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Topic: Liquefaction

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	JCP Reports - Hazard Information - Liquefaction
		These liquefaction zones are found as either Seismic Hazard Zones mapped pursuant to the Seismic Hazard Mapping Act or in the Seismic Safety Element of the General Plan for many cities and counties as well as on Seismic Hazard Maps.
		Liquefaction is a soil phenomenon that can occur during intense earthquake shaking under certain conditions.
		The types of soils that are most susceptible to liquefaction are loose, water saturated, fine-grained sands and silty sands that lie within 50 feet of the ground surface.
	www.jcp-reports.com /html/articles/liquefa.html (691 words)

	Coal Liquefaction
		Coal liquefaction is a process that converts COAL from a solid state into liquid fuels, usually to provide substitutes for petroleum products.
		Coal liquefaction processes were first developed in the early part of the 20th century but later application was hindered by the relatively low price and wide availability of crude oil and natural gas.
		In Canada, coal liquefaction research was conducted during the 1980s and early 1990s by the ALBERTA RESEARCH COUNCIL in Devon, Alberta, and the CANMET Energy Technology Centre (CETC) in Ottawa, the energy science and technology arm of Natural Resources Canada.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /PrinterFriendly.cfm?ArticleId=A0001707 (635 words)

	Damage Caused by EarthQuakes
		Liquefaction is a physical process that takes place during some earthquakes that may lead to ground failure.
		Violent ground shaking combined with liquefaction of unconsolidated slough muds led to the spectacular failure of this bridge on the famous Pacific Coast Highway 1 near Watsonville.
		Failure and cracks induced by liquefaction have been observed in the past (photographers unknown).
	www.es.ucsc.edu /~es10/fieldtripEarthQ/Damage1.html (800 words)

	Earthquake liquefaction
		Earthquake liquefaction is also referred to as soil liquefaction[?].
		Liquefaction essentially means that the soil is turned into a liquid.
		Soil liquefaction can be dangerous if it leads to landslides or building foundation failures.
	ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ea/Earthquake_liquefaction.html (212 words)

	ScienceDaily: Earthquake liquefaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Earthquake liquefaction, often referred to simply as liquefaction, is the process by which saturated, unconsolidated soil or sand is converted into a suspension during an earthquake.
		Damaged Chimneys And Unexpected Liquefaction From Nisqually Temblor Yield Earthquake Insights, University Of Washington Scientists Say (April 20, 2001) -- Scientists at the University of Washington have been analyzing data since the Feb. 28 Nisqually earthquake that shook both structures and nerves in the Puget Sound region, and have some conclusions...
		Earthquake liquefaction -- Earthquake liquefaction, often referred to simply as liquefaction, is the process by which saturated, unconsolidated soil or sand is converted into a suspension during an earthquake.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/Earthquake_liquefaction (1501 words)

	Guidelines for Evaluating Liquefaction 2-15-00 JLW 7-75BG.doc
		For specific details on undertaking the liquefaction evaluation the readers are advised to refer to a recent publication entitled “Recommended Procedures for Implementation of DMG Special Publication 117 – Guidelines for Analyzing and Mitigating Liquefaction in California” (Martin et al., 1999- Ref. 3).
		Liquefaction resistance correlation is based primarily on field case histories, and the vast majority of the field case history database is for in-situ SPT data.
		'Are the sediments susceptible to liquefaction?'; and
	www.nbmg.unr.edu /nesc/liquefaction.htm (2194 words)

	Costa Rica Earthquake, Limon, April 22, 1991
		Liquefaction is a process by which clay-free soil deposits, primarily sands and silts, temporarily lose strength and behave as a viscous liquid rather than as a solid.
		Liquefaction does not occur at random, but is restricted to certain geologic and hydrologic environments, primarily recently deposited sands and silts in areas with high ground water levels.
		Liquefaction has been most abundant in areas where ground water lies within 10m of the ground surface; few instances of liquefaction have occurred in areas with ground water deeper than 20 m.
	nisee.berkeley.edu /costarica (3235 words)

	In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood - 1
		Liquefaction: The Origin of Strata and Layered Fossils
		liquefaction, which had undoubtedly occurred in other large earthquakes.
		Liquefaction has even lifted empty tanks up through asphalt pavement
	www.creationscience.com /onlinebook/Liquefaction.html (249 words)

	The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989ÑLiquefaction - Soil Liquefaction in the East Bay ...
		The liquefaction zone overlies deposits of soft bay mud, which are underlain, in turn, by deeper deposits of stiffer, overconsolidated noncohesive and cohesive soils that naturally fill a deep fluvial channel at the west end of the harbor.
		Liquefaction probably occurred in the fine sand and silty sand at 2- to 3-m depth, on the basis of correlation of sand-boil materials with recovered samples.
		Liquefaction was also observed near the main terminal buildings, which are supported on deeper foundations and were not significantly damaged, although settlements of as much as 8 cm were observed in several places in the surrounding soils.
	walrus.wr.usgs.gov /geotech/soil (7893 words)

	Earthquake liquefaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Earthquake liquefaction, often referred to simply as liquefaction, is the process by which saturated, unconsolidated soil or sand is converted into a suspension during an earthquake.
		The effect on structures and buildings can be devastating, and is a major contributor to urban seismic risk.
		Mapping the location of old liquefaction zones allows scientists to determine the strength and location of ancient earthquakes.
	www.gilroy.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Earthquake_liquefaction (314 words)

	Earthquake liquefaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mapping the location of old liquefaction zones, called paleoliquefaction allows scientists to determine the strength and location of ancient earthquakes.
		In certain areas of the world there is something called quick clay, which is just as dangerous as liquefaction sands.
		Either should be avoided or stabilized, which typically involves the field of geotechnical engineering.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Earthquake_liquefaction (149 words)

	GIS Application for Liquefaction Hazard Mapping, Ventura County, California
		Liquefaction susceptibility maps produced for this study are not meant to substitute CGS's official zone maps or for site-specific studies.
		Liquefaction susceptibility is the relative resistance of a deposit to loss of strength when subjected to strong ground shaking.
		Liquefaction susceptibility is classified on the basis of three factors: (1) total thickness of loose sandy deposits within 40 ft (12 m) of the earth's surface, (2) depth to the zone of saturation, and (3) estimated threshold ground shaking values required to initiate liquefaction.
	gis.esri.com /library/userconf/proc02/pap0535/p0535.htm (2130 words)

	Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading in Oceano, California, During the 2003, San Simeon Earthquake
		Liquefaction, which is also commonly observed during earthquakes, is a phenomenon where saturated sands lose their strength during an earthquake and become fluid-like and mobile.
		The factor of safety in the simplified procedure is the ratio of liquefaction resistance of a soil element at a specified depth to the load imposed by the earthquake.
		Although liquefaction is predicted in some of the undisturbed eolian sand beneath the 1874 marsh layer, it is unclear that this liquefaction significantly contributed to the Norswing Drive lateral spread deformation.
	pubs.usgs.gov /of/2004/1269 (11139 words)

	Protecting our Ports and Harbors Liquefaction Introduction
		Liquefaction is a phenomenon associated with earthquakes in which sandy to silty, water-saturated soils behave like fluids.
		Lateral spread involves the movement of large blocks of soil due to the liquefaction of underlying sediments.
		Liquefaction most commonly occurs in earthquake-prone, low-lying areas with saturated soils.
	www.csc.noaa.gov /products/tsunamis/htm/cascadia/lq_intro.htm (348 words)

	liquefaction on Encyclopedia.com
		LIQUEFACTION [liquefaction] change of a substance from the solid or the gaseous state to the liquid state.
		Since the different states of matter correspond to different amounts of energy of the molecules making up the substance, energy in the form of heat must either be supplied to a substance or be removed from the substance in order to change its state.
		In the liquefaction of gases, extreme cooling is not necessary, for if a gas is held in a confined space and is subjected to high pressure, heat is given off as it undergoes compression and it turns eventually to a liquid.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/l1/liquefac.asp (566 words)

	Liquefaction - Utah Geological Survey
		Liquefaction has caused significant property damage in many earthquakes around the world, and is a major hazard associated with earthquakes in Utah.
		The valleys of the Wasatch Front are especially vulnerable to liquefaction because of susceptible soils, shallow ground water, and relatively high probability of moderate to large earthquakes.
		The liquefaction potential categories shown on this map depend on the probability of having an earthquake within a 100-year period that will be strong enough to cause liquefaction in those zones.
	geology.utah.gov /utahgeo/hazards/liquefy.htm (543 words)

	Liquefaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Soil liquefaction, the process by which sediments are converted into suspension, as in earthquake liquefaction, quicksand, quick clay, and turbidity currents.
		Liquefaction of gases in physics, chemistry, and thermal engineering.
		Liquification, the process of making or becoming liquid (a more general term, sometimes used in place of liquefaction in the energy industry, and food processing.)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liquefaction (128 words)

	Liquefaction Potential of Native Ground in West Kobe, Japan by the Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) Method - ...
		In the Wadamisaki District, the native beach soil deposit which suffered liquefaction damage during the 1995 Kobe Earthquake is part of the distal end of a suite of narrow distributary alluvial fans that emanate from the south slope of the Rokko Mountains.
		In the Wadamisaki district, the south and north ends of the JR right-of way suffered liquefaction and related settlements, whereas the central portion of the district near the railroad alignment was not affected.
		Historically, liquefaction events of high CSR are concentrated in Japan and Taiwan, especially in the Tohoku region; the island of Hokkaido; Fukui City; Kobe City; and the Central Taiwan cities of Wufeng and Nantou, proximal to the Chi Chi fault.
	walrus.wr.usgs.gov /geotech/liquefaction (3831 words)

	Liquefaction of coal - Patent 4032428
		A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the slurry of liquefaction phase and solids phase is passed upward through a downward moving filter bed of crushed raw coal, and the liquefaction phase free of solids is recovered as an overhead stream.
		The slurry of fluid liquefaction phase and solids phase is continuously introduced into the middle area of the filtration zone, and moves upward and countercurrent to the downward moving filter bed.
		Optionally, a stream of lean solvent (i.e., preferably the same solvent employed in the coal liquefaction step) is introduced near the lower end of the filtration zone and passed upward and countercurrent to the downward moving bed of raw coal and liquefaction solids.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4032428.html (2096 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Januarius
		It is especially this miracle of the liquefaction which has given celebrity to the name of Januarius, and to this we turn our attention.
		Moreover, there seem to be well-attested instances of liquefaction taking place both in the case of this and other similar relics of blood, when the reliquary has been standing by itself without any movement whatsoever.
		Probably the most serious difficulty against the miraculous character of the phenomenon is derived from the circumstance that the same liquefaction takes place in the case of other relics, nearly all preserved in the neighbourhood of Naples, or of Neapolitan origin.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08295a.htm (2103 words)

	Liquefaction Opportunity Maps
		Liquefaction of water saturated sands is believed to occur when the pore pressure approaches the confining pressure.
		It is seen from Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5 that the shape and the amplitudes of the contours are affected by the proximity to the local faults and by the local geology (thickness of sediments).
		The liquefaction opportunity is largest in the central Los Angeles basin, and is small in the hills and mountains.
	www.usc.edu /dept/civil_eng/Earthquake_eng/Hazard_mapping/Liquefaction (2755 words)

	Geological Evidences for a Flood
		Liquefaction during the flood acted on all sediments and sorted them over large areas in a matter of weeks or months.
		Liquefaction provides a mechanism for the rapid burial of trillions of fossils in appropriate layers.
		All liquefaction mounds seem to have holes in their sides for releasing their stored water soon after they "erupted." The channels from which the water exited have collapsed except for the opening, which was under much less collapsing stress.
	www.cs.unc.edu /~plaisted/ce/flood.html (4964 words)

	1999 Building Publications - Draft Guidelines for Evaluating Liquefaction Resistance Using Shear Wave Velocity ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Predicting the liquefaction resistance of soil is an important step in the engineering design of new and the retrofit of existing structures in earthquake-prone regions.
		Liquefaction resistance curves were established by applying a modified relationship between shear wave velocity and cyclic stress ratio for constant average cyclic shear strain suggested by R. Dobry.
		These curves correctly predict moderate to high liquefaction potential for over 95% of the liquefaction case histories, and are shown to be consistent with the penetration-based curves.
	fire.nist.gov /bfrlpubs/build99/art021.html (389 words)

	app-a1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In 1895, a breakthrough occurred in gas liquefaction techniques, although it is not clear whether scientist or engineer first used it.
		In the liquefaction of gases, it means that the gas that is cooled by the Joule-Thomson expansion process is later used to cool the incoming compressed gas before expansion.
		Following liquefaction of hydrogen, Dewar became very confident about storing and transporting it in his vacuum vessels, predicting that it could be handled as easily as liquid air.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4404/app-a1.htm (1939 words)

	liquefaction
		Coal gasification and liquefaction - an expensive, decades-old technology used in the past by isolated countries - is enjoying a rebirth as global oil and gas...
		She said what was happening was "blast-induced liquefaction," which happens when vibrations cause soil that is saturated with groundwater to move freely.
		The energy used in liquefaction and re gasification of LNG is an energy-intensive operation.
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/liquefaction.html (3740 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Earthquakes Work"
		In some areas, severe earthquake damage is the result of liquefaction of soil.
		When a building or house is built on this type of sediment, liquefaction will cause the structure to collapse more easily.
		Liquefaction can also cause severe mudslides, like the ones that took so many lives in the recent earthquake that shook Central America.
	www.howstuffworks.com /earthquake6.htm (590 words)

	Coal Liquefaction
		Coal liquefaction is the conversion of coal to produce synthetic fuels.
		To convert coal to synthetic fuels, a process has been developed that requires the coal to be in contact with a hydrogen environment at high temperatures and pressures.
		The major objective of coal liquefaction is to produce synthetic oil to supplement the natural sources of petroleum.
	www.cogeneration.net /Coal_Liquefaction.htm (5179 words)

	Open-File Report 98-488: Seismic Paleoliquefaction Features
		The liquefaction features shown in this presentation are mainly from field studies in the continental United States in which I was a principal investigator.
		Clastic intrusions (dikes and sills) in sediments of fluvial, deltaic, estuarine, or aeolian origin (i.e., nonmarine origin) are the effects of seismic liquefaction that are the focus of this presentation.
		Concentration is on the vertical view because liquefaction features from earthquakes as recent as 500 to 1,000 years ago are rarely available for examination at the ground surface (in plan view), even when aerial photographs or remote sensing imagery are used.
	pubs.usgs.gov /of/of98-488 (613 words)

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