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Topic: Lipofuscin

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	Lipofuscin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lipofuscin is the name given to brown pigment granules composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion.
		It is considered one of the aging or "wear and tear" pigments; found in the liver, kidney, heart muscle, adrenals, nerve cells, and ganglion cells.
		Abnormal accumulation of lipofuscin is associated with a group of diseases of neurodegenerative disorder type called lipofuscinoses, e.g., neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, also known as Batten disease, as well as some other names.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lipofuscin (131 words)

	Age-related changes in the lipofuscin accumulation of brain and heart. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Lipofuscin is the end-product of intracellular lipid peroxidation and the accumulation results from the cellular metabolism during aging (life stage).
		The first appearance of lipofuscin granules was 8 weeks of age in the hippocampus and in the thalamus.
		The rate of lipofuscin accumulation was the highest in the hippocampus (y = 0.286x - 0.099, r = 0.963) among the three regions examined.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_8821322.html (265 words)

	PREDECESSORS OF LIPOFUSCIN AGE PIGMENT - PROBABLE ROLE IN BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
		Age pigment, called lipofuscin, is accumulated in human and animal organisms, as they grow and advance in age, in normal amounts.
		It has been shown that 7% of the total lipofuscin amount in human sympathetic vagal ganglia is accumulated in the first decade of life; accordingly, this figure is equal to 8-14% in the second decade and 30-33% in the fifth decade [38, 39].
		Speed of lipofuscin accumulation in various species of animals is determined, on the one hand, by sensitivity of the organism systems, and on the other hand, by frequency of changes in the medium itself [3].
	www.vertushkov.dp.ua /biolog1.htm (3003 words)

	François C. Delori: General Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Excessive accumulation of lipofuscin in the lysosomes of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells may impede the metabolic activity of these cells and play a role in pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and juvenile macular degeneration.
		Noninvasive fluorospectrometry and fluorescence imaging have been used to study the biological consequences of lipofuscin accumulation in normal subjects during aging, and in patients with AMD or juvenile macular degeneration.
		The decrease may be caused by chemicophysical changes in lipofuscin at high concentrations, causing it to lyse the lysosomes in which it is trapped and/or by partial atrophy of RPE cells.
	www.theschepens.org /faculty/delori/general_info.htm (245 words)

	lipofuscin
		Lipofuscin granules accumulate in the cytoplasm of muscle and nerve cells, acting as a marker of wear and tear.
		Lipofuscin is particularly troublesome in brain tissue where it accumulates over a lifetime.
		Lipofuscin builds up normally with age or pathologically in certain conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, parkinsonism, and certain lysosomal diseases.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/L/lipofuscin.html (186 words)

	Abstract: Centrophenoxine
		Previous studies, using light microscopy, indicated that lipofuscin is formed in aging neuroblastoma cells in culture and that the addition of centrophenoxine to the culture media reduced cellular pigment formation.
		Although no decrease in the amount of lipofuscin was demonstrated, the size of the lipofuscin vacuoles became much larger and vacuolization of the dense bodies was noted in the satellite cells of the dorsal ganglia.
		In 6 mth old animals, lipofuscin granules increased in number and were found in the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, thalamus, brain stem and spinal cord.
	www.lef.org /prod_hp/abstracts/centrophenoxineabs.html (6803 words)

	Cardiff ePrints Caerdydd - Inhibition of RPE lysosomal and antioxidant activity by the age pigment lipofuscin
		To determine whether lipofuscin is detrimental to lysosomal and antioxidant function in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells.
		Isolated lipofuscin granules were fed to confluent RPE cultures and the cells maintained in basal medium for 7 days.
		Lipofuscin has the capacity to reduce the efficacy of the lysosomal and antioxidant systems in RPE cells that may play an important role in retinal ageing and the development of age-related macular degeneration.
	eprints.cf.ac.uk /22 (271 words)

	DIALOG Dissertation Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Lipofuscin levels in laboratory and pond-reared crabs were significantly correlated to size, but were more strongly correlated with chronological age.
		Lipofuscin accumulation rates for pond-reared crabs were similar to those estimated for laboratory-reared crabs, despite very different growth rates and patterns.
		Lipofuscin levels of age classes identified from lipofuscin-based modal analysis were within the range predicted by the accumulation rate established from known-age reared animals.
	aslo.org /phd/dialog/200008-7.html (376 words)

	vitamin glossary L
		lipofuscin- a yellow-brown pigmented waste material deposited in many nerve and skin cells, where it is believed to interfere with cellular metabolism.
		Lipofuscin is made up of cross-linked, peroxidized lipids and cross-linked proteins.
		Lipofuscin deposits in skin are colloquially called "age spots" or "liver spots".
	www.doctorshealthsupply.com /ab/vitamin_glossary_L.htm (283 words)

	News in brief: Shining light on drug incompatibility
		Lipofuscin is believed to be a photochemical source of reactive oxygen species that form under blue light and lead to RPE damage.
		The international team of researchers is determining the distribution of the orange fluorescent chromophores on the surface of the granules to assess their importance to the oxygen activation process.
		They funneled light along the lipofuscin surface from about 10 nm away with an optical fiber that is smaller in width than the wavelength of the released light.
	pubs.acs.org /subscribe/journals/mdd/v04/i03/html/03news3.html (341 words)

	Age-related increase in liver retinyl palmitate. Relationship to lipofuscin. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Lipofuscin is a general term assigned to fluorescent material that accumulates in cells as they age.
		It is apparent from this study that the fluorescent intensity of detergent-solubilized liver from Fisher-344 rats increased as a function of age.
		As has been reported for lipofuscin, retinyl palmitate accumulates in intracellular granules and exhibits fluorescence between 450 and 600 nm.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_8132600.html (192 words)

	Wihlmark, Ulf, The effects of reactive oxygen species and lipofuscin on the function and health of the retinal pigment ...
		With increasing age, lipofuscin accumulates in the RPE cells, and it has been suggested that lipofusein could be detrimental to RPE function through free radical generation or interference with the autophagocytic capacity of cells having lipofuscin-loaded lysosomes.
		Consequently, in RPE cells exposed to light, the membranes of the lysosomes surrounding enclosed lipofuscin would be subjected to oxidative stress, which may result in damage, with leakage to the cytosol of lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes and ensuing cellular degeneration.
		It is concluded that the accumulation of lipofuscin within secondary lysosomes of RPE sensitizes these cells to blue light by inducing photo-oxidative alterations of their lysosomal membranes resulting in a presumed leakage of lysosomal contents to the cytosol with ensuing cellular degeneration of apoptotic type.
	www.bibl.liu.se /liupubl/disp/disp98/med557s.htm (1099 words)

	Winkler, Mol Vis 1999; 5:32.
		The phototoxicity of lipofuscin, a group of complex autofluorescent lipid/protein aggregates that accumulate in the retinal pigment epithelium, is described and evidence is presented suggesting that intracellular lipofuscin is toxic to these cells, thus supporting a role for lipofuscin in aging and AMD.
		In vivo, lipofuscin granules are continually exposed to visible light (400-700 nm) and high oxygen tensions (70 mm Hg), ideal conditions for the formation of reactive oxygen species, with the potential to damage cellular proteins and lipid membranes.
		Some consider lipofuscin to be an inert substance that acts directly by congesting the cytoplasm (lipofuscin can occupy up to 30% of cell volume in certain tissues [7]), while others propose that lipofuscin is toxic, acting as a source of reactive oxygen species [5,28-30] or releasing lysosomotropic amines [31].
	www.molvis.org /molvis/v5/p32 (6942 words)

	SIU SOM Histology GI
		Lipofuscin, in the form of yellow or brown pigment granules, is sometimes evident in hepatocytes, especially those toward the centers of lobules.
		Lipofuscin represents the presence of lysosomes that have accumulated a noticable amount of indigestible residue.
		Lipofuscin is sometimes called "wear-and-tear pigment", since the amount increases over time (i.e., with advancing age) in cells like hepatocytes and neurons which are both permanent (not routinely replenished) and metabolically active.
	www.siumed.edu /~dking2/erg/GI150b.htm (305 words)

	Fight Aging!: Piling in on Lipofuscin
		Lipofuscin is one of the many different types of extracellular aggregates that contribute to aspects of age-related degeneration.
		Toxic constituents of lipofuscin are generated as byproducts of the visual cycle, a complex chemical pathway that is required for the maintenance of the light gathering components of the eye called retinal photoreceptors.
		In addition, he noted the lipofuscins and their readily formed oxidation products are highly retinotoxic for a variety of reasons, which includes their propensity to react with DNA and other macromolecules.
	www.fightaging.org /archives/000856.php (836 words)

	Lipofuscin/ Chris Gaugler/1997
		Lipofuscin (LF) is a conglomerate of lipids, metals, organic molecules, and biomolecules that commonly fluoresces at 360 to 470 nm.
		Although some researchers believe that LF was identified in the early 1970's (1), the earliest reference to it by the name lipofuscin that I was able to find was in an article on histology of brain cells autopsied in 1937 (2).
		Lipofuscin is a name assigned to a class of intracellular compounds that fluoresce at approximately 400 nm.
	wwwchem.csustan.edu /chem4400/SJBR/lipofus.htm (2629 words)

	Spectral Profiling of Autofluorescence Associated with Lipofuscin, Bruch's Membrane, and Sub-RPE Deposits in Normal and ...
		Lipofuscin is a ubiquitous material present in granules in the
		Lipofuscin is indicated by red line, sub-RPE deposits by green, and Bruch’s membrane by blue.
		of 488 nm, lipofuscin was the dominant autofluorescent
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/43/7/2435 (3619 words)

	A role for vitamin A in the formation of ocular lipofuscin -- Wassell and Boulton 81 (10): 911 -- British Journal of ...
		Lipofuscin granules in the retinal pigment epithelium are lipid protein aggregates which are thought to represent the lifelong
		Lanes 1 and 5, liposomes; lanes 2 and 6, liposomes + retinal; lanes 3, 4, 7, and 8, liposomes + retinal + BSA; lane 9, lipofuscin.
		In vivo fluorescence of the ocular fundus exhibits retinal pigment epithelium lipofuscin characteristics.
	bjo.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/81/10/911 (4369 words)

	Warburton, Mol Vis 2005; 11:1122-1134.
		Lipofuscin granules were isolated from human RPE from donor eyes, provided by Dr. Paul Bernstein of the Moran Eye Institute, (University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT).
		Lipofuscin granules containing 100 μg of protein were collected by centrifugation, solubilized in 20 μl 4X Laemmli buffer (3% SDS, 0.17 M Tris pH 6.8, 35% glycerol, 3.5% 2-mercaptoethanol) and separated on a 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel (8.3x6.4x0.1 cm).
		The facts that methionine oxidation is seen in both types of lipofuscin, and ceroid lipofuscinosis protein (a lysosomal component) occurs in both types suggests to us that oxidative protein damage inhibiting lysosomal function may be a shared characteristic (or even causal factor) in the two types of lipofuscin.
	www.molvis.org /molvis/v11/a130 (6508 words)

	AAAS \| SAGE KE \| Gray et al., pp. re1
		Lipofuscin is membrane-bound cellular waste that can be neither degraded nor ejected from the cell but can only be diluted through cell division and subsequent growth.
		The fate of postmitotic cells is to accumulate lipofuscin, which as an "aging pigment" has been considered a reliable biomarker for the age of cells such as neurons and, by extension, their hosts.
		In the aging human brain, deposits of lipofuscin are not uniformly distributed but are concentrated in specific regions of functional interest.
	sageke.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/2005/5/re1 (332 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		We have hypothesized that age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an acquired lysosomal storage disease, caused by accumulation of lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).
		Lipofuscin content and thickness of the outer nuclear layer will be determined in littermates exposed 2 days or 2 weeks earlier to damaging levels of environmental light.
		Noninvasive fluorospectrophotometry is used to study the biological consequences of lipofuscin accumulation in normal subjects during aging, and in patients with age-related macular degeneration and juvenile macular degeneration.
	www.eri.harvard.edu /training/retinal.html (3964 words)

	Dr. Koop - Lipofuscin
		Lipofuscin is a brownish pigment left over from the breakdown and absorption of damaged blood cells.
		Lipofuscin is found in heart muscle and smooth muscles and is also called the aging pigment.
		The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition.
	www.drkoop.com /ency/93/002242.html (188 words)

	DIALOG Dissertation Abstracts
		This study investigates the occurrence of the autofluorescent pigment lipofuscin, which universally accumulates progressively with time in post-mitotic tissue, and its potential as an age marker in selected polar Crustacea.
		Lipofuscin granules were located and identified in resin brain sections of 5 Antarctic and 5 Arctic species by means of confocal laser scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
		Lipofuscin quantification was performed by image analysis in which the pigment granules in selected brain areas were discriminated using greyscale thresholding and quantified as area fraction related to the surrounding tissue.
	aslo.org /phd/dialog/200012-10.html (500 words)

	Sunnex References br6
		In the retina lipofuscin is located within the pigment epithelium where it is exposed to high oxygen and visible light, a prime environment for the generation of reactive oxygen species."
		"We postulate that lipofuscin may compromise retinal cell function by causing loss of lysosomal integrity and that this may be a major contributory factor to the pathology associated with retinal light damage and diseases such as age-related macular degeneration."
		Accumulation of lipofuscin (LF) is a prominent feature of aging in the human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells.
	www.sunnexbiotech.com /ref/ref-br6-2.html (813 words)

	Example: Lipofuscin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This is an example of cells containing lipofuscin, the indigestible residue of the breakdown of cellular material.
		In HandE sections it can be difficult to determine whether the pigment seen is lipofuscin or hemosiderin, but and easy way to distinguish the two is by using a stain for iron such as Prussian Blue; hemosiderin gives a positive reaction with PB and lipofuscin doesn't.
		Lipofuscin inclusions are formed by the fusion of a primary lysozome and a phagocytic vesicle.
	education.vetmed.vt.edu /curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab3/Examples/exlipfus.htm (263 words)

	Chesapeake Quarterly Volume 3, Number 4: How Old Is That Crab? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The hallmark of my thesis research is to determine blue crab age using lipofuscin, a fluorescing age pigment (also present in humans) that accumulates in neural tissue as a byproduct of metabolism.
		Because the use of lipofuscin for age determination is a relatively new technique, the first goal of my research was to verify that the pigment accumulates at a rate proportional to the crab's chronological age.
		I extracted lipofuscin from crab eyestalks and quantified it by measuring its fluorescence.
	www.mdsg.umd.edu /CQ/V03N4/side5.html (949 words)

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