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	particle accelerator - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In linear accelerators the particle path is a straight line; in other machines, of which the cyclotron is the prototype, a magnetic field is used to bend the particles in a circular or spiral path.
		The early linear accelerators used high voltage to produce high-energy particles; a large static electric charge was built up, which produced an electric field along the length of an evacuated tube, and the particles acquired energy as they moved through the electric field.
		Linear accelerators, in which there is very little radiation loss, are the most powerful and efficient electron accelerators; the largest of these, the Stanford Univ. linear accelerator (SLAC), completed in 1957, is 2 mi (3.2 km) long and produces 20-GeV—in nuclear physics energies are commonly measured in millions (MeV) or billions (GeV) of electron-volts (eV)—electrons.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-partaccl.html (1419 words)

	How does a Particle Accelerator Work?
		A particle accelerator is a physics device which uses electric fields to accelerate charged particles to immense speeds, sometimes significant fractions of the speed of light.
		A particle accelerator is used to observe the behavior of small particles at high velocities and energies, as well as for more everyday purposes such as generating a specific sort of electromagnetic radiation.
		The cathode ray tube in your television is a low-energy particle accelerator, which fires photons in the visible light range at a glass plate, the screen.
	www.wisegeek.com /how-does-a-particle-accelerator-work.htm (474 words)

	PARTICLE ACCELERATORS
		Particle accelerators, in general, are composed of three main parts: a source of particles(usually some kind of cathode), a partial vaccuum in a copper tube(where the particles move), and a device to speed up the particles.
		In a linac(high energy linear particle accelerator), particles are moved as an electromagnetic wave and accelerated by a series of electromagnetic plates.
		The current of particles is perpendicular to the magnetic field and the consequential perpendicular force causes the particles to move in a circular path in a vacuum.
	www.unc.edu /~lxtine/how.html (439 words)

	Linear particle accelerator - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This sort of particle accelerator has many applications, from the generation of X-Rays in a hospital environment, to an injector into a higher energy synchrotron at a dedicated experimental particle physics laboratory.
		As the particle bunch passes through the tube it is unaffected (the tube acts as a Faraday cage), while the frequency of the driving signal and the spacing of the gaps between electrodes is designed so that the maximum voltage differential appears as the particle crosses the gap.
		Therefore, high energy accelerators such as SLAC, still the longest in the world, (in its various generations) are run in short pulses, limiting the average current output and forcing the experimental detectors to handle data coming in short bursts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Linear_particle_accelerator (1000 words)

	PARTICLE ACCELERATORS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Particle accelerators are devices that accelerate charged particles using electric and magnetic fields.
		Particle accelerators commonly bring to mind high energy machines, like those used in experimental physics(atom smashers), but also include everyday low energy particle accelerators found in a tv(cathode ray tube) and x-ray generators.
		The problem, however, is that the particle is moving in a circle and accelerating towards the center and a lot of energy is lost in synchotron radiation.
	www.unc.edu /~lxtine/whatis.html (235 words)

	Particle Accelerators -- Circular and Linear (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		As a particle travelling in a circle is always accelerating towards the centre of the circle, it continuously radiates.
		Consequently particle physicists are increasingly using heavier particles such as protons in their accelerators to get to higher energies.
		At present the highest energy accelerators are all circular colliders, but it is likely that limits have been reached in respect of compensating for synchrotron radiation losses, and the next generation will probably be linear accelerators five or ten miles long.
	www.edinformatics.com /inventions_inventors/particle_accelerator.htm (1667 words)

	ScienceDaily: Largest Machines On Earth: Particle Colliders
		Particle accelerator -- A particle accelerator is a device that uses electric and/or magnetic fields to propel electrically charged particles to high...
		Particle physics -- Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary constituents of matter and radiation, and the interactions between them.
		Neutrino -- The neutrino is an elementary particle.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/02/050223140133.htm (1802 words)

	Industrial Particle Accelerators \| RadTown USA \| US EPA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Particle accelerators are devices used to accelerate charged particles, usually electrons or protons, to increase their energy.
		Accelerators use a combination of electric and magnetic fields to move atomic particles at higher and higher speeds before crashing them into pre-selected targets of high Z material to produce x-rays that then hit the target.
		A particle accelerator, or “atom-smasher,” can speed up a particle to or near the speed of light before it collides with a target.
	www.epa.gov /radtown/accelerators.htm (702 words)

	Particle accelerator - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A particle accelerator is a device that uses electric fields to propel electrically charged particles to high speeds and magnetic fields to contain them.
		At present the highest energy accelerators are all circular colliders, but it is likely that limits have been reached in respect of compensating for synchrotron radiation losses for electron accelerators, and the next generation will probably be linear accelerators 10 times the current length.
		An example of such a next generation electron accelerator is the 40 km long International Linear Collider, due to be constructed between 2015-2020.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Particle_accelerator (2163 words)

	Karl Brown, pioneer of linear accelerators, dies at 76 : 09/02 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Karl Leslie Brown, professor emeritus of applied research at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and pioneer in the development of linear accelerators for cancer treatment, died of heart failure Aug. 29 at Stanford Hospital.
		In 1958, Brown was the first to use matrix algebra to calculate magnetic-optical aberrations in charged particle spectrometers, used by physicists for the precise analysis of nuclear and subnuclear structure.
		Though Brown was internationally renowned as an expert in beam optics for nuclear spectrometers and high-energy particle accelerators, his greatest satisfaction came from his contributions toward the development of small linear accelerators for radiation therapy.
	news-service.stanford.edu /news/september11/brownobit-911.html (949 words)

	United Nuclear - Linear Accelerator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Although the plans we sell are for a small, "table-top" Linear Accelerator, we've scaled them up and built a full-sized accelerator.
		Our Linear Accelerator Plans will be available for sale around the middle of December.
		At higher power levels, the accelerator is operated remotely from the main building.
	www.unitednuclear.com /fwa1.htm (249 words)

	Particle and Particle Astrophysics : Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
		Particle and Particle Astrophysics : Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
		Searching for answers to fundamental questions about the ultimate structure of matter and the forces between these fundamental particles, scientists use accelerators which speed electrons and anti-electrons to nearly the speed of light, and study their collisions and collisions from fixed target experiments.
		The Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology: Our Mission is to bridge theoretical and experimental physics communities, and bring their combined strengths to bear on some of the most challenging and fascinating problems in particle astrophysics and cosmology.
	home.slac.stanford.edu /ppap.html (218 words)

	Halfbakery: Accelerated Ion Engine
		The accelerator could theoretically be extremely long, but it gets to a point where very long accelerators would be so heavy (and thus expensive to launch from the Earth) that it would be more efficient to launch the mass as fuel instead.
		Instead of a linear accelerator or a synchrotron you might cogitate on a simple (well, relatively) cyclotron.
		Particle accelerators with energy beamed from the sun and converted to elecricity is the only way to go!
	www.halfbakery.com /lr/idea/Accelerated_20Ion_20Engine (1529 words)

	Google Sightseeing » Post Archive » Particle Accelerator Megapost
		The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in California is funded by the US Department of Energy but operated by Stanford University.
		The SLAC has a 3km long underground linear accelerator which is the longest linear accelerator in the world and claimed to be the world’s straightest object.
		That was a particle accelerator project that was cancelled in 1983 after $200 million had been spent on it.
	googlesightseeing.com /2006/05/17/particle-accelerator-megapost (1328 words)

	TRIUMF News Releases
		The TRIUMF national laboratory has achieved a new milestone by successfully commissioning a superconducting linear accelerator (linac) at its subatomic physics complex situated on the UBC campus in Vancouver.
		Particle accelerators are used to investigate many areas of science ranging from medical science to study of the evolution of the universe.
		TRIUMF has been a world leader in using these accelerators to produce some of the most exotic shortlived atoms in the universe in order to address a wide range of scientific questions, as well as to produce such radioisotopes for use in medical diagnostics worldwide.
	www.triumf.info /public/media/news.php?which=13 (512 words)

	New Developments
		This requires an energy stability that the original accelerator simply could not produce but that can be achieved with the newest generation of linear accelerators.
		The ion source that was used on our Van de Graaff particle accelerator, a Duoplasmatron, ionizes atoms from the gas phase and is suitable for experiments involving the irradiation of cells with protons, deuterons and alpha particles having linear energy transfers (LETs) from 10 to 200 keV/μm.
		Alpha particles emitted from this source are focused using a compound magnetic lens consisting of 24 permanent magnets arranged in two quadrupole triplets.
	www.raraf.org /new_developments.htm (3946 words)

	Straight Dope Staff Report: How does a particle accelerator work?
		The more particles you have in the beam, and the more tightly bundled the particles are, the better chance you have that you'll get a collision that produces exciting new particles.
		To get other types particles, you need to smash your accelerated protons or electrons into something else in order to produce other particles, then use some fancy particle selection techniques to separate the wheat from the chaff, as it were.
		These focusing magnets have specialized magnetic fields, such that if a particle is straying to the right, the magnet steers it a little to the left, but if the particle is straying to the left, it gets steered a little to the right.
	www.straightdope.com /mailbag/maccelerator.html (1382 words)

	Accelerator Form and Function : SLAC Virtual Visitor Center
		The higher the energy of the accelerated particles, the more closely we can probe the structure of matter.
		Particle accelerators come in two basic designs, linear (linac) and circular (synchrotron).
		As you might suspect, operating an accelerator as large as the linac at SLAC is a challenging task.
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /vvc/accelerator.html (204 words)

	Particle Accelerators
		The high-energy physics counterpart of the Hubble Space Telescope is the particle accelerator, which can be thought of as special microscopes for exploring the realm of the quantum.
		Modern accelerators use huge rings of superconducting magnets which accelerate charged particles to relativistic speeds (speeds close to the speed of light).
		The beams are then collided with target particles, which can be stationary sheets of lead or another particle beam which has been accelerated in the opposite direction.
	www.cosmiclight.com /ofquasarsandquanta/accelerators.htm (728 words)

	20 August 2004 - International Panel Recommends "Cold" Technology for Future Particle Accelerator
		Jonathan Dorfan, chair of the International Committee for Future Accelerators, of which the ILCSC is a subcommittee, expressed appreciation to the panel on behalf of ICFA members.
		Scientists from throughout the worldwide particle physics community have endorsed an electron-positron linear collider as the next high-energy particle accelerator.
		Scientists at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, in California, and at KEK Laboratory in Tsukuba, Japan, have led the effort to develop the warm technology.
	www.interactions.org /cms/?pid=1014290 (1253 words)

	Cold War Science -- Ernest Lawrence and the Cyclotron: AIP History Center Web Exhibit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Lab alumni were returning from their wartime postings, among them Luis Alvarez and Edwin McMillan with ideas for new accelerators, and the 184-inch magnet awaited conversion from a Manhattan Project calutron to a research cyclotron.
		Particles would thus fall out of step with the cyclotron’s accelerating fields, and could not reach higher energies.
		Lawrence had lobbied the AEC to support the construction of even bigger accelerators, convincing them the results would be worth the huge expense.
	www.aip.org /history/lawrence/cws.htm (1064 words)

	Bird’s Eye Tourist » Blog Archive » Linear Particle Accelerators
		The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) is a United States Department of Energy National Laboratory operated by Stanford University.
		The 3.2 kilometer (2.0 mile) long underground accelerator is the longest linear accelerator in the world, and is claimed to be “the world’s straightest object.
		MIT-Bates Linear Accelerator is a smaller accelerator in Middleton, MA.
	www.birdseyetourist.com /?p=1237 (205 words)

	[No title]
		It is accelerated at a rate of 10 m/s2.
		The acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2.
		The total energy of a particle is equal to the kinetic energy (energy due to motion) + potential energy (energy due to position) + rest energy (energy due to mass).
	www.deas.harvard.edu /gk12/modules/ParticleAccelerator_Wksht.doc (684 words)

	ACTS Toolkit Support Debuts on the Web
		The purpose of ACTS is to accelerate the adoption and use of advanced computing by DOE programs for their mission-critical problems.
		A snapshot of a 2D linear particle accelerator simulation, using a code based on the POOMA Framework.
		As particles move through the various elements of the beamline, they experience accelerations due to forces from the beamline elements and from particle electrostatic interactions.
	www.lbl.gov /Computing-Sciences/Archive/othernews8-27-98.html (684 words)

	ILC - News Archive
		The CSIC and Valencia University collaborate in defining the new particle accelerator (In Spanish)
		"Particle physicists in the US are excited about their involvement in the Large Hadron Collider, but Nigel Lockyer says they must ensure their future after 2010 once all the major US high-energy-physics accelerator programmes have ended..."
		Key accelerator conference comes to the UK "Over 1,000 scientists from around the world meet in Edinburgh this week to discuss the latest advances in particle accelerators.
	www.linearcollider.org /cms/?pid=1000299 (1733 words)

	Magnetic Optics - TANDAR Accelerator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Built in the late seventies, the 80 million dollar TANDAR is still the largest linear particle accelerator in all of the southern hemisphere.
		The main features of the system are a large acceptance angle, a large range of linear momenta and high resolution of the detector in both position and incidence angle.
		INVAP designed and constructed all the required hardware for particle detection as well as all the electronics needed to process the generated data.
	www.invap.net /der/equip/tandar_e.html (413 words)

	Stanford Neighbors: Visitors' Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The two-mile long accelerator is used to conduct research in elementary particle physics.
		Since its founding in 1962, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) has revolutionized our understanding of the universe.
		Tours of the laboratory generally include an overview of particle physics research conducted at SLAC, a view of the giant detectors required to observe subatomic particles and a stroll down the Klystron Gallery, the world's longest building.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/news/neighbors/visiting/slac.html (160 words)

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