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Topic: Prescription linguistics

	Prescription and description - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In linguistics, prescription is the laying down or prescribing of normative rules for a language.
		Some prescriptive statements are phrased in the language of description: for instance, in many contexts "a man takes responsibility for his actions" would be understood as saying that a man ought to take responsibility for his actions.
		Lowth's grammar is the source of many of the prescriptive shibboleths that are studied in schools and was the first of a long line of usage commentators to judge the language in addition to describing it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prescriptivism (1360 words)

	Linguistics - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Historical linguistics, the study of languages whose historical relations are recognizable through similarities in vocabulary, word formation, and syntax.
		Sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, and linguistic anthropology are where the social sciences that consider societies as whole and linguistics interact.
		For linguistic research that uses the methods of corpus linguistics and computational linguistics, written language is often much more convenient for processing large amounts of linguistic data.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Linguistics (1481 words)

	Grammar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Prescriptive grammars are usually based on the prestige dialects of a speech community, and often specifically condemn certain constructions which are common only among lower socioeconomic groups, such as the use of "ain't" and double negatives in English.
		Though prescriptive grammars remain quite common in pedagogy and foreign language instruction, they have fallen out of favor in modern academic linguistics, as they represent only a limited subset of how people actually use a language.
		Teaching grammar is a combination of prescriptive and descriptive approaches with the aim of teaching a language to children and foreigners.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Grammar (859 words)

	Linguistics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Historical linguistics enjoys both a rich history (the study of linguistics grew out of historical linguistics) and a strong theoretical foundation for the study of language change.
		Applications of computational linguistics in machine translation, computer-assisted translation, and natural language processing are extremely fruitful areas of applied linguistics which have come to the forefront in recent years with increasing computing power.
		Sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, and linguistic anthropology are social sciences that consider the interactions between linguistics and society as a whole.
	www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Linguistics (1810 words)

	Prescription Insurance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Prescriptions are typically handwritten on preprinted prescription forms that are assembled into pads, or alternatively printed onto similar forms using a computer printer.
		Unique for each prescription is the name of the patient, date (some jurisdictions may place a time limit on the prescriptionhttp://www.med.rug.nl/pharma/who-cc/ggp/chapter9/page01.htm), the "recipe" of the medication and the directions for taking it.
		Those requiring regular prescriptions may make a saving by purchasing a ''pre-payment certificate'' which covers the cost of all prescriptions required for four months (at a cost of £33.40) or the year (at a cost of £91.80).
	www.wwwtln.com /finance/148/prescription-insurance.html (1394 words)

	Prescription - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A medical prescription is an order by a medical doctor to a pharmacist for a drug to be provided to the doctor's patient.
		A eyeglass prescription is an order by an ophthalmologist or an optometrist to an optician for eyeglasses.
		Under the civil law or civil code prescriptions are those periods during which rights and obligations are legally enforceable.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prescription (165 words)

	Semantics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Semantics is a subfield of linguistics that is traditionally defined as the study of meaning of (parts of) words, phrases, sentences, and texts.
		An area of study is the meaning of compounds, another is the study of relations between different linguistic expressions (homonymy, synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, paronyms, hypernymy, hyponymy, meronymy, metonymy, holonymy, exocentric, and).
		Many of the formal approaches to semantics applied in linguistics, mathematical logic, and computer science originated in techniques for the semantics of logic, most influentially being Alfred Tarski's ideas in model theory and his semantic theory of truth.
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Semantics (409 words)

	:.Indian Encyclopedia.: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		For example, a descriptive linguist (descriptivist) working in English would describe the word "ain't" neutrally, discussing its usage, distribution and history, but not judging it as good or bad, superior or inferior.
		When a form does not conform — as is often the case for "ain't" — the prescriptivist will condemn the form as a solecism or barbarism, prescribing that it not be used.
		The use of a purely descriptive approach in the study of linguistics is known as descriptive linguistics.
	www.indianencyclopedia.com /index.php?title=Prescription_and_description (991 words)

	Linguistics - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Linguists often divide the study of language into a number of separate areas, to be studied more or less independently.
		Most cognitive linguists, for example, would probably find the categories "semantics" and "pragmatics" to be arbitrary, and nearly all linguists would agree that the divisions overlap considerably.
		Linguists can be broadly divided into those that study language at a particular point in time (usually the present) and those that study how language changes through time, sometimes over centuries.
	openproxy.ath.cx /li/Linguistic.html (1159 words)

	Historical linguistics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Historical linguistics (also diachronic linguistics or comparative linguistics) is primarily the study of the ways in which languages change over time, by means of examining languages which are recognizably related through similarities such as vocabulary, word formation, and syntax, as well as the surviving records of ancient languages.
		The comparative method is used to distinguish true linguistic descent - that is, the passing of a language from parents to children, down through the generations - from accidental resemblance due to cultural contact.
		On the other hand, this linguistic "noise" may be reduced by comparing large amounts of words, which is exactly the point of mass lexical comparison.
	www.sevenhills.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Historical_linguistics (1210 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Theoretical vs applied: Theoretical (or general) linguistics is concerned with frameworks for describing individual languages and theories about universal aspects of language; applied linguistics applies these theories to other fields.
		Given these dichotomies, scholars who call themselves simply linguists or theoretical linguists, with no further qualification, tend to be concerned with autonomous, theoretical synchronic linguistics, which is acknowledged as the core of the discipline.
		A Preliminary Field Guide to Linguists, Part One: A humorous overview of the various branches of linguistics and their practitioners.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Linguistics (1852 words)

	HLW: Introduction: What Linguists Don't Do
		One reason for a linguistic standard is that people within a community (for example, a nation) will be better able to understand one another if they agree on a set of words and a set of rules for pronunciation, spelling, and grammar.
		However, as linguists often become closely involved with the people whose languages they study, they may become advocates for these groups when their languages or their well-being are threatened because of the language policies of governments.
		While linguists are not in the business of evaluating people's language, they can be of help by studying what appropriateness is, what makes an expression interpretable, and how the parts of a text relate to one another.
	www.iub.edu /~hlw/Introduction/prescription.html (2392 words)

	Lewis Glinert - Abstracts
		Linguistically, hedging of the side effect by 'may' and a range of modal and temporal adjectives, quantifiers and subtly modulated lexis and syntax creates a sense of indeterminacy, and a vagueness or ambivalence is frequently found in the warnings and instructions themselves.
		Abstract: British prescription medicines have recently been required by law to include information leaflets, supplied by industry, based on datasheets but intended to be comprehensible to laypeople, whom surveys have shown to be largely ignorant of side effects.
		Linguistically, hedging of the side effect by "may" and a range of modal and temporal adjectives, quantifiers, and subtly modulated lexis and syntax creates a sense of indeterminacy, and a vagueness or ambivalence is sometimes found in the warnings and instructions themselves.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~linguist/faculty/gl_abstracts.html (1432 words)

	Grammatical mood - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent.
		However, despite this, linguistics tends to be the only area in which such discrimination takes place — in foreign language courses, for example, non-temporal distinctions such as the conditional mood may be erroneously called 'tenses'.
		In Indo-European languages, it is not customary to speak of a negative mood, since in these languages negation is originally a grammatical particle that can be applied to a verb in any of these moods.
	www.newlenox.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Indicative_mood (1500 words)

	Prescription and description - One Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Lowth's grammar is the source of many of the prescriptive shibboleths that are studied in schools and was the first of a long line of usage commentators who judge the language in addition to describing it.
		Later the prescriptive lexicographer Henry Watson Fowler assessed new directions usage was taking in terms of historical usage and naturally extended true etymologies.
		During the nineteenth century, with the rise of popular journalism, the common usage of a tightly-knit educated and governing class was extended to a more widely literate public than before or since, through the usage of editors of newspapers and magazines, many of whom published guidebooks to the broadly agreed-upon version of correct English.
	www.onelang.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Prescription_and_description (937 words)

	Eyeglass Prescription -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		This article describes the optics of an ordinary eyeglass prescription, which is used to correct small refractive errors in the optical system of the eye.
		A eyeglass prescription is an order by an ophthalmologist to an optician for eyeglasses.
		Prescriptivity is a term used in meta-ethics to describe a feature of moral theories.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/50/eyeglass-prescription.html (492 words)

	[No title]
		Linguistically, this has to be refused for at least two reasons: (1) }{\i \hich\af0\dbch\af16\loch\f0 most of the language change does come from the spoken language}{\hich\af0\dbch\af16\loch\f0, a view strongly stressed by many including F. de Saussure.
		Being a linguist does not automatically qualify one to decide on language, as this is a common tool belonging to everyone, and not to a select small group of some only, deciding arbitraril \hich\af0\dbch\af16\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af16\loch\f0 what the majority should use.
		Since all living languages undergo development, which cannot be stopped, prescription is a highly art\hich\af0\dbch\af16\loch\f0 ificial and unacceptable thing for a linguist, as it seemingly eliminates variability.
	ucnk.ff.cuni.cz /doc/prescriptivism.rtf (2896 words)

	[No title]
		comparative method: languages presumed to be related are compared with one another, and linguists look for regular sound correspondences based on what is generally known about how languages can change, and use them to reconstruct the best hypothesis about the nature of the common ancestor language from which the attested languages are descended.
		The comparative method allows us to distinguish true linguistic descent (that is, the passing of a language from parents to children, down through the generations) from accidental resemblance due to cultural contact.
		For example, a significant percentage of the vocabulary of Persian (Farsi) is taken from Arabic, as a result of the Arab conquest of Iran in the 8th century and much subsequent cultural contact.
	en-cyclopedia.com /wiki/Historical_linguistics (1013 words)

	Syntax article - Syntax Linguistics Theoretical linguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The first meaning of the term syntax can be described as the study of the rules, or "patterned relations" that govern the way the words in a sentence come together.
		The analysis of programming language syntax usually entails the transformation of a linear sequence of tokens (a token is akin to an individual word or punctuation mark in a natural language) into a hierarchical syntax tree (abstract syntax trees are one convenient form of syntax tree).
		This process, called parsing, is in some respects analogous to syntactic analysis in linguistics; in fact, certain concepts, such as the Chomsky hierarchy and context-free grammars, are common to the study of syntax in both linguistics and computer science.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Syntax (477 words)

	Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Linguistic researchinquiry is pursued by a wide variety of specialists, who may not all be in harmonious agreement; as Russ Rymer/ flamboyantly puts it:
		Whereas theoretical linguistics is concerned with finding and descriptive linguisticsdescribing generalities both within particular languages and among all languages, applied linguistics/ takes the results of those findings and ''applies'' them to other areas.
		Most research currently performed under the name "linguistics" is purely ''descriptive''; the linguists seek to clarify the nature of language without passing value judgments or trying to chart future language directions.
	www.infothis.com /find/Linguistics (2037 words)

	Vicodin Without Prescription (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		In linguistics (the scientific study of language), prescription and description are often at odds breast feeding vicodin with each other.
		I vicodin without prescription think it is a false representation of the average female breast.
		The other two territories use a consensus government vicodin without prescription system with no parties, in which each member runs as an independent, and the premier is elected by and from the members.
	vicodin.beplaced.de /vicodin-without-prescription.html (729 words)

	spare.htm
		Linguistics I, II and III are taught by lectures, with associated reading assignments and tutorials.
		Outline: The course consolidates and extends the work of the first year in linguistics and comprises more advanced and detailed study of (i) phonetics and phonology, (ii) morphology and syntax, (iii) semantics and (iv) pragmatics and discourse analysis.
		Outline: The course consolidates and extends the work of the first year in linguistics and comprises more advanced and detailed study of (i) second language acquisition, (ii) historical linguistics, (ii) typology and universals and (iv) a research project.
	web.uct.ac.za /depts/ling/link5.htm (956 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Synchronic and diachronic – Synchronic study of a language is concerned with its form at a given moment; diachronic study covers the history of a language (group) and its structural changes over time.
		Theoretical and applied – Theoretical (or general) linguistics is concerned with frameworks for describing individual languages and theories about universal aspects of language; applied linguistics applies these theories to other fields.
		Contextual and independent – Contextual linguistics is concerned with how language fits into the world: its social function, how it is acquired, how it is produced and perceived.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Linguistics (1453 words)

	ERIC/CLL News Bulletin - March 1997
		Not only is standard English not standard in the sense of being invariant from place to place, situation to situation, and oral medium to written medium; it also is not standard in the sense of representing an ideal against which to judge other dialects.
		Taking on the linguistic trappings of another group, particularly a group that has been perceived as oppressive, can present a real social identity dilemma.
		Because vernacular and standard dialects of English share almost all of their linguistic resources, standard dialect instruction should pinpoint exactly where vernacular and standard structures differ.
	www.cal.org /ericcll/News/9703Dialect.html (1664 words)

	Etymology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Cuddle, eerie and greed come from Scots; honcho, sushi, and tsunami from Japanese; dim sum, gung ho, kowtow, kumquat, and typhoon from Cantonese Chinese; behemoth from Hebrew; steppe, taiga, sable, hamster and sputnik from Russian; and lagniappe from Quechua.
		The search for meaningful origins for familiar or strange words is far older than the modern understanding of linguistic evolution and the relationships of languages, with its roots no deeper than the 18th century.
		From Antiquity through the 17th century, from Pindar to Sir Thomas Browne, etymology has been a form of witty wordplay, in which the supposed origins of words were mythologized to satisfy contemporary requirements, much as myths were formed to explain archaic rituals that were no longer comprehensible.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Etymology (1044 words)

	Prescription (linguistics)
		Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English usage has dated somewhat but remains a classic guide to the usage by which educated speakers of English recognize one another, to the dismay of the "linguistically disadvantaged" (a euphemistic cliché).
		During the nineteenth century, with the rise of popular journalism, the common usage of a tightly-knit educated and governing class was extended to a more widely literate public than before or since, though the usage of editors of newspapers and magazines, many of whom published guidebooks to the broadly agreed-upon version of correct English.
		During the second half of the twentieth century, the prescriptionist tradition of usage commentator has fallen under increasing criticism, manifested by the faintly disapproving tone of this entry, but the prescriptive tradition is far from extinct.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/prescription__linguistics_ (890 words)

	[No title]
		Particular focus was on the linguistic 132 pieces of e-mail writing by ESL students in tasks that differed in terms of purpose, audience interaction, and task structure.
		The linguistic data analysis focused on bilingual skills, language register, discourse fillers, cit coordination between partners, error correction and generalizations made, thematic content, control and critical detachment, use of metalanguage, and accuracy of corrections.
		The linguistic purposes of this research were to focus on content, themes and topics, and to analyze the way the target language (English) was used in e-mail.
	www.wiu.edu /users/wat100/null/nullbib.htm (10379 words)

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