans (or Lynxes), which aimed at nothing less than the documentation and classification of all nature in pictorial form.
		The book is the first book-length study of the Linceans to appear in English, and it documents the unprecedented use of drawings based on microscopic observation and other new techniques of visualization, including sectioning, dissection and observation of internal structures.
		The book uses carefully selected illustration and engagingly written text to depict this crucial episode in the development of visual representation and natural history.
	www.publishers.org /press/releases.cfm?PressReleaseArticleID=124 (698 words)

	ezineitalyvol58 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		-century Italy called the Academy of Linceans (or Lynxes).
		Founded by Prince Federico Cesi in 1603, the Linceans took it upon themselves to document and classify all of nature in pictorial form.
		In this book, Freedburg concentrates on the unprecedented use of drawings based on microscopic observation as well as other new techniques of visualization.
	www.travelearn.com /ezineitalyvol58.htm (1609 words)

	The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History
		The author shines lights on the Linceans, a group founded by Prince Federico Cesi that dedicated itself to the pictorial classification of nature during the age of Galileo.
		Freedberg (art history, Columbia Univ.) tells the story of Federico Cesi (1585-1630), a Roman aristocrat who served as a major patron and supporter of Galileo and who founded in 1603 an early scientific academy, the Lincei.
	www.booksmatter.com /b0226261476.htm (243 words)

	Giornale Nuovo: A Paper Museum, and the Academy of Lynxes
		The Linceans’s observations were not only extended by the telescope, as in Galileo’s famous work, which was ably supported and tirelessly encouraged by his fellow Academicians, but also by the newly-invented compound microscope: Stelluti’s Melissographia is thought to have been the first printed illustration largely drawn from microscopic observation.
		The church’s hostile reaction to Galileo’s ideas has trained an historical spotlight upon it, which has left the Linceans’ other less revolutionary, but nevertheless important (and often pioneering) work in relative darkness, and Freedberg’s book is a valuable corrective in this regard.
		While Cesi’s conclusions were often muddled and wrong, he meanwhile made some brave and valuable breaks with Aristotelian tradition in the attempt…
	www.spamula.net /blog/2006/02/lincei.html (724 words)

	Strange Science: The Rocky Road to Modern Paleontology and Biology
		This Web site shows some of their mistakes, provides a timeline of events, gives biographies of a few of the people who have gotten us where we are today, and lists resources you can use to learn more.
		Cesi and the Linceans - July 20, 2006
		From Nature Illuminated published by The J. Paul Getty Museum
	www.strangescience.net (787 words)

	Eye Of The Lynx; University Of Chicago Press; Freedberg, David; Hardcover; World Retail Store - English Books
		Click on author name above for full title listing
		The discovery of hundreds of botanical and zoological drawings at Windsor Castle led to a trail that led across Europe to a little-known scientific organization from 17th century Italy called the academy of Linceans (or Lynxes).
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	www.worldretailstore.com /item/BE-0226261476.html (270 words)

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