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Topic: Lindow man

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Bog body

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Celts and human sacrifice

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Human sacrifice

Tollund Man

Bog

Java Man

List of famous archaeological discoveries

2 BC

	Featured Mummy: Lindow Man
		In the case of Lindow Man, the three blows to his skull, writes Ross, were "delivered with the sudden awful force of a thunderbolt, the mark of Taranis." Second, he was sacrificed to Esus when he was strangled and his throat cut.
		She believes that Lindow Man may even have chosen to die himself in order "to stave off the Roman threat." Whether or not Ross's speculations are correct, they provide an interesting theory.
		Lindow Man resides on the second floor of the British Museum (in London) in a fairly out-of-the-way location.
	www.mummytombs.com /mummylocator/featured/lindowman.htm (1612 words)

	Lindow man - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lindow Man is the name given to the body of a purposefully-killed Iron Age man, discovered in a bog near Manchester in 1984 by peat-cutters, a find known as a bog body.
		Lindow man is believed to have died sometime between 2 BC and 119, and is most notable for the manner in which he died.
		Lastly, a garrote, a knotted cord fitted tightly to the neck and twisted with a stick, was found embedded in his neck, used to simultaneously asphyixiate and break his neck.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Lindow_man (347 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Lindow man
		The Lindow Man is an example of a Celtic human sacrifice discovered in a bog[?] near Manchester in 1984 by peat-cutters, a find known as a bog body.
		Lindow man is most notable for the manner in which he died.
		Lastly, a garrote, a knotted cord fitted tightly to the neck and twisted with a stick, was found embedded in his neck, used to simultaneously asphyixiate and break his neck.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/li/Lindow_man (352 words)

	Lindow Man
		Lindow Man, or Lindow II, was the second body recovered from Lindow Moss (his predecessor--the head which helped induce Peter Reyn-Bardt's murder confession).
		Lindow Man, along with the other Lindow bodies, has succeeded in capturing the public's attention through several outstanding physical characteristics which raise implications about his death.
		He was probably a man of status, judging from evidence of neatly trimmed hair, beard and nails, as well as possible evidence of body paint (although this last item has been hotly debated).
	www.utexas.edu /courses/wilson/ant304/projects/projects97/dentep/boglindow.htm (374 words)

	AXE & OAK - excoboard.com
		LINDOW MAN, whose 2,000-year-old body was found in a peat bog in Cheshire, was the victim of a simple murder and not a ritual sacrifice, according to two academics.
		Lindow Man was found in 1984 when workers cutting peat to be used in gardens discovered a leg.
		Dr Hill maintains that Lindow Man was strangled: “There was a loop of sinew around his neck, tied with an unusual series of knots, which was extremely tight around his neck and left a well- defined mark on the front and sides of his throat.
	excoboard.com /exco/thread.php?forumid=3540&threadid=57030 (975 words)

	Lindow man (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lindow man is believed to have died sometime between 2 BC and 119, and is most notable for the manner in which he died.
		The book, The Life and Death of a Druid Prince, by Anne Ross and Don Robins (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1989, ISBN 0671741225), is an excellent document for the historical reasoning, and some archaeological reasoning, for the ideas of Lindow Man's social status, and suspected reasons for death.
		While not an exhaustive overview of the archaeological procedures used in the uncovering of the peat bog body, authors Anne Ross and Don Robins attempt to provide insights to the Celtic and Druidic worlds of Lindow Man's age.
	www.casimiro.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/l/li/lindow_man.html (367 words)

	The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map: Lindow Man 'was a simple murder victim'
		Lindow Man, whose 2,000-year-old body was found in a peat bog in Cheshire, was the victim of a simple murder and not a ritual sacrifice, according to two academics.
		Lindow Man was found in 1984 when workers cutting peat to be used in gardens discovered a leg.
		Dr Hill maintains that Lindow Man was strangled: “There was a loop of sinew around his neck, tied with an unusual series of knots, which was extremely tight around his neck and left a well- defined mark on the front and sides of his throat.
	www.megalithic.co.uk /article.php?sid=2146411507 (3835 words)

	Bogs in the Classroom
		In fact Lindow Man proved to be hard to date, since some type of contamination affected the body, but the surrounding peat dated to 300 BC i.e.
		Lindow Man (called "Pete Marsh" by the staff of the British Museum) was studied in detail by scientists from universities and hospitals all over England.
		Lindow Man was dropped into a shallow pool in the bog where he was discovered 2,000 years later.
	www.ipcc.ie /bichistorypr1.html (1540 words)

	BACK FROM THE BOG - New York Times
		On Aug. 1, 1984, a workman harvesting peat from Lindow Moss bog near Manchester in the English Midlands made a gruesome discovery: embedded in the sodden peat was the upper half of a slain man, fresh enough to interest the local police.
		Scientists soon determined, however, that Lindow Man's executioners were already far beyond the reach of the law; their victim had died some two millenniums ago, carbon analysis showed, and his flesh had been accidentally preserved by the oxygen-free acidic moisture of the peat.
		The authors argue that peculiar features of Lindow Man's death mark him as an extraordinarily important sacrificial victim, probably a high-ranking druid who volunteered himself or was chosen for death in a last-ditch effort to enlist three Celtic gods against the overwhelming Roman offensive of A.D. 60 aimed at crushing druid authority throughout England.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEED8163FF934A25755C0A966958260 (858 words)

	Lindow Man at the British Museum
		You can't visit the British Museum without going around the corner to the new display of Lindow Man as well.
		Previously, Lindow Man was exhibited in the middle of the lobby at the top of the second floor staircase--hardly an appropriate site for a 2,000-year-dead man.
		Lindow Man has been placed in a kind of corner, with dim lighting...unsuitable for photography unless you are using high-ASA film or a digital camera.
	www.mummytombs.com /museums/uk.london.british.lindow.htm (189 words)

	Real Wizards: Mysterious history
		Tollund Man was about 40; he was stripped naked and garrotted before his body was laid to rest in the bog.
		If Tollund Man was the victim of ergot poisoning ('ergotism') he would have suffered convulsions and hallucinations.
		Lindow Man had been struck on the head, strangled and had his throat cut, perhaps to drain the body of blood.
	www.channel4.com /science/microsites/R/real_wizards/mysterious.html (667 words)

	British Museum - Lindow Man
		The body of this man was discovered in August 1984 when workmen were cutting peat at Lindow Moss bog in north west England.
		They were known to have carried out human sacrifices and the man had consumed a drink containing some mistletoe pollen (said to be sacred to the Druids) and other ingredients shortly before his death.
		Lindow Man’s official name is Lindow II, since other human remains have also been found in Lindow Moss bog: two human skulls, known as Lindow I and ‘Worsley Man’, and a fragmented headless body, Lindow III.
	www.britishmuseum.org /explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_prb/l/lindow_man.aspx (467 words)

	VC2: Chemistry Mysteries: Lindow Man (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When the preliminary forensic report found that the skull was that of a European female between the ages of 30 and 50, the police arrested Peter Reyn-Bardt for murdering his wife some 20 years earlier.
		Today the Lindow Man rests in a display case in the British Museum in London.
		The Lindow Man's stomach contained sphagnum moss spores; crushed wheat, bran, and barley grains; and mistletoe pollen.
	www.chemistry.org /portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=vc2\2my\my2_man.html (1496 words)

	Clannada na Gadelica - Gaelic Traditionalist Resource Site
		While Lindow Man (actually Lindow II) has been the focus of most of the attention, excavations at Lindow Moss were conducted from 1983-1988 and have produced 4 separate finds, although some evidence suggests that only two individuals may be represented.
		An interesting side note is that its discovery led to the conviction of Peter Reyn Bardt for the murder of his wife, which he confessed to after hearing of the discovery and assuming the skull must be that of his wife whom he had buried in the vacinity of the bog after her murder.
		He suggests that Lindow man may have accidentally fallen into the bog, eventually someone would have discovered the body and tried to pull it out with a rope-the very rope that he felt was too weak to effectively hang the person.
	www.clannada.org /culture_burial.php (5532 words)

	The Tollund Man - More Bog Bodies
		Carbon-14 dating of the man indicates that the time of death was 840 +/-80 B.C., which means the middle/end of late Bronze age.
		It seems very brutal that the Tollund Man and Elling Woman were hanged, Grauballe Man had his throat cut, Borremose Man was strangled and Borremose Woman's face was shattered.
		The Tollund Man was laid down as if he were asleep, Elling Woman's hips and legs were wrapped in a cloak or a blanket made of cowhide.
	www.tollundman.dk /flere-moselig.asp (993 words)

	Archaeology - Magazine - Central - British Council - LearnEnglish
		About the Lindow man’s case the archaeological study did not reveal who he was.
		In fact archaeologists mentioned that the body of Lindow man did not decompose and they were able to look at the last food he ate in his stomach after being in the bog for two thousand years – a remarkable thing, isn't it!!
		In conclusion I think the Lindow man was killed in three different ways because it wasn't easy to kill him so they hit his head first and when he fainted they cut his throat with a knife and then tied him with rope to put him in the bog safely.
	www.britishcouncil.org /learnenglish-central-magazine-archaeology.htm (1555 words)

	NOVA \| The Perfect Corpse \| Bog Bodies of the Iron Age (non-Flash) \| PBS
		Only five yards from her body the corpse of a man lay buried, and some experts suggest that the two were punished for an adulterous affair.
		Grauballe Man was carefully excavated under the supervision of archeologist and bogbody specialist P. Glob, and has become one of the most X-rayed and analyzed corpses in the world.
		Before his throat was cut, Grauballe Man ate a soup laced with an hallucinogenic fungus perhaps intended to induce a trance-like state in a ritual that included his sacrifice.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/bog/iron-nf.html (1102 words)

	RN-DS Partnership - Practitioners in photocomparison, archaeological facial reconstruction and medical/medico-legal ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Once the body was proven to be ancient and not the result of a modern accident or murder, the body (preserved by the peat) was handed over to the British Museum for study.
		The study discovered that "Lindow Man" was between 1.68 and 1.73m in height (5'6" and 5'8"), and of sound health (although with minor arthritis in the lower back).
		Unlike many of the other reconstructions, Lindow Man still had much of the soft tissue remaining (albeit grossly distorted by the peat), so it was possible to incorporate these into the finished reconstruction as accurately as possible.
	www.rn-ds-partnership.com /reconstruction/lindow.html (215 words)

	New Statesman - Grateful dead
		Writing about Lindow Man, whose preserved remains were discovered in a bog near Manchester and placed on display in the British Museum, Restall Orr asks: "Why is this ancient Cheshire man in London?" That the question can be seriously asked is a measure of how far the politics of repatriation have permeated museum curators' concerns.
		Restall Orr doesn't claim to be able to demonstrate ancestry, and acknowledges that Lindow Man would probably find today's pagans as alien in culture as today's molecular biologists.
		And it's harder still to imagine what Lindow Man would make of the ritual welcome that Had plans to give his remains when they are "returned" on loan from London to Manchester Museum.
	www.newstatesman.com /200611060020 (511 words)

	Bodies of the Bogs: Violence in the Bogs
		Gallagh Man was found in 1821 by workmen in a bog near Castleblakeney, County Galway in Ireland.
		The body of the adult man was clothed in a deerskin cape which extended as far as the knees.
		Gallagh Man was dug up several times to be shown to visitors before being removed from the bog in 1829.
	www.archaeology.org /online/features/bog/violence3.html (489 words)

	British Society for the Turin Shroud - Issue #47
		When in 1983 three laboratories independently radiocarbon-dated the remains of Lindow Man, the early British sacrificial victim whose body was found in a peatbog at Lindow Moss, near Wilmslow, Cheshire, their datings were embarassingly at variance with each other.
		When the female skull first came to light during peat-cutting, the police were called in (as law requires), and their first reaction was to identify it as that of local woman Mrs.
		Reyn-Bardt's husband Peter (photo opposite, with his wife), had killed her and hidden her body, and the skull's discovery, close to where he and Malika had lived at Lindow Moss, was the first positive evidence of this.
	www.shroud.com /bsts4703.htm (790 words)

	Wilmslow - Lindow Moss & Around
		Lindow Man was found in a corner of the ancient Lindow peat bog that is Lindow Moss.
		As he was found in the Lindow peat bog he was named "Lindow Pete" or "Pete Marsh".
		These luxurious, French-milled bars contain actual Lindow Moss Peat particles." Having seen Lindow Man at the British Museum I can say the long-term effect of Lindow Moss peat is to turn your skin to leather, but I guess the boffins at Essence of Time know what they're doing.
	www.wilmslow.org.uk /wilmslow/warealindowmoss.html (542 words)

	The Bog People
		Tollund Man was immediately excavated and transported to a museum, where it was determined that he was 2000 years old.
		Only Tollund Man's head was conserved, and remains to this day on display at the Silkeborg Museum, six miles from his place of death.
		Boothwell, was one of the primary excavators of Lindow Man for the British Museum.
	www.mesh5.com /tension/febmarch/bog.htm (1006 words)

	Scotsman.com Living - People - Lindow Man
		Lindow Man's final meal consisted of coarse wheat and barley griddle bread and he had drunk peaty water.
		Taken individually, Lindow Man might be explained as the victim of a brutal murder.
		A well-preserved head, Lindow I, was found in May 1983 (and, bizarrely, led to the solving of a modern murder).
	living.scotsman.com /people.cfm?id=597832006 (748 words)

	A History of Human Sacrifice
		According to Diodorus Siculus, the Gauls 'kill a man by a knife-stab in the region above the midriff, and after his fall they foretell the future by the convulsions of his limbs and the pouring of his blood'.
		The best preserved of the three was a man who had been hit on the head with sufficient force to detach chips of his skull into his brain, and to crack a molar.
		When she went to her death the men began to strike with the sticks on the shields so that her cries could not be heard and the other slave-girls would not be frightened and seek to escape death with their masters...
	www.francesfarmersrevenge.com /stuff/archive/oldnews5/humansacrifice.htm (1884 words)

	The Official Graham Hancock Website: Forum
		‘Lindow Man’ as he soon became known, was discovered in 1984, one of three bodies to have been found on this site in the last 20 years.
		This man had been murdered in a horrific manner -- in what is known as a ‘triple death’ -- stunned with an axe, strangled with a garrotte, his jugular cut with a knife and finally submerged beneath the waters, naked save for a band of fox fur round one arm.
		After mummification the son of the dead man would approach the bandaged corpse and forcibly open its mouth with an iron instrument -- an act that was supposed to send his soul into the heavens where it would become ‘an Osiris’.
	www.grahamhancock.com /forum/grigsbyJohn_warriors.php (3021 words)

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