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	Amazon.com: Lines of Torres Vedras 1809-11: Books: Ian Fletcher,Bill Younghusband
		By the evening of 9 October the British and Portuguese began to withdraw behind a line of defensive works that had been built to the north of Lisbon.
		This 30-mile-wide line utilised the area's natural defences, damming rivers, scarping hillsides, blocking roads and establishing forts upon almost all of the hills.
		Lines of Torres Vedras, Pero Negro, Light Division, Fort San Vicente, Royal Navy, Fort San Julian, Peninsular War, Royal Engineers, Journal of the Sieges, Neves Costa, Sobral de Monte Agraca, Duke of Wellington, River Tagus, Sir Richard Fletcher
	www.amazon.com /Lines-Torres-Vedras-1809-11-Fletcher/dp/1841765767 (471 words)

	Lines of Torres Vedras - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Lines of Torres Vedras were a line of forts in Portugal built in secrecy between November 1809 and September 1810 during the Peninsular War.
		Wellington ordered the building of the Lines of Torres, as a system of fortifications blockhouses, redoubts, ravelins, cuts of natural relief, etc. The work began in the Autumn of 1809 and the first line was finished one year later.
		The four lines of Torres Vedras had forts strategically placed in the top of hills, controlling the roads to Lisbon and using the natural obstacles of the land.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lines_of_Torres_Vedras (872 words)

	Napoleonic Books : The Lines of Torres Vedras 1809 - 1811 : Peninsular War : Ian Fletcher : Bill Younghusband : Osprey ...
		Torres Vedras, the extensive defensive line that helped save Portugal from being successfully invaded by the French, has won fame for its almost battle-less victory.
		The Lines of Torres Vedras is one of the Fortress series from Osprey and will satisfy those interested in general Peninsular War history, as well as those who like more meat to their reading.
		In addition The Lines of Torres Vedras includes maps showing where the fortifcations ran, where the troops were based, cutaway artwork of the fortifications and excellent plans of Napoleonic forts.
	www.napoleonguide.com /books_osp_torres.htm (371 words)

	Torres Vedras - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Torres Vedras is a city (cidade) and municipality (concelho) in the district of Lisbon, Portugal, about 50 km north of Lisbon.
		The town gave its name to the fortifications known as the Lines of Torres Vedras.
		The resident population in the city of Torres Vedras (20,099 inhabitants in the two urban clienteles) represents about 25% of the population of the concelho.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Torres_Vedras (235 words)

	Fortress - The Lines of Torres Vedras 1809–10 (Fortress 7)
		The tone and content of the letter clearly indicate the secrecy that surrounded the construction of the Lines, for although Jones was aware of Wellington’s intentions regarding the defence of Lisbon, he appears to have had little idea of the eventual extent of the Lines.
		The first line stretched from Alhandra on the Tagus, west to Sobral, to Torres Vedras and the mouth of the River Zizandre, whilst the more southerly extended again from Alhandra to Mafra and on to Ribamar on the Atlantic.
		There was a fourth line of defences on the southern bank of the Tagus, although this chain was comparatively short and was intended simply to prevent the French threatening Lisbon from the south.
	www.ospreyfortress.com /ft7_extract.htm (769 words)

	Lines of Torres Vedras : Portugal : Wellington's Defenses : The Napoleonic Guide :
		Built in secret by the British to protect Lisbon from land-based attack, the lines of Torres Vedras stretched from the Atlantic coast to the banks of the impassable Tagus River.
		That figure is not surprising in that the triple defensive lines consisted of more than 100 redoubts packed with almost 450 cannons.
		More than 25,000 troops, mainly militia, garrisoned the lines and signal stations on dominant mountain tops meant a message could be transmitted from one end of the positions to the other in under seven minutes.
	www.napoleonguide.com /torres.htm (137 words)

	Lines of Torres Vedras -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Anglo-Portuguese army was forced to retreat to The Lines after the (Click link for more info and facts about Battle of Buçaco) Battle of Buçaco.
		In 7 months, 108 forts and 151 redoubts were built, with ravelins, detached batteries, etc. The three lines were furnished with 1,067 pieces of (Large but transportable armament) artillery and provided with 68,665 men, one of the most efficient systems of field blockhouses in military history.
		A Signal System introduced by the British navy allowing a message to be sent around the lines in 7 minutes; or from the HQ to any point in 4 minutes.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/li/lines_of_torres_vedras.htm (454 words)

	TORRES VEDRAS - LoveToKnow Article on TORRES VEDRAS
		Torres Vedras is built on the left bank of the river Sizandro; it has a Moorish citadel and hot sulphur baths.
		Roman inscriptions and other remains have been found here, but the Latin name of the town, Tunes Veteres, is probably medieval.
		Here were the noted fortifications known as the " lines of Torres Vedras," constructed by Wellington in 1810 (see PENINSULAR WAR).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /T/TO/TORRES_VEDRAS.htm (133 words)

	Fortification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Star forts of the cannon era did not fare well against the effects of high explosive, and the intricate arrangements of bastions, flanking batteries and the carefully constructed lines of fire for the defending cannon could be rapidly disrupted by explosive shells.
		Worse the large open ditches surrounding forts of this type were an integral part of the defensive scheme, as was the covered way at the edge of the counter scarp.
		Wide enough to be an impassable barrier for attacking troops, but narrow enough to be a difficult target for enemy shellfire, the ditch was swept by fire from defensive blockhouses set in the ditch, and firing positions cut into the outer face of the ditch itself.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Forts (949 words)

	MEMORANDA RELATIVE TO THE LINES THROWN UP TO COVER LISBON IN 1810
		The subject is the famous 'Lines of Torres Vedras' the vast system of defensive earthworks and fortifications thrown up on Wellington's orders to guard the Lisbon peninsula as he retreated into Portugal before the pursuing French forces under Marshal Massena after the battle of Talavera in 1810.
		The lines performed their purpose beyond Wellington's wildest dreams - having denuded the country in fron of them of anything that could sustain the French, he withdrew behind the safety of the defences and waited.
		In retrospect the Lines of Torres Vedras are seen as not only a wonder of military engineering, but the watershed that turned the course of the whole Peninsula War.
	www.naval-military-press.com /catalogue/military-books/5946.htm (392 words)

	Articles - Lines of Torres Vedras (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 7 months, 108 forts and 151 redoubts were built, with ravelins, detached batteries, etc. The three lines were furnished with 1,067 pieces of artillery and provided with 68,665 men, one of the most efficient systems of field blockhouses in military history.
		2) Military roads to cover the rear of the lines and allowing an extraordinary mobility of forces; the field army had in September 1810 some 66,598 regular soldiers, with further OrdenanÃ§as and Milicias they were 77,690 men.
		A vast tract of land was deserted and perhaps 200,000 inhabitants of the neighboring districts of the lines were dislocated inside the lines.
	www.cateringa.com /articles/Lines_of_Torres_Vedras (847 words)

	BARROSA
		The system comprised mainly of three separate lines; the first, to the north, ran inland from the Atlantic to the town of Torres Vedras and then on to the Tagus.
		Coupled with the naturally rugged terrain the Lines of Torres Vedras were an almost impregnable system of fortifications behind which Wellington placed his army along with as much food as could be gathered in from the outlying countryside.
		The 1st Foot Guards, in the first line, were supported by the 3rd Foot Guards with Graham himself at their head, waving his hat in the air, cheering his men forward.
	www.ifbt.co.uk /barrosa.htm (1585 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: The Lines of Torres Vedras 1809-10 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Lines of Torres Vedras 1809-1811 begins with a short introduction and chronology, followed by short sections on the design and development of the lines, Wellington's method of defense, the forts, life in the lines, aftermath and the lines today.
		As Fletcher notes, the lines were not a continuous barrier but a series of forts with interlocking fields of fire, barriers and defenses in depth.
		As Fletcher describes, most of the forts of the lines of Torres Vedras were built of dirt earthworks, some with stone walls, on top of very advantageous terrain.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/1841765767 (1088 words)

	Fortress - The Lines of Torres Vedras 1809-10
		By the evening of 9 October the British and Portuguese began to withdraw behind a line of defensive works that had been built to the north of Lisbon.
		These were not the rudimentary field works that the French anticipated, but an enormous network of forts, batteries and redoubts whose construction had been started the previous November - the Lines of Torres Vedras.
		This 30-mile-wide line utilised the area's natural defences, damming rivers, scarping hillsides, blocking roads and establishing forts upon almost all of the hills.
	www.ospreyfortress.com /ft7.htm (125 words)

	PENINSULAR WAR - LoveToKnow Article on PENINSULAR WAR (Site not responding. Last check: )
		On the 2nd of August Junot, knowing of the approach of Moore with reinforcements, and afraid of a revolt in Lisbon, opened negotiations, which resulted in the Convention of Cintraf (Aug. 30, 1808), under which the French evacuated Portugal, on condition that they were sent with their artillery and arms to France.
		The celebrated Lines of Torres Vedras were defensive works designed to resist any army which Napoleon could send Lines of against them.
		The decisive movement was a passage in Passage strength near Fuenterrabia, to the astonishment of of the the enemy, who in view of the width of the river Bidassos, and the shifting sands, had thought the crossing October 7, impossible at that point.
	4.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PE/PENINSULAR_WAR.htm (10645 words)

	Lines2/97 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The 'Museu Municipal de Torres Vedras' has an excellent topographical model which shows the terrain as well as the positioning of the Lines.
		(By constructing the Lines, the Allies made, in effect, an enormous stronghold, bounded to the south and east by the Tejo, and to the west by the Atlantic.) After his defeat of Massena’s army at Buçaco (27 September, 1810, Wellington was able to withdraw to safety behind the fortifications.
		Of the 40,000 Portuguese troops on the Lines on the 29 October 1810, 772 were musicians or drummers.
	www.ihtorresvedras.com /Newsletter/Lines2_97/lines2_97.html (1735 words)

	The Civil War Defenses of Washington: Historic Resource Study (Chapter 4)
		Long lines of rifletrenches and military roads were located and constructed where the principles of defense or the convenience of communication required them, without regard to the cultivated fields or orchards through which they might pass.
		We have adopted the rule, which experience Showed to be satisfactory for the lines of Torres Vedras, in computing the garrison of the various works, viz: Two men per running yard of front covering line and one man per running yard of rear line, deducting spaces occupied by guns.
		The Lines of Torres Vedras were erected for a specific purpose –"to meet a foreseen contingency"–but the Washington lines were to protect a city against a possibility of incursion, siege or attack by unknown numbers of the enemy.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/civilwar/hrs1-4c.htm (3136 words)

	Torres Vedras real estate real estates Torres Vedras Torres Vedras Portugal
		Nestling on the south-western edge of Serra de Montejunto, Torres Vedras was a royal residence from the mid-13th to the early 16th century.
		Previously inhabited by Celts, Visigoths, Romans and the Moors, the town is best known for its light, refreshing wines and the Lines of Torres Vedras, a network of fortified defences built by the Duke of Wellington in 1809 to repel Napoleon's troops during the Peninsula War.
		At Varatojo, 4 km west of Torres Vedras, the old convent of Santo António is worth seeing for its Gothic cloister and sacristy lined with 17th-century azulejo glazed tiles.
	www.reesin.com /real_estate_torres_vedras_portugal.html (384 words)

	The Peninsular War 1808-1814
		The Battle of Vimeiro was the first occasion on which Napoleonic offensive tactics combining skirmishers, columns and supporting artillery fire failed against the British infantry line and Wellesley's defensive skills.
		The British-Portuguese lines held throughout the Battle of Talavera, finally compelling Joseph to abandon the battlefield.
		Despite being repulsed on 27th September 1810 in his attacks against Wellington's position on the ridge at Buçaco, Masséna was able to force Wellington to seek safety behind the Lines of Torres Vedras.
	www.peninsularwar.org /penwar_e.htm (1899 words)

	The Lines of Torres Vedras: The Cornerstone of Wellington's Strategy in the Peninsular War 1809-1812 - ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Aside from being by far the best book about the Lines, and their remarkable construction and success, this book's secret is that it also happens to cantain the best accounts available of both the sige and destruction of Almeida and the battle of Busaco.
		This work covers the period of the construction of the Lines of Torres Vedras and of the abortive French invasion which the Lines helped to defeat.
		The Lines were a series of redoubts which were designed to render the already difficult landscape north of Lisbon utterly impregnable.
	www.radiodirectory.com /ukstoreproducts1862272581.html (823 words)

	Classic Book Library - The Young Buglers by G.A. Henty : Chapter 13 : Page 1 of 27 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Very heavily did five months in the lines of Torres Vedras pass to the Norfolk Rangers.
		Massena, however, entrenched himself in a very strong position, and Wellington could no more attack him than he could attack the lines of Torres Vedras; so that both armies faced each other in inactivity until the beginning of March, when Massena broke up his camp and began to retreat.
		The Norfolk Rangers had been one of the regiments which had remained in their quarters on Torres Vedras throughout the winter, and great was the joy with which they received orders to strike their tents and push on in pursuit.
	classicbook.info /books/the-young-buglers/chapter-13-page-01.html (214 words)

	Lines of Torres Vedras (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Wellington ordered the building of the Lines of Torres Vedras, as a system of blockhouses, redoubts, ravelins, cuts of natural relief, etc. The work was supervised by Colonel Fletcher, assisted by Major John Jones, 11 British officers, 2 KGL officers and 4 Portuguese Army engineers.
		The French (under Marshall André Masséna) discovered upon their arrival at The Lines a barren land (under the Scorched Earth policy) and an enemy behind an impenetrable defensive position.
		Marshall Masséna began his campaign with his army (l'Armee de Portugal) at 65,000 strong.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/L/Lines-of-Torres-Vedras.htm (632 words)

	The Peninsular War \| The Lines of Torres Vedras
		From its commanding position outside the town of Torres Vedras it guarded the main road south from Leiria to Lisbon.
		Between November 1809 and September 1810, the Lines of Torres Vedras were crafted out of two successive ridges of hills by local labour working under the supervision of British engineers.
		"The Lines of Torres Vedras" by A. Norris and R. Bremner, published by the British Historical Society of Portugal 1980.
	www.peninsularwar.org /ltv.htm (422 words)

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