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Topic: Linnaeus taxonomy

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	Carl Linnaeus
		Linnaeus went to the Netherlands in 1735, promptly finished his medical degree at the University of Harderwijk, and then enrolled in the University of Leiden for further studies.
		Linnaeus continued to revise his Systema Naturae, which grew from a slim pamphlet to a multivolume work, as his concepts were modified and as more and more plant and animal specimens were sent to him from every corner of the globe.
		Although Linnaeus was not the first to use binomials, he was the first to use them consistently, and for this reason, Latin names that naturalists used before Linnaeus are not usually considered valid under the rules of nomenclature.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /history/linnaeus.html (2236 words)

	Taxonomy: What's in a Name?
		Nineteen of Linnaeus' own students from the University of Uppsala went on exploration voyages: Daniel Solander traveled with James Cook collecting plants from Australia and the South Pacific, Anders Sparrman went on Cook's second voyage, and Pehr Kalm brought back plants from the American colonies.
		Linnaeus himself discovered over one hundred new species of plants during his expedition to Lapland in 1732 including the rare species Campanula serpyllifolia.
		It was later renamed Linnaea borealis by Gronovius, in honor of Linneaus' contribution to the fledging science of taxonomy: the system of identifying, naming, and classifying all living organisms.
	susdl.fcla.edu /lfnh/currmat/Taxonomy.html (1341 words)

	linnaeus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Linnaeus clearly believed that his binomial nomenclature was merely revealing the details of an unalterable and divine plan, but the relationships pointed to by his classifications contributed to eventual understanding of the morphological
		Linnaeus was the first to describe human beings as Homo sapiens (man+wise), and although he criticized any idea that suggested "evolution," he did argue that humans and chimpanzees shared a genus: Homo troglodytes (man+cave dweller).
		The influence of Linnaeus was fostered by the number and influence of the students he sent around the globe.
	users.dickinson.edu /~nicholsa/Romnat/linnaeus.htm (400 words)

	Linnaeus and Taxonomy
		Carl Linnaeus was born on May 23, 1707, to Nils Ingemarsson Linnaeus, a Lutheran minister and avid gardener.
		Linnaeus lived during a period of plant exploration, when new plants from South America, southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East were all coming to the attention of European scientists.
		Linnaeus standardized plant naming by means of a Latin binomial system, in which the first name represented genus, and the second, species.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Sciences/BotanicalSciences/AboutBotany/PlantTaxonomy/LinnaeusTaxonomy/LinnaeusTaxonomy.htm (332 words)

	Introduction to Plant Taxonomy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Taxonomy is the method by which scientists, conservationists, and naturalists classify and organize the vast diversity of living things on this planet in an effort to understand the evolutionary relationships between them.
		As well, Linnaeus spent a great deal of time describing and naming new plant specimens that were sent to him from around the world by other botanists, including from the newly explored regions of the New World.
		Linnaeus classified this multitude of new plant species based upon their reproductive structures, a method which is still largely in use today.
	www.geog.ubc.ca /~brian/florae/IntroductiontoPlantTaxonomy.html (1764 words)

	The Sciences Explorer - Taxonomy Table
		Taxonomy, also called systematics, is the study of the classification of all living organisms.
		The current method of taxonomy was started by Carlous Linnaeus which features organisms arranged into groups within groups within groups, on and on until an organism is defined within it's own species or individual group.
		Linnaeus agreed with scientists that his work was somewhat crude, but it's purpose and general concepts were continually applied.
	library.thinkquest.org /11771/english/hi/biology/taxonomy.shtml (887 words)

	Carolus Linnaeus
		However, Linnaeus's plant taxonomy was based solely on the number and arrangement of the reproductive organs; a plant's class was determined by its stamens (male organs), and its order by its pistils (female organs).
		Although Linnaeus was not the first to use binomials, he was the first to use them consistently, and for this reason, names that naturalists used before Linnaeus are not usually considered valid under the rules of nomenclature.
		Yet to Linnaeus, the process of generating new species was not open-ended; whatever new species might have arisen from the primae speciei, the original species in the Garden of Eden, were still part of God's plan for creation, for they had always potentially been present.
	users.skynet.be /spinnen/OldBooks/Linnaeus/linnaeus.html (1602 words)

	[No title]
		Taxonomy is a branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life.
		Carolus Linnaeus, the Father of Taxonomy, was a botanist and naturalist from Sweden.
		Linnaeus is also accredited with devising a two-part naming system of all living organisms, this system is known as Binomial Nomenclature, and is made up of an organism’s genus and species.
	www.iobis.org /edu/taxotwist (2026 words)

	Creation Explanation 7b
		Taxonomy is the systematic classification of organisms according to the sum of their similarities and differences.
		Linnaeus himself, who originally believed in fixity of all species, later in his career concluded that speciation had occurred since the original creation.
		A second conclusion from taxonomy is that the generally unambiguous classification of all plants and animals into the higher categories, and the demonstrated impossibility of transition from one to another agree with the view that the original created kinds are forever separate.
	www.parentcompany.com /creation_explanation/cx7b.htm (700 words)

	Organization Man
		Linnaeus' genius was to apply the social hierarchy of his day, with its kingdoms, provinces, parishes and villages, to the natural world.
		Today's young Turks of taxonomy want to abolish the strict ranked hierarchy of family, order, class, etc. In its place they advocate "clades," groupings that are based on genetic relationships and can be expanded, contracted or redefined as new kinships are discovered.
		Linnaeus struggled to find universally applicable characters by which to categorize the myriad manifestations of life.
	www.smithsonianmagazine.com /issues/2007/may/tribute-linnaeus.php (834 words)

	The Troglodytidae and the Hominidae in the Taxonomy and Evolution of Higher Primates
		The term was introduced by Linnaeus in the 18th century, 100 years before the Darwin theory and systematic studies of hominid fossils.
		As for his estimate of the number of generations, he didn't mean that the whole of the Lowe Paleolithic lasted 1,000 generations, but only that it took about 1,000 generations for stone tools to change slightly in the Lower Paleolithic and 200 generations for slight changes in the Middle Paleolithic.
		It was precisely the development of such ideas on the issue that led Porshnev to the taxonomy described in the article under discussion, which can be helpful both for the mounting and conduct of the search.
	www.rfthomas.clara.net /papers/porshnev.html (7338 words)

	The ABC's of Animal Taxonomy
		The undisputed father of taxonomy was the Swedish botanist Karl von Linné (1707-1778).
		Linnaeus created the system of scientific nomenclature still in use today, wherein every species is given two Latin names, a genus, or group name, and the species name.
		Due to the sheer number of clades (all of which are generally assigned names), cladistic taxonomy becomes impractical when trying to simultaneously describe all of the world's 3,000 some odd reptile species, let alone the two to ten million species of plants, animals, and micro-organisms that are known or presumed to exist.
	home.pcisys.net /~dlblanc/articles/taxonomy.php (679 words)

	Linnaean taxonomy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The greatest innovation of Linnaeus, and still the most important aspect of this system, is the general use of binomial nomenclature, the combination of a genus name and a single specific epithet ("sapiens" in the example above), to uniquely identify each species of organism.
		This uniqueness and stability are, of course, a result of the acceptance by working systematists (biologists specializing in taxonomy); not merely of the binomial nomenclature in itself, but of much more complex codes of rules and procedures governing the use of these names.
		"Taxonomy (the science of classification) is often undervalued as a glorified form of filing—with each species in its prescribed place in an album; but taxonomy is a fundamental and dynamic science, dedicated to exploring the causes of relationships and similarities among organisms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy (1060 words)

	Cell Morphology and General Taxonomy - Learning Resource 9 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nevertheless, this system of classification, or taxonomy, was the chief means by which people organized their world from 300 B.C. until the late 1600s.
		Linnaeus insisted that every living thing should be given a formal Latin name based upon their genus and species designation.
		Linnaeus' insistence of using a Genus species designation to describe every living thing is called binomial nomenclature (bi- means two and -nomial means name or word).
	users3.ev1.net /~rborjas/uh2k2/biologycellmorph-lr9.html (1090 words)

	Taxonomy
		The Pubic Louse was first described and named in1758, by Linnaeus as Pediculus pubis.
		Thus the binomial name for the Pubic Louse is Pthirus pubis (Linnaeus, 1758).
		"Linnaeus" is placed within parentheses indicating that this was not the original genus in which the author placed this species.
	www.phthiraptera.org /taxonomy.html (751 words)

	Taxonomy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Taxonomies, which are composed of taxonomic units known as taxa (singular taxon), are frequently hierarchical in structure, commonly displaying parent-child relationships.
		Other taxonomies, such as those analyzed by Durkheim and Lévi-Strauss, are sometimes called folk taxonomies to distinguish them from scientific taxonomies that claim to be disembedded from social relations and thus objective and universal.
		In numerical taxonomy or taximetrics, the field of solving or best-fitting of numerical equations that characterize all measurable quantities of a set of objects is called cluster analysis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Taxonomy (630 words)

	Linnaean Taxonomy - Carolus Linnaeus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although taxonomists, in almost any biological field, are familiar with the work of Carolus Linnaeus, his contribution to taxonomy goes far beyond contributing so-called scientific names to many of the worlds plants and animals.
		Linnaeus developed, during the great 18th century expansion of natural history knowledge, what became known as the Linnaean taxonomy: the system of scientific classification now widely used in the biology.
		Although the groupings themselves have been significantly changed since Linnaeus conception, as well as the principles behind them, he is credited with establishing the idea of a hierarchical structure of classification based upon observable characteristics.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /AAVSO9867/carolus-linnaeus-linnaean-taxonomy.html (176 words)

	Linnaeus, Carolus. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In Systema naturae (1735) he presented his classification of plants, animals, and minerals, and in Genera plantarum (1737) he explained his system for classifying plants largely on the basis of the number of stamens and pistils in the flower.
		After Linnaeus’ death his priceless botanical collection was removed to England (see herbarium).
		Linnaeus was also known as Karl (or Carl) Linné (of which Carolus Linnaeus is a Latinized version); when he was ennobled in 1761 he formally adopted the name Karl von Linné.
	www.bartleby.com /65/li/Linnaeus.html (291 words)

	Taxonomy: Scientific Classification by Robert Fenner
		Taxonomy or systematics is the science of classifications.
		Linnaeus gets the big credit for innovations like the "two-word naming" (binomial nomenclature) of species and arrangement of categories like classes, orders, and families (taxa, singular taxon).
		What this all means is that, when you're out and about, collecting fishes and trying to determine whether you've got a new species or not, you've got to go back all the way to the year 1758 and search the pertinent literature to determine whether or not you've found something new.
	www.aquarticles.com /articles/literature/Fenner_Taxonomy.html (984 words)

	Linnaeus's Luck? - Carolus Linnaeus - includes related article on leaves Natural History - Find Articles
		Notwithstanding their maximally disparate judgments of taxonomy, Rutherford and Agassiz rank as strange bedfellows in their shared premise that a single objective order exists "out there" in the "real world" and that a proper classification will allocate each organism to its designated spot in the one true system.
		We can best defend the scientific vitality of taxonomy by asserting the opposite premise: that all systems of classification must express theories about the causes of order and must therefore feature a complex mixture of concepts and percepts--that is, preferences in human thinking combined with observations of nature's often cryptic realities.
		Good taxonomies may be analogized with useful maps, but they reveal (as do all good maps) both our preferred mental schemes and the pieces of external reality that we have chosen to order and depict in our cartographic effort.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_7_109/ai_65132190 (688 words)

	taxonomy - a definition from Whatis.com
		Taxonomy (from Greek taxis meaning arrangement or division and nomos meaning law) is the science of classification according to a pre-determined system, with the resulting catalog used to provide a conceptual framework for discussion, analysis, or information retrieval.
		In theory, the development of a good taxonomy takes into account the importance of separating elements of a group (taxon) into subgroups (taxa) that are mutually exclusive, unambiguous, and taken together, include all possibilities.
		A taxonomy of computer and network attacks can be useful in the development of new security systems.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci331416,00.html (247 words)

	[No title]
		The availability of DNA sequences invites both pure scientists (see 'We are family') and conservationists in the field (see 'The species and the specious') to change their ways of working.
		Linnaeus believed in fixed species of knowable number created by God and observable by men, in a world more like the lawns and flowerbeds of a formal garden than Darwin's dynamic "tangled bank".
		The creationist Linnaeus was able to assert that "we can count as many species now as were created at the beginning", but today's taxonomists suspect with near certainty that species are being irretrievably lost to science at an ever-quickening rate.
	www.nature.com /news/2007/070312/full/446231b.html (768 words)

	ACS - American Cetacean Society
		Taxonomy is the science of classification - it is an organized method of dividing plants and animals into groups.
		This form of "bookkeeping", known as taxonomy, was started by Swedish physician and naturalist, Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), in his work Systema Naturae, in 1735.
		Taxonomy however, remains a continuously contested science as new species are still being discovered and recent developments in the field of DNA (deoxyribonicleic acid) are challenging the old classification, based largely on anatomical similarities and evolutionary descent.
	www.acsonline.org /education/taxonomy.html (475 words)

	Evolution: Library: Phylogeny: Why Classify?
		This kind of scheme is called taxonomy, and Linnaeus' system, first published in 1735, is still used today (with many changes).
		Along with his system, Linnaeus introduced the two-part names, genus and species, reflected in Homo sapiens, modern human, or Rosa canina, the briar rose, for example.
		The overall form of Linnaeus' classification is groups nested within groups of increasingly general scope.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/library/05/1/l_051_01.html (716 words)

	System, Model & Legacy
		Linnaeus revised his system during his own lifetime, and other scientists subsequently contributed new ideas to it.
		With the steady increase in scientific knowledge and understanding since then, enhanced by new analytical tools such as DNA, many aspects of today's taxonomies may tomorrow be expanded or replaced by radically new propositions, more or less tempered by disagreements between the "splitters" who emphasize differences and the "lumpers" who concentrate on similarities.
		In contrast to formal zoological taxonomy, common names of animals seldom have anything to do with hidden hierarchical relationships among species, but are simply descriptive, are used in everyday discourse in specific regions or localities, and may change over time.
	www.lewis-clark.org /content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2477 (1967 words)

	Evidence of Evolution - 4
		Linnaeus, a creationist who presumably harbored no suspicions about common descent, classified everything basically according to what it looked like or by other easily identifiable characteristics, such as feeding habits or gross anatomical similarities.
		Linnaeus made the suckling of young the defining characteristic of the class mammalia.
		This is most apparent at the species level, Linnaeus's taxonomy would not even have been possible if not for the fact that not only do species have common characteristics, but so genuses, and so do orders, and so do classes, and so on all up and down the taxonomic lines.
	home.earthlink.net /~douglasofcalifornia/science/evolution/facts00.htm (1344 words)

	Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature
		The taxonomy of types is rather complicated in itself; see this type dictionary.
		As of 1993, the paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope is the type specimen for Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758.
		Taxonomy Resources, references and on-line resources used by the Taxonomy group at GenBank.
	home.earthlink.net /~misaak/taxonomy.html (1384 words)

	Boing Boing: Happy birthday, Carl Linnaeus
		In honor of Carl Linnaeus's 300th birthday this month, Smithsonian magazine published a tribute to the father of taxonomy whose obsessive quest for organization brought order to nature, or at least the study of it.
		Linnaeus' genius was to apply the social hierarchy of his day, with its kingdoms, provinces, parishes and villages, to the natural world.
		Today's young Turks of taxonomy want to abolish the strict ranked hierarchy of family, order, class, etc. In its place they advocate "clades," groupings that are based on genetic relationships and can be expanded, contracted or redefined as new kinships are discovered.
	www.boingboing.net /2007/05/01/happy_birthday_carl_.html (466 words)

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