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	Lingua franca - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The origin of the term lingua franca is Italian (literally "Frankish language"), derived from the medieval Arab and Muslim use of "Franks" (ancient Germans) as a generic term for Europeans during the period of the Crusades.
		This mixed language (pidgin, creole) was used for communication throughout the medieval and early modern Middle East as a diplomatic language; the generic description "lingua franca" has since become common for any language used by speakers of different languages to communicate with one another.
		Lingua Franca meaning "Frankish language" was an early language, used in the Mediterranean area from the 14th century or earlier and still in use in the 20th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lingua_franca (643 words)

	AllRefer.com - lingua franca (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		lingua franca[ling´gwu frang´ku] Pronunciation Key, an auxiliary language, generally of a hybrid and partially developed nature, that is employed over an extensive area by people speaking different and mutually unintelligible tongues in order to communicate with one another.
		The original lingua franca was a tongue actually called Lingua Franca (or Sabir) that was employed for commerce in the Mediterranean area during the Middle Ages.
		The designation "Lingua Franca" [language of the Franks] came about because the Arabs in the medieval period used to refer to Western Europeans in general as "Franks." Occasionally the term lingua franca is applied to a fully established formal language; thus formerly it was said that French was the lingua franca of diplomacy.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/linguafr.html (299 words)

	A Glossary of Lingua Franca
		Apart from a few curious and tantalizing quotes of this kind, Lingua Franca seemed to be lost forever, since it died before the advent of the tape recorder or of anthropologists anxious to record a moribund form of human speech, however bizarre, and even laughable, it may have seemed.
		Latin was the official "correct" language, and the individual Romance languages were simply considered corrupt versions of Latin in common speech, just as standard Arabic is considered the "correct" language, and the dialect speaker must use it the minute he puts pen, or printer, to paper.
		And relative frequency of the four languages that are the ultimate source of the loans seems to follow the Archbishop's observation relative to Lingua Franca.
	www.uwm.edu /~corre/franca/edition2/lingua.2.html (5052 words)

	English in Switzerland
		As regards the language repertoires built up in the schools, where the languages are numbered according to the weight they are given, Switzerland has officially admitted English only as L3 (L4 in the Italian-speaking area), unofficially, however, English has now won the L2 position, at least among the young.
		During the eighties self-appointed language purist groups were writing letters-to-the-editor complaining about the increasing use of English inside Switzerland; they also published newsletters urging that the spread of English be stopped by measures of a kind similar to those that had been adopted in neighbouring France.
		In France the "purity" of the language is indeed an age-old concern.
	duermueller.tripod.com /ECH.html (3737 words)

	Analyzing and interpreting lingua franca conversations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Whereas speakers of intranational lingua francas have often acquired these as nativized second languages and use them in a variety of domains, most participiants in international lingua franca conversations need to be regarded as learners of a language they use for restricted purposes only.
		Lingua franca communication differs from other forms of intercultural communication such as native-/ non-native communication and communication via a professional or non-professional interpreter.
		Despite their being enormously different with regard to the participants' linguistic actions, they are both representative of lingua franca interactions and reveal the heterogeneity which both the analysis of and interpretation of lingua franca interactions have to cope with.
	www.linguistik-online.de /1_00/MEIERKOR.HTM (6001 words)

	Lingua Franca Nova
		Lingua Franca Nova is an International Auxiliary Language based on French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Catalan.
		These languages are themselves wide-spread and influential, plus have contributed the major part of English vocabulary.
		Lingua Franca Nova can be written either with the Latin alphabet or with the Cyrillic alphabet.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/lfn.htm (329 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spanish Language and Literature
		Spanish, a Romance language, that is, one of the modern spoken forms of Latin, is the speech of the larger part of the Iberian or most westerly peninsula of Europe.
		In the earliest period of Spanish geographical exploration the language was carried to the Canaries.
		A peculiarity of the language is the appearance of a number of so-called radical-changing verbs, which, regular as to their tense and personal endings, show a variation between ie and ue in the accented root syllable and e (upon occasion i) and o (upon occasion u) in that same syllable unaccented (siento, sentir, sintamos, etc.).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14192a.htm (9202 words)

	The English Language as Lingua Franca. Web Sites and Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Ambassadors urge UK to start teaching languages earlier The French and German ambassadors to Britain have urged the Government to start teaching foreign languages to five-year olds to rid the UK of its tag as the linguistic dunce of Europe.
		The word is foreign: English as Business Language and the Need vor Bilingual Stuff The number of people with English as a second language has overtaken the number who speak it as their native tongue, the government has announced.
		Not speaking their language Eastern European countries will be joining the European Union in three years - but Britain faces the prospect of no one being trained to speak to them, as specialist departments close.
	links-guide.ru /sprachen/anglistik/lingua-franca.html (557 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Guardian Weekly \| A stateless language that Europe must embrace
		The language policy in the European Union is both ineffective and hypocritical, and its ideas of linguistic equality and multilingualism are costly and cumbersome illusions.
		English is particularly suitable as Europe's lingua franca because of its functional flexibility and spread across the world, and because English is already "de-nativised" to a large extent: the global number of non-native speakers is now substantially larger than its native speakers (about 4:1).
		English as a lingua franca is nothing more than a useful tool: it is a "language for communication", a medium that is given substance with the different national, regional, local and individual cultural identities its speakers bring to it.
	www.guardian.co.uk /GWeekly/Story/0,3939,475288,00.html (1021 words)

	English - the universal language on the Internet?
		For a native speaker of a language, it is natural to use one's own dialect, and it is difficult to avoid this entirely; this emphasizes the importance of the above-mentioned problem of native speakers expressing themselves in international contexts.
		When written national languages originated, they were usually formed on the basis of the dialect of the capital or other important area, with the aim of creating a language which supports the creation of a unified nation.
		Moreover, being originally spoken languages, they lack sufficient tools for expressing things in an exact, unambiguous manner; and the need for such expression is immense and growing, especially in the areas of law and contracts, technology and technical descriptions, and science.
	www.cs.tut.fi /~jkorpela/lingua-franca.html (3963 words)

	Lingua Franca
		Indeed, it is because byte code serves as a lingua franca that stands between the compiler, and the sundry platforms on which Java is to run, that its write-once/run anywhere promise can be even contemplated.
		These days, English has assumed the role of the lingua franca in many parts of the world, and is the language of choice for discourse among scientists and aviators.
		Its role as a lingua franca, or second language of choice, is seen most often in francophone Africa, where it is the official national language of several former French colonies, while being the mother tongue of only a handful of inhabitants.
	www.laputan.org /lingua/lingua.html (6452 words)

	English as a Lingua Franca
		According to Richards et al (1996:214) ‘the term lingua franca originated in the Mediterranean region in the Middle Ages among crusaders and traders of different language backgrounds’.
		Holmes (1997:86) writes that ‘the term lingua franca describes a language serving as a regular means of communication between different linguistic groups in a multilingual speech community’.
		He normally uses English as a lingua franca in whichever country he is. He said that usually the accent of the person impedes communication and that sometimes he pretends he understands what the other person is saying.
	www3.telus.net /linguisticsissues/linguafranca.htm (3555 words)

	Lingua Franca Nova
		Lingua Franca Nova is an international auxiliary language created by Dr. C.
		The goal of the Lingua Franca Group is to establish a comunity of people speaking Lingua Franca Nova.
		Lingua Franca Nova es un IAL creava par C. George Boeree.
	www.geocities.com /europidgin/franca.html (171 words)

	LING1000: Lecture Outline - Feb. 16 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		XYZ is different from the standard language in the same way that a foreign language is different.
		So 'ASL is a language' is true in both sense 1 and sense 2, since it is not a variety of English (or of any spoken language).
		When a standard language is related to a non-standard variety, the educational system treats the non-standard one as a 'mere dialect' - ignoring its history and even its literature (Catalan in Spain).
	www.colorado.edu /ling/courses/CourseArchives/1000_sp98/preview/feb16.html (611 words)

	Tok Pisin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The only common language they had was the simplified English they had learned, so they used that to communicate with each other on the ships and later on the plantations.
		Today Tok Pisin is the lingua franca of the entire country of Papua New Guinea, known by an estimated three quarters of the country's four million inhabitants.
		Until recently, English was the official language of education in PNG, and used in all government schools (although Tok Pisin was widely used in community and church-run pre-schools and vocational schools).
	www.une.edu.au /langnet/tokpisin.htm (2057 words)

	forum INTERPRETATION - Lingua Franca online - Qualtity and language learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Adding new languages is the only way to ensure that the matrix system will survive the radial onslaught.
		As to language learning, the current budget is divided between the interpreters for the new booths (including those that will have to work in retour) and those of us, AICs and staff, who wish to add a new C language in particular from the « CEEC's ».
		Language learning is an extremely cost effective solution for the institution to the connundrum posed by multilingualism.
	www.europarl.eu.int /interp/online/lf99_one/v05_no4/page2.html (1736 words)

	Lingua Franca - A Selected Bibliography A Selected Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Lingua Franca in the Levant: Turkish Nautical Terms of Italian and Greek Origin.
		A Grammar of the International Language, Prepared by Alexander Gode and Hugh E. Blair of the Research Staff of the International Auxiliary Language Association.
		Awonusi, V.O. "Issues in Language Planning: AN Examination of the Continued Role of English as Nigeria's Lingua Franca".
	www.sw2.euv-frankfurt-o.de /Doktoranden/ling.franca.html (3689 words)

	The Worldliness of the English Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		To put it in deconstructionist terms, learning a foreign language is not erasing the self to become the other, nor is it pretending to be the other, or the opposite of the self, by some form of mimicry or imitation--neither strategy is psychologically or psycholinguistically possible.
		What enhances the language acquisition of multilingual learners is that, once they have acquired additional selves with each language learned, the acquisition of another language becomes merely the enrichment of identity by the addition of another linguistic persona, somewhat like an opera singer adding roles to his or her repertoire.
		Or, as Gillian Kay puts it, "When elements of a foreign culture and language are 'borrowed' into the culture and language of another, they become adapted to their new cultural and linguistic context" (68).
	www.mla.org /ADFL/bulletin/v31n1/311026.htm (5179 words)

	Education Policy Analysis Archives: Vol. 3 No. 10 Sayers "Language Choice & Global Learning Networks"
		The question of which language (or what mix of languages) to employ as the "coin of the realm" when teachers and students participate in computer-based global learning networks is too often answered, without hesitation or reflection, with a single alternative: English.
		With this language policy in place, the classes began their work on parallel learning projects in a way that encouraged the acquisition of a new language in both settings.
		Asynchronicity allows second language learners the extra time they need to elaborate and polish written texts --all the while based on "models" of native speakers of the target language-- constantly seeking (and relying heavily) upon assistance from their local language and cultural resources who may be teachers, peers, and community members (Sayers, 1986).
	olam.ed.asu.edu /epaa/v3n10.html (7710 words)

	Breaking News English: English – Official Lingua Franca? (December 10, 2004)
		French, on the other hand, once considered a lingua franca, will see its status as a world language continue to slide.
		Although English will escalate in popularity, English language teachers will likely be out of a job by 2050, when so many people will be able to speak English, that teaching it will become almost redundant.
		French, on the other hand, once considered a lingua franca, will see its status as a world language continue to __________.
	www.breakingnewsenglish.com /0412/10.futureOfEnglish.html (1497 words)

	A Glossary of Lingua Franca
		Note the original negative and the use of an uninflected infinitive where some kind of past tense would be needed in all "normal" languages.
		Some years ago, in reading a charming and once-popular book in Algerian Judeo-Arabic (colloquial local Arabic of the western variety, written in cursive Rabbinic Hebrew characters) I observed that there were numerous Romance loanwords, totally absent in standard Arabic, often flanked by Arabic inflexions.
		The current work represents a fulfilment of my intent declared there to publish Linguae Francae Relicta, a monograph, in which would be gathered together all the fragments I could find of Lingua Franca.
	www.uwm.edu /People/corre/franca/lingua.html (3823 words)

	lingua franca on Encyclopedia.com
		(lĬng´gwe frăng´ke), an auxiliary language, generally of a hybrid and partially developed nature, that is employed over an extensive area by people speaking different and mutually unintelligible tongues in order to communicate with one another.
		English to be Lingua Franca of French Pilots
		XML holds the key to B2B success predicts Butler Group Report; eXtensible Markup Language will become the lingua franca of business integration according to in-depth report from Butler Group.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/l1/linguafr.asp (421 words)

	Lingua Franca Language Consulting, LLC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Lingua Franca Language Consulting, LLC is a diverse highly specialized language consulting firm dedicated to accurate and timely translation and interpretation of Spanish/English and Italian.
		Our language specialists have a rock-solid foundation in linguistics and literature as well as a mastery of said languages.
		Lingua Franca indeed translates the language of the people and embodies professionalism and provides only the best service to all its esteemed and valued clients.
	www.lingua-franca.net (91 words)

	lingua franca
		lingua franca, an auxiliary language, generally of a hybrid and partially developed nature, that is employed over an extensive area by people speaking different and mutually unintelligible tongues in order to communicate with one another.
		The designation “Lingua Franca” [language of the Franks] came about because the Arabs in the medieval period used to refer to Western Europeans in general as “Franks.”; Occasionally the term
		is applied to a fully established formal language; thus formerly it was said that French was the lingua franca of diplomacy.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/society/A0829876.html (334 words)

	Lingua Franca : Specialized translations into the Greek language
		Lingua Franca : Specialized translations into the Greek language
		Our translators are greek native speakers with significant professional experience in the subject areas, owning graduate and postgraduate university degrees from American and European institutions.
		We provide highly competitive prices; rates depend on language and type of text.
	www.linguafranca.gr (101 words)

	Lingua Franca - 31/08/2002: Owning Language...
		And especially in the case of endangered languages, such as Maori and Basque.
		By the 1970s, the Euskera language, anchor of Basque culture, was, like Maori, in a perilous state.
		The commodification of radio spectrum might be off the economic agenda for the time being, but the market-forces advocates of the law and economics community are unlikely to draw a line between 1.8 gigaHertz and regard the battle as won.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/arts/ling/stories/s663292.htm (2104 words)

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