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Topic: Linguistic relativism

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	Wikinfo \| Relativism
		Relativism is the view that the meaning and value of human beliefs and behaviors is not absolute but dependent upon and can be understood and evaluated only in terms of, for example, their historical and cultural context.
		One advocate of relativism, Bernard Crick, a British political scientist, wrote "In Defense of Politics", arguing that moral conflict between people was inevitable, that it could only be resolved by ethics, and when that occurred in public the result was politics.
		An extremely common argument against relativism is an inherently contradictory (self-stultifying) notion: The statement "all is relative" is either a relative statement or an absolute one.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Relativism (373 words)

	Relativism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Normative relativism is a family of non-empirical normative or evaluative claims to the effect that modes of thought, standards of reasoning, or the like are only right or wrong, correct or incorrect, veridical or non-veridical, relative to a framework.
		Descriptive semantic relativism, as we will use the phrase, is the empirical claim that different groups, e.g., people living at different times or in different cultures, sometimes have different beliefs about the meaning of a word (where words are individuated independently of their meanings by such things as pronunciation or spelling).
		Relativism about truth boils down to relativism about belief, but rather different sets of issues are typically connected with central beliefs or principles, on the one hand, and issues about relative truth, on the other.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/relativism (18066 words)

	context1
		Linguistic communication depends, however, on the shared association between signal and signification among members of a given linguistic community; without shared meanings for words communication would be impossible.
		Saussurean linguistics favors a conceptual, psychological approach to language and has been criticized for concentrating on the workings of language in the mind, as opposed to the 'real,' 'material' world in which all social inter-actions entail forms of communication, meaning making and re-presentation.
		The turn from structural linguistics to semiology is, in some sense, an attempt to account for meaning and re-presentational practices not in abstract structures but in the cultural space where meaning is concretely being made and conveyed.
	www.lclark.edu /~soan/context1.htm (2188 words)

	Relativism
		Although relativism is typically thought of as a social view, we can also treat the individual as an independent variable; for example, many passages in Sartre suggest that moral values and principles are relative to individuals, i.e., [2.5]-to-[3.6.4].
		Although normative epistemic relativism has attracted numerous proponents, we will see that problems of self-refutation arise for the stronger versions of the view that are just as severe as the problems of self-refutation that beset the doctrine of relative truth.
		Several kinds of relativism about semantics or meaning are possible, but the one that bears most directly on other relativistic motifs is the claim that the denotations, or at least the meanings in some more general sense, of linguistic expressions are determined by their overall role in a language (or theory, or form of life).
	www.ou.edu /ouphil/faculty/chris/crittex/Rindex.html.prev (17878 words)

	Relativism > The Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Many linguists, including Noam Chomsky, contend that language in the sense we ordinary think of it, in the sense that people in Germany speak German, is a historical or social or political notion, rather than a scientific one.
		And although linguistic relativism is perhaps the most popular version of descriptive relativism, the conviction and passion of partisans on both sides of the issue far outrun the available evidence.
		The linguist Noam Chomsky has argued for almost half a century that human beings could only learn natural languages if they had a good deal of innate linguistic equipment to guide their way.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/relativism/supplement2.html (4011 words)

	Second Language Acquisition and the Truth(s) about Relativity, Steven L. Thorne
		Linguistic relativism, in its base form, is the notion that culture, mediated largely by language and communicative practices, affects the way humans think about and organize their world(s).
		Linguistic relativism is here expanded to encompass this notion: that language is the medium through which historical, discursive and cultural resonances lend to particular contexts their texture and working principles, for want of a better phrase.
		Slobin’s formulation of linguistic relativism is an elegant and demonstrable characterization of the interactional co-construction that will be specific not only to speakers of a language, but also to members of particular speech communities who share discourse strategies, allocation of turns at talk (latching versus interruptions for example), and the like.
	language.la.psu.edu /~thorne/SLArelativity2000.html (9538 words)

	CHAPTER FIVE
		The analysis of the linguistic nature of understanding is concerned with an ontological analysis of language as the ground of the dialectical relationship between the finitude of human experience and the infinitude of Being.
		Linguistic reality, or the universality of language, seems to be identical with the totality of all there is. Hence, the ineffable, what cannot be expressed, is excluded from the realm of language and of knowledge.548 Here Gadamer does not commit the mistake of identifying the limits of reality with the limits of language.
		A lie is a linguistic phenomenon which "presupposes the truth value of speaking," either in the case of intentional deceitfulness, or personal deceitfulness, in which a feeling for what is true and for the truth of any kind has been lost.
	www.crvp.org /book/Series02/IIA-11/chapter_five.htm (10157 words)

	Speak Into the Mirror
		Linguistics is a discipline without which the whole edifice of science would quickly sink into the mud.
		The first symptom of dissatisfaction with mechanistic linguistics in the late nineteenth century was a movement called "descriptivism." Mechanistic linguists, true to the empirical M.O., had focussed on individual elements of languages.
		Science, language, and linguistic relativity are the strange bedfellows whose tossing and turning pushed Boasian linguistics in a couple of different directions during the past fifty years.
	www.uwm.edu /~wash/MIRROR1.htm (7045 words)

	The LORD said, "If as o
		Although Bernstein never intended to imply that the working class children were linguistically deficient, his emphasis on their disadvantage at school lead his critics (e.g., Labov, 1975) to charge him for disgracing the language of the powerless.
		Functional relativism assumes that the particular form taken by the grammatical system of language is closely related to the social and personal needs that language is required to serve (Halliday, 1973, 1978).
		Functional relativism, although it assumes that the linguistic forms are the product of necessity, believes once the linguistic forms are systematized, they influence the thought patterns of the users.
	www.uwm.edu /People/tslim/chapter.htm (7154 words)

	Interactions Between Language and Non-Linguistic Perception
		For cognitive linguists, grammar is a mapping between form and function, and they argue that the functional pole of grammatical patterns is concerned with non-linguistic psychological processes such as visual scanning, figure-ground segregation, and imagery as well as with psychological dimensions such as color and depth.
		Different linguistic descriptions of the same scene may evoke quite different images: the noun phrase half watermelon is more likely than the noun watermelon to cause subjects to include seeds in a list of features [Wu, 1995].
		There has been relatively little systematic investigation of relativism [Lucy, 1996], so, despite some intriguing evidence in favor of an influence of language on perception and thought [Lucy, 1992], it is still premature to assume that such an influence is pervasive.
	www.cs.indiana.edu /pub/gasser/Playpen/TR1/tr/node12.html (1110 words)

	Linguistic relativism and colour cognition. - Journal, Magazine, Article, Periodical
		The relationship between these two sets of colour categories (linguistic and perceptual) is a matter of debate.
		The first tests of the linguistic relativity hypothesis (LRH) used the method of recognition memory and found that the more nameable or codeable the colour the easier it was to remember (Brown & Lenneberg, 1954; Lenneberg & Roberts, 1956; Stefflre, Vales, & Morely, 1966).
		The case for Relativism was strengthened by a further experiment that compared CP in the two groups (Expt 6a).
	goliath.ecnext.com /coms2/summary_0199-3495299_ITM (1683 words)

	Relativist fallacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There are at least two ways to interpret "the relativist fallacy": either as identical to relativism (generally), or as the ad hoc adoption of a relativist stance purely to defend a controversial position.
		On the one hand, those discussions of the relativist fallacy which make the fallacy out to be identical to relativism (e.g., linguistic relativism or cultural relativism) are themselves committing a commonly-identified fallacy of informal logic, namely, begging the question against an earnest, intelligent, logically-competent relativist.
		The accusation of having committed a fallacy might rest on either of two grounds: (1) the relativism on which the bogus defense rests is so simple and meritless that it straightforwardly contradicts the Law of Non-Contradiction; or (2) the defense (and thus the fallacy itself) is an example of ad hoc reasoning (which see).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Relativist_fallacy (586 words)

	Relativism
		Thus, relativism basically presents itself as a true doctrine, which means that it will logically exclude its opposites (absolutism or objectivism), but what it actually says is that no doctrines can logically exclude their opposites.
		Relativism applied to value -- that truths of right and wrong, good and evil, and the beautiful and the ugly, are relative -- is usually called moral relativism.
		Historicism always does that, and, for linguistic relativism, Wittgenstein actually provides us with a nice term for relative systems of value: "forms of life." The hard part is when we then ask if Hitler and Stalin simply had their own "forms of life," which were different from but not better or worse, than ours.
	www.friesian.com /relative.htm (4400 words)

	The Effects of Thought on Language
		However, there appears to be slight linguistic differences between the two samples to which they "conclude that the universal constraints on color perception may be modulated by small cultural influence, including language" (1998).
		The linguistic universals in this model are grounded within the form of language-specific rules, or the rules that govern a certain language.
		Though different linguistic cultures have specific language for certain ideas and concepts, the culture they are raised in most likely produce their differentiated ways of thinking.
	www.unc.edu /~jdumas/projects/languagethought.htm (1902 words)

	Emptybottle.org: Linguistic Relativism and Korean
		Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language that has become the medium of excpression for their society.
		the background linguistic system (in other words, the grammar) of each language is not merely a reproducing instrument for voicing ideas but rather is itself the shaper of ideas, the program and guide for the individual's mental stock in trade.
		While linguists pretend this idea is new, of course, media studies folks know that the issue was raised in the turn of the last century by Ong, decided in the 1970s by Harold Innis as used by Mcluhan and, later, pursued by everyone from Postman to Paglia.
	www.emptybottle.org /glass/2003/04/linguistic_relativism_and_korean.php (4729 words)

	The Linguistic Turn in Hermeneutic Philosophy. - Review - book review Criticism - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The author analyzes the linguistic turn in the German tradition of the philosophy of language to critique and extend Habermas's theory of communicative rationality.
		According to Lafont, the linguistic turn in the German tradition of the philosophy of language begins in the "Hamann-Herder-Humboldt" tradition, a tradition that emphasizes the "world-disclosing" function of language.
		A shared thesis of this tradition is that "linguistic expressions are held to determine, if not what there is, at least what there can be for a linguistic community-what such a community can say (i.e., believe) that there is" (xii); in other words, for writers in this tradition, meaning determines reference.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2220/is_3_42/ai_73356137 (804 words)

	Instructor Class Description
		Language and culture: linguistic relativism, ethnography of communication, sociolinguistics.
		These are the basic questions with which we will survey the work of linguists and linguistic anthropologists.
		Students may select from one of two project types: 1) analysis of a particular linguistic problem or issue or 2) detailed analysis of linguistic behavior which you observe/record.
	www.washington.edu /students/icd/S/ling/203jpine.html (532 words)

	Whorfian linguistic relativism and constructed languages
		In the course of the last few decades some linguists, the most eminent among them being Whorf, have argued that there is no universal human system of concepts.
		According to some linguists and philosophers the basic concepts of traditional philosophy are nothing but reflections of the grammatical categories of the Indo-European languages: thus the philosophical categories of substance and accident, for example, are hypostatizations of the grammatical categories of noun and adjective.
		If there were a one-to-one correspondence between meaning and form, then every change in linguistic form would imply a mutilation of the conceptual system, and the aim of a schematic constructed language, namely a simpler system of means of expression for the conceptual system of the European languages, would be impossible.
	donh.best.vwh.net /Languages/themaat.html (4035 words)

	The Hyperaware Consciousness » Linguistic Relativity
		The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is the combination of both linguistic determenism and linguistic relativism.
		Linguistic relativism says “distinction encoded in one language are unique to that language alone”; that perfect translation of concepts between languages is impossible.
		My hypothesis is linguistic relativism is incompatible with Plantinga’s position.
	www.dansmind.com /?p=72 (249 words)

	Relativism Supplements
		But other aspects, which are more directly relevant to relativism, depend on longer-term features of one's language and culture, as the figure with the alphanumeric characters shows.
		Later, in claims that bear directly on relativism, various social scientists argued that members of cultures with different quite color vocabularies would perceive colors differently.
		As we will see in our discussion of linguistic relativism, there appears to be some influence of this sort, but not a great deal.
	www.ou.edu /cas/ouphil/faculty/chris/crittex/Supplements.html (9813 words)

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