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Topic: The Tsavo Lions

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	Unique social system found in famous Tsavo lions
		Tsavo lions are the only lions known to live in large groups of females ruled by a single male.
		Most of what we know about lions comes from studies conducted in the thriving grasslands of the Serengeti Plains in Tanzania where lions are surrounded by teeming herds of game, and lone males are quickly deposed by coalitions of males that rule prides in unison.
		“Tsavo lions are thought to be especially aggressive, and high levels of male hormones may simultaneously underlie this aggression, their unique social system, and manelessness,” Patterson says.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-04/fm-uss040802.php (1186 words)

	Great Cats: Meet the Lions - National Zoo\| FONZ
		Following a dramatic decline in his physical condition and quality of life, the Zoo's male African lion, Tsavo, was euthanized on March 17.
		In the wild, lions are social animals living in groups called prides which vary in size from 3 to 30 lions, with an average of 15 lions.
		However, a pride is seldom together; members are usually scattered across their territory in subgroups of two to three lions, with a male to female ratio of at least 1 to 2.
	nationalzoo.si.edu /Animals/GreatCats/Lions/MeetLions/default.cfm (430 words)

	Lions of Tsavo - Earthwatch Institute - United States
		Help protect Tsavo's legendary lions and find ways for lions and local communities to live side by side.
		Taita/Rukinga Wildlife Conservancy, Tsavo region, Kenya — In the dry woodlands outside Tsavo East National Park, Kenya, lions kill hundreds of livestock every year, driving ranchers to kill lions or convert their land to cropland or charcoal production.
		However, lions are difficult to locate here, and you'll search for them from vehicles in evening, late night, and early morning drives, taking a mid-day siesta like most of the local wildlife.
	www.earthwatch.org /site/pp2.asp?c=dsJSK6PFJnH&b=1147599 (384 words)

	Mystery of the Man-Eating Lions - National Wildlife Magazine
		"Tsavo," the guide began, "means âplace of slaughter.â" Between March and December of 1898, he said, the two lions in the display case terrorized Indian workers brought by the British to build a rail line from Lake Victoria to the Indian Ocean.
		Lions are quick learners, and it would not have been a big leap to then turn to living humans.
		In a survey of the lion population of Tsavo East, Patterson and Kays found that average pride size was 7.4 lions compared to 6.4 in the Serengeti.
	www.nwf.org /nationalwildlife/article.cfm?issueID=69&articleID=956 (2096 words)

	Maneless Lions @ National Geographic Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In Tsavo she was attacking the riddle from the opposite angle.
		Tsavo lions are generally larger than lions elsewhere, enabling them to take down the predominant prey animal in Tsavo, the Cape buffalo, one of the strongest, most aggressive animals on Earth.
		The Serengeti variety is among the most evolved of the species—the latest model, so to speak—while certain morphological differences in Tsavo lions (bigger bodies, smaller skulls, and maybe even lack of a mane) suggest that they are closer to the primitive ancestor of all lions.
	magma.nationalgeographic.com /ngm/0204/feature2/fulltext.html (2901 words)

	Wilderness>Tsavo>Cultural Safari
		They were two huge male lions, their manes stripped bare by the thorns, who repeatedly struck at the camps during the night, dragging men from their tents.
		But these two lions were both very healthy specimens, and their attacks on the camp so frequent that it seemed unlikely they were actually eating many of their victims.
		He found that the lions were possessed of a seemingly supernatural intelligence, able to avoid him and his hunting parties and escape with ease from any trap or ambush.
	www.magicalkenya.com /default.nsf/doc21/4YMPVZFZEI95?opendocument&l=1&e=1&s=1 (998 words)

	Tsavo Lions Break All the Rules (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lions are the only truly social cats, and are well known for their prides of several related females attended by a coalition of two-to-four males.
		The lions of Tsavo are already famous for a run of man-eating incidents at the end of the 19th century, and are also novel for lacking the impressive mane that distinguishes most male lions.
		Scientists have long puzzled over why Tsavo lions are maneless, but recent research suggests that manes are a liability to survival in the hot, dry Tsavo landscape with thick, thorny undergrowth.
	www.uk.earthwatch.org /pubaffairs/news/patterson.html (639 words)

	The Tsavo Man-Eaters
		Wayne, well aware of the story of the Tsavo maneaters, and their less-than-perfect mounting job, saw to it that this lion's skin was properly collected and dried.
		The next day, (as was usually the case for these lions) all that was left of the water-carrier was his head, a few of the larger bones, and part of his hand.
		The next day, an inspection revealed the lion had explored all of the tents in the camp (Which were empty because most of the workers had fled), and had stalked the man in the tree at length.
	www.lionlmb.org /gandd.html (5096 words)

	Scientists explain why lions manes differ
		However, the authors also found, paradoxically, that the majority of lions in regions like the greater Tsavo ecosystem (which is famed for its "maneless" lions), did appear to acquire respectable manes, eventually, contrary to most recent popular and scientific accounts of the lions from that region.
		Furthermore, the researchers found compelling evidence indicating that manes of lions from all populations continue to develop long after a lion has achieved sexual maturity, such that the best-maned lions in any region are typically of an older age class.
		This six-to-eight-year-old, robust Tsavo lion in his reproductive prime has a scant mane yet he was the dominant of two males in his 10-lion pride, which included at least four adult females.
	www.scienceinafrica.co.za /2006/october/lions.htm (972 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Tracking the maneless lions of Tsavo
		Unlike all other lions, the males are distinguished by their lack of any significant mane on the neck and shoulders.
		Certainly, Tsavo's lions are reputed to be larger, more aggressive, and more prone to attack people and livestock than their relatives.
		Lions are mainly nocturnal and we soon live by their clocks.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/4254354.stm (1104 words)

	Lions of Tsavo
		These lions are the descendants of the lions that killed 140 railway workers in Kenya in 1891.
		Tsavo is a huge National Park in Southeast Kenya made up of two segments, Tsavo East and Tsavo West.
		A little flash added to the scene verifies it is a lion, but you could tell from the picture on the left of course, couldn't you.
	lbah.com /tsavo.htm (1492 words)

	YouTube - Earthwatch Lions of Tsavo
		Earthwatch expedition is Tsavo region of Kenya (less)
		Lions Tsavo Kenya Africa Elephants Zebra Giraffe big cat Earthwatch Expedition Safari conservation
		lions at safari - tsavo east, kenya (august, 2006)
	www.youtube.com /watch?v=IH1us12KUhs (221 words)

	Tsavo East National Park
		Tsavo National Park was established on 1st April, 1948 with an area of 21,812 Km It is the largest Park in Kenya.
		During the World War I (1914-1918) British forces built fortresses along Tsavo river to counter threats from invading German forces from Tanganyika (present Tanzania) – whose intention was to blow up the Tsavo river bridge that was vital to British Communication.
		Tsavo East is a very popular Park as is indicated by the high number of tourists.
	www.kws.org /tsavo-east.html (574 words)

	Are Maneless Tsavo Lions Prone to Male Pattern Baldness? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Summary The male lions of Tsavo, Kenya, which gained notoriety in the late 19th century as man-eaters, lack the majestic golden mane commonly associated with male lions.
		Two scientists are investigating the possibility that the lions' social structure and absence of a mane all boils down to hormones.
		The male lions of Tsavo, Kenya, which gained notoriety in the late 19th century as man-eaters, are unusual for two reasons.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2002/04/0412_020412_TVtsavolions.html (666 words)

	The Man Eaters Of Tsavo (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The famous man eaters of Tsavo featured in the recent movie "The Ghost and the Darkness" and on display in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago are perhaps a reminder of our ancestors relationship with predators such as lions.
		When the first lion was shot, it was so large eight men were needed to carry it back to camp.
		Both lions were about nine feet long (including the tail), and although they have no manes, they are both male.
	www.bluelion.org /man_eaters_of_tsavo.htm (219 words)

	Zee News - Mane-less lions keeping cool: Researchers (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Comparing lions in the hot, humid Tsavo reserve to those living at the cooler, higher elevations of the Serengeti plain, the researchers reported in the Journal of Zoology that Tsavo lions had smaller manes than their counterparts.
		Some researchers have suggested Tsavo lions had more testosterone in their bodies which would account for their legendary aggressiveness while also hindering hair growth -- as the hormone does in bald men.
		Still other theories suggested that maneless lions in the forbidding Tsavo reserve suffered from poor nutrition, or a lack of water, or tore out their manes while traveling through the region's prickly underbrush or while scratching out burrs.
	www.zeenews.com /znnew/print_articles.asp?aid=323244&sid=ENV&ssid=26 (245 words)

	www.myspace.com/lionsoftsavo
		The Lions of Tsavo as a working entity crawled out of Columbus, Ohio in the year 2003, created from the ashes of Ambassador 990, Montreal Curse, and the Trem..
		The Lions of Tsavo set out to conquer not only on the strength of the material, but also by the sheer volume and density of sound, attracting interest from people such as recording engineer Billy Anderson (Neurosis, Sleep, Melvins), who set the controls on their new record.
		The Lions of Tsavo are also set to do a west coast tour this summer with much more touring to follow.
	myspace.com /lionsoftsavo (893 words)

	Book : Ghosts of Tsavo: Tracking the Mythic Lions of East Africa (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Lions of Tsavo : Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters
		Philip Caputo's Ghosts Of Tsavo: Stalking The Mystery Lions Of East Africa blends travelogue with nature in telling of the author's journey to Kenya's Tsavo National Park on foot with his guides, then in companionship with two scientists who seek close encounters with the big cats.
		The Tsavo district is in south Kenya adjacent to Tanzania.
	www.investcom.com /cgi-bin/bookstore/bookstore.cgi?input_item=0792263626&input_search_type=AsinSearch (368 words)

	Maneater Lions of Tsavo
		The rogue lions were nicknamed the Ghost and the Darkness by the superstitious natives.
		The location of the cave was lost for nearly 100 years until it was rediscovered by American scientists one mile from the Tsavo railroad bridge on April 30, 1997.The men used an 1899 photograph of the cave to confirm their finding.
		Incidentally, the real Tsavo lions lived and died in present-day Kenya, but the political instability of Kenya in 1996 made the film crews decide to film in South Africa.
	www.russelltexas.com /Newspaper/perspectiveJuly202003.htm (1099 words)

	Lions of Tsavo
		These lions are the descendants of the lions that killed 140 railway workers in Kenya in 1891.
		Tsavo is a huge National Park in Southeast Kenya made up of two segments, Tsavo East and Tsavo West.
		A little flash added to the scene verifies it is a lion, but you could tell from the picture on the left of course, couldn't you.
	www.lbah.com /tsavo.htm (1492 words)

	Tsavo
		Their aggression became brutally real at the turn of the twentieth century, when some 135 African and Indian workers, who were building a railroad bridge over the Tsavo river in Kenya, were killed and eaten by two of these monstrous creatures.
		The lions of Tsavo were said to be ghosts, or wraiths.
		In fact, the lions of Tsavo became the killers of the night and the true kings of the jungle.
	www.randallkingknives.com /tsavo.htm (320 words)

	The Ghost and the Darkness DVD - Michael Weise Productions
		John Patterson is an engineer assigned in 1899 to oversee the construction of a railway bridge at Tsavo, East Africa, about 175 miles NW of Zanzibar.
		Patterson and others try numerous things to trap and kill the lions, or prevent them from entering camp to no avail before a number of victims are taken.
		The numbers killed by lions are staggering when compared to those of other instances of man-eaters.
	www.mwp.com /shop/dvd.php4?asin=B00004WN5C (363 words)

	Maneless Lions @ National Geographic Magazine
		Using an infrared thermal camera, biologist Peyton West took photographs of the maneless Tsavo lions for our story, marking the first time lions have been documented in the wild using thermal imaging (see page 48 of "Maneless in Tsavo" in the April issue).
		West hopes to compare thermal photos of males and females in the Serengeti and Tsavo to determine two things: whether males with manes have a higher overall body temperature than females, and how much environment affects temperature.
		Comparable to the standard polygraph test in terms of accuracy, thermal imaging may one day surpass polygraph tests because it is less labor intensive—neither physical contact using instrumentation nor as many trained staff to analyze and interpret data are required.
	magma.nationalgeographic.com /ngm/0204/feature2/index.html (638 words)

	Curator shares stories of man-eating lions
		One explanation for manelessness in the Tsavo lions suggests such lions are a different species, he said.
		One of the two Tsavo lions had what appears to be severe damage to the teeth of its lower jaw, which would have caused the animal severe pain when it tried to bite its normal prey, he said.
		A theory specific to the Tsavo lions is that the man eaters may have developed a tradition of scavenging dead and dying slaves abandoned along the caravan trail the railroad was following through the area.
	www.ocolly.com /issues/2002_Spring/020402/stories/curatorlions.html (796 words)

	Man-Eating Lions Not Aberrant, Experts Say
		Are Maneless Tsavo Lions Prone to Male Pattern Baldness?
		Lions may have repeatedly attacked humans as prey because of certain environmental conditions, researchers suggest.
		Rather than being deranged oddities equipped with supernatural abilities, lions are often driven to man-eating because of man-made circumstances beyond their control, said Kerbis Peterhans.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2003/02/0211_030211_tsavolions.html (797 words)

	Amazon.com: Ghosts of Tsavo: Tracking the Mythic Lions of East Africa: Books: Phillip Caputo (Site not responding. Last check: )
		What sets the lions of Tsavo apart from the more familiar ones we know from nature documentaries, is that they are much bigger, and the males are either maneless of have very short manes, in either case nothing like the regal mountains of fur on their cousins from the Serengeti.
		Caputo encounters several scientists who argue that the lions of Tsavo are genetically distinct from the lions on the Serengeti.
		Moreover, they argue that the lions of Tsavo are in fact a throw back to prehistoric lions, quite literally walking fossils.
	www.amazon.com /Ghosts-Tsavo-Tracking-Mythic-Africa/dp/0792263626 (2679 words)

	Are Maneless Tsavo Lions Prone To Male Pattern Baldness (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The two lions had been shot, killed, and skinned, and lay as "trophy rugs" for 25 years, before finding their way to the Field Museum in 1924.
		The maneless lions had no trouble attracting a healthy harem of females—the Tsavo prides were surprisingly large, with seven or eight females, and were ruled by a single male lion.
		Tsavo Lions, appear to be the bada$$es of bada$$es
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/chat/665538/posts (1327 words)

	The Ghost and the Darkness (1996) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Set in 1898, this movie is based on the true story of two lions in Africa that killed 130 people over a nine month period...
		Errors in geography: When Patterson is walking in London with his wife, the Pretoria Palace of Justice can clearly be seen behind his wife's shoulder (the film was partially shot on location in South Africa in 1996).
		The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
	www.imdb.com /title/tt0116409 (430 words)

	Kenya News October 14, 2005 - The School for Field Studies
		In separate lectures, faculty gave a comprehensive overview of the ecological characteristics of the Tsavos (East and West) and Chyulu Hills, and their influence on the ecology and dynamics of the system.
		We also saw Tsavo lions and elephants and were able to see the endangered fl rhino at Ngulia Rhino Sanctuary.
		to see lions but all we got to see were two dik-dik eyes).
	www.fieldstudies.org /pages/2377_kenya_news_october_14_2005.cfm (897 words)

	Demystifying Tsavo's Legendary Man-eaters (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 1898, two maneless lions reportedly attacked, killed, and ate 135 railroad workers in Tsavo, southeastern Kenya, stopping the British Empire in its tracks and serving as inspiration for the 1996 film, The Ghost and the Darkness.
		The Lions of Tsavo has all the elements of a great adventure: Africa at the turn of the century, the British Empire, monsters, and heroes.
		The Tsavo lions may have been driven to man-eating by prey depletion due to a Rinderpest epidemic among cattle and wildlife that hit Kenya in the 1890s, and severe drought during the period provided abundant human corpses for scavenging.
	www.uk.earthwatch.org /pubaffairs/news/patterson2.html (577 words)

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