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Topic: Linnaean classification

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Linnaean taxonomy
		Linnaean taxonomy is a method of classifying living things originally devised by, and named for, Carl Linnaeus although it has changed considerably since his time.
		As an example, consider the Linnaean classification for modern humans: Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man or knowing man) under the family Hominidae (the great apes).
		The rules governing the nomenclature and classification of plants and fungi are contained in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, maintained by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Linnaean-taxonomy (3487 words)

	Linnaean taxonomy - Definition, explanation
		Linnaean taxonomy is a system of classification widely used in the biological sciences.
		These rules—or at least those governing the nomenclature and classification of plants and fungi—are contained in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, maintained by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy.
		After this, it became generally understood that classifications ought to reflect the phylogeny of organisms, where each taxon should originate from a single ancestral form.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/l/li/linnaean_taxonomy.php (739 words)

	Linnaean taxonomy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A strength of Linnaean taxonomy is that it can be used to develop a simple and practical system for organizing the different kinds of living organisms.
		The rules governing the nomenclature and classification of plants and fungi are contained in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, maintained by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy.
		It then became generally understood that classifications ought to reflect the phylogeny of organisms, by grouping each taxon so as to include the common ancestor of the group's members (and thus to avoid polyphyly).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy (1134 words)

	Cladistics - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Linnaean classification system employed with little modification for nearly two centuries is incapable of reflecting genealogy, in that it predated the elaboration of Darwinian evolution by nearly a hundred years.
		The Linnaean system, which we can refer to as the system whereby organisms were classified on the basis of general similarity or similar criteria, as opposed to their phylogenetic affinities, is an artifact of Platonic essentialism (Hull 1965, Wiley 1981, Mayr 1982, 2001, Carroll 1988, de Queiroz 1988, de Queiroz and Gauthier 1990, 1992, 1994).
		While few would contest the need for classification to reflect genealogy via use of monophyletic groupings, it is when cladistic methods are carried to their logical end result and a system of complete hierarchy is established that bitter debate erupts.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Cladistics (5532 words)

	The impracticality of reconciling the Linnean and the Cladistic systems
		Every monophyletic genus in a Linnaean classification must be descended from something (probably a species) in a different genus, which must be paraphyletic.
		Hennig's proposal to eliminate paraphyletic taxa was based on a failure to see the difference between the Linnaean hierarchy in which all taxa are nested in the next higher taxon, and a phylogenetic hierarchy which is not so nested, the lower levels of the hierarchy being not equivalent to the higher levels.
		Paraphyletic Linnaean generic and specific taxa can be useful in cladistics, but beyond that the two systems don't work together very well - many higher taxa have very different meanings in each.
	www.kheper.net /evolution/systematics/incompatable.html (432 words)

	Palaeos Systematics : Systematics
		Aristotle's classification of animals grouped together animals with similar characters into genera (used in a much broader sense than the current Linnean definition) and then distinguished the species within the genera.
		While Linneus founded taxonomy and classification, it was left to Charles Darwin in the 19th century to introduce the theory of evolution and hence make possible phylogenetic reconstruction; that is, the evolutionary relationships and history of the various groups of organisms through geological time (millions of years).
		Systematic classifications are supposed to convey phylogenetic information according to ancestry and descent, as well as being names for organisms or groups of organisms.
	www.palaeos.com /Systematics/default.htm (1234 words)

	Lesson: evolution mini-lesson: PRIMATE CLASSIFICATION
		The groups-within-groups hierarchical pattern of Linnaean classification is a result of both extinction and branching from common descent.
		Classification of organisms is based on evolutionary relationships.
		NEW TAXONOMY: This classification of primates is based on accumulated studies in genetics and molecular biology all pointing to the need to revise the previous classification scheme (formerly used for this lesson).
	www.indiana.edu /~ensiweb/lessons/primclas.html (996 words)

	Classification :: Microbiology and Bacteriology :: The world of microbes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The intended use of a classification is an integral part of deciding what properties it should be based upon.
		Here are some other classifications that you have encountered: the Library of Congress book classifications (organized by subject); the fiction section in a library (usually organized by the author's last name); and a food store (organized primarily by storage temperature).
		An early biological classification is implicit in the ancient Greeks' definition of the three kingdoms: animal, vegetable and mineral.
	www.bact.wisc.edu /microtextbook/ClassAndPhylo/classify.html (787 words)

	Scientific classification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Advances in classification due to the work of entomologists and the first microscopists is due to the research of people like Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694), Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680), and Robert Hooke (1635–1702).
		He was the first to abolish the ancient division of plants into herbs and trees and insisted that the true method of division should be based on the parts of the fructification alone.
		The usual classifications of five species follow: the fruit fly so familiar in genetics laboratories (Drosophila melanogaster), humans (Homo sapiens), the peas used by Gregor Mendel in his discovery of genetics (Pisum sativum), the "fly agaric" mushroom Amanita muscaria, and the bacterium Escherichia coli.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Linnaean_classification (2135 words)

	Lecture: Life Classification, Dr. Rodrigue
		The Linnaean binomial nomenclature is the best-known genetic classification in the life sciences.
		At the species level, the Linnaean system designates a group of creatures so similar to one another, so closely related, that they reproduce with one another to make offspring that can survive and compete long enough to reproduce successfully in their turn.
		Every other taxon (level in the Linnaean hierarchy) is kind of subjective, depending a lot on the judgment of taxonomists who specialize in one group or another of organisms.
	www.csulb.edu /~rodrigue/geog140/lectures/linnaean.html (2077 words)

	Biological Nomenclature - Brummitt: Happy with the Present Code
		A classification according to phylogeny is possible but is incompatible with the Linnaean system and would have a different structure without orders, families, genera etc. If such a system is considered desirable, it cannot replace the Linnaean system but should be parallel with it.
		But whereas the Linnaean classification would be based on observable facts, a purely phylogenetic classification would be usually based largely on unverifiable suppositions.
		Meanwhile attempts to compromise between two incompatible systems and make a Linnaean classification without paraphyletic taxa are increasingly disrupting existing taxonomy and nomenclature, but are based on a logical impossibility and are doomed to failure.
	www.life.umd.edu /emeritus/reveal/PBIO/nomcl/brum.html (2257 words)

	Classification in Victorian Botany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Yet the apparently straightforward process of naming flowers was a source of bitter disputes that preoccupied much of the botanical community during the 1840s and 50s particularly.
		These centred on the Linnaean or sexual system of classification, which, despite claims to the contrary, remained in use in Britain well into the second half of the century.
		However, those attacking the Linnaean classification were divided over what should replace it: the most widely used of its rivals was known as the natural system, founded by Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 and developed by Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle and others, but only slowly taken up in Britain.
	www.victorianweb.org /victorian/science/botany/4.html (272 words)

	Carl Linnaeus
		His ideas on classification have influenced generations of biologists during and after his own lifetime, even those opposed to the philosophical and theological roots of his work.
		The search for a "natural system" of classification is still going on -- except that what systematists try to discover and use as the basis of classification is now the evolutionary relationships of taxa.
		Founded a few years after Linnaeus's death, the Linnaean Society of London is still going strong as an international society for the study of natural history.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /history/linnaeus.html (2236 words)

	9(b) Biological Classification of Organisms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In his system of classification, the finest unit in the organization of life is the species.
		However, modern classification systems are much more complicated having many levels of hierarchical organization.
		Modern classifications of organisms are standardized in a hierarchical system that go from general to specific.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/9b.html (281 words)

	Using trees for classification
		Biologists are taking advantage of this by using a system of phylogenetic classification, which conveys the same sort of information that is conveyed by trees.
		Linnaean classification "ranks" groups of organisms artificially into kingdoms, phyla, orders, etc. This can be misleading as it seems to suggest that different groupings with the same rank are equivalent.
		For example, the cats (Felidae) and the orchids (Orchidaceae) are both family level groups in Linnaean classification.
	evolution.berkeley.edu /evolibrary/article/phylogenetics_04 (510 words)

	Marc Ereshefsky's Academic Home Page
		The Poverty of the Linnaean Hierarchy: A Philosophical Study of Biological Taxonomy.
		"The Evolution of the Linnaean Hierarchy," Biology and Philosophy (1997), 12, pp.
		“Linnaean Hierarchy: Vestiges of a Bygone Era,” Philosophy of Science (2002) 69, pp.
	www.ucalgary.ca /%7Eereshefs (445 words)

	Sample Discussion - The Link Between Dinosaurs and Birds: Evolution and Classification \| Seminars on Science
		Both cladistics and the traditional Linnaean classification method rely on characteristics to classify organisms.
		The classification of living and extinct taxa however, provides important information on evolutionary relationships and the history of life.
		Linnaean classification can be useful on some levels, because it tends to be simpler to understand for the layperson.
	learn.amnh.org /courses/dinosaurs_discussion.php (1491 words)

	Taxonomy,
		An example of a classification system produced by a traditional taxonomist can be seen in the work of Cronquist (1988) whose classification of flowering plants is given in Appendix 1.
		The unique 4+2 arrangement of stamens in the mustard family is another example of a synapomorphy; this derived characteristic occurred in the ancestor of all the mustards and is shared by, and only by, members of that family.
		Further, in several recent articles (e.g., Brummitt 1997; Sosef 1997) the argument has been made that in a hierarchical system of classification such as that used by plant taxonomists, paraphyletic taxa are inevitable and that a completely cladistic system of classification would be impractical to the point of being nonsensical.
	artemis.austincollege.edu /acad/bio/gdiggs/taxonomy.html (3476 words)

	The Poverty of the Linnaean Hierarchy - Cambridge University Press
		He traces the evolution of the Linnaean hierarchy from its introduction to the present.
		Accessible to a wide range of readers by providing introductory chapters to the philosophy of classification and the taxonomy of biology, the book will interest both scholars and students of biology and the philosophy of science.
		‘Linnaean classification is pre-Darwinian, yet evolutionary biologists continue to use it to describe life’s diversity.
	www.cambridge.org /0521781701 (415 words)

	Sequence Relationships and Taxonomy
		The classification of plant viruses has traditionally been a conservative field of endeavour, with plant virologists resolutely resisting the introduction of Latinate nomenclature and Linnaean classification schemes.
		These may productively be used for re-classification of certain of the viruses, and as confirmation of the classification of several others: for example, closely-clustered viruses could be regarded as strains, and distinct clusters as groups of strains of different viruses.
		A convenient rule of thumb with the simpler viruses appears to be that coat protein gene sequences vary the most, followed by certain of the non-structural proteins such as movement proteins, followed by proteins associated with the replication machinery).
	www.mcb.uct.ac.za /tutorial/virustax.html (1405 words)

	Paleontology in Museums
		His system of classification (the Linnaean System), which is still in use today, has to be regarded as the beginning of morphologic descriptions and their systematic management.
		For the first time, the Linnaean System enabled collected materials to be the basis for ordering human knowledge of rocks, fossils, plants and animals.
		Since then, unknown life-forms have to be described in accordance with the Linnaean classification system, and must be compared with related taxa in other collections to make sure that a new name is justified, or to avoid errors, or even chaos in nomenclature.
	www.nhm.ac.uk /hosted_sites/paleonet/paleo21/museums.html (2427 words)

	Classification and Phylogeny
		Ideally, we wish to base our classification on the relationships of the organisms, that is, on their genealogy or phylogeny.
		In general, when similarities due to common ancestry are easy to recognize and measure, a classification of the organisms tends to approximate a natural system.
		Consequently, the resulting classification of bacteria (excluding cyanobacteria, which were classified with the eukaryotic algae) was codified in a volume called Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.
	www.bact.wisc.edu /Bact303/Phylogeny (6575 words)

	John Hawks Anthropology Weblog : PhyloCode and human evolution
		This leads to the second major problem of the Linnaean system, the problem that the names of groups themselves are formulated in a way that cannot be divorced from their taxonomic level.
		I think this is unfortunate, since the opportunity was there to establish a classification that would be at the same time unambiguous and maximally consistent with historic use of the term "hominid." To do so, a different term for the great ape and human clade would have to be invented or drawn from the literature.
		The classification of the hominoids has for the past few decades been characterized by a pressure to place the human lineage at a lower and lower taxonomic rank.
	johnhawks.net /weblog/topics/phylogeny/phylocode_2005.html (4559 words)

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