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	Liquefied natural gas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Liquefied natural gas or LNG is natural gas that has been processed to remove impurities and heavy hydrocarbons and then condensed into a liquid at almost atmospheric pressure (Maximum Transport Pressure set around 25 KPa) by cooling it to approximately -163 degrees Celsius.
		Conditions required to condense natural gas depend on its precise composition, the market that it will be sold to and the process being used, but typically involve temperatures between -120 and -170 degrees Celsius (pure methane liquefies at -161.6 C) and pressures of between 101 and 6000 kPa (14.7 and 870 lbf/in²).
		The heat value depends on the source of gas that is used and the process that is used to liquefy the gas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas (2642 words)

	HF 348 ... the regulation of liquefied petroleum gas storage tank...
		A liquefied petroleum gas storage tank that is subject 4 17 to regulation under or registration with either the federal 4 18 department of transportation or state department of 4 19 transportation, or both, is exempt from the registration 4 20 requirements of this division.
		A liquefied petroleum gas storage tank registration 11 10 fund is created as a separate fund in the state treasury under 11 11 the control of the department of public safety, division of 11 12 fire protection.
		The bill 12 22 provides that a liquefied petroleum gas storage tank which is 12 23 subject to regulation by or registration with either the 12 24 federal department of transportation or state department of 12 25 transportation, or both, is exempt from the state fire marshal 12 26 registration requirements.
	www.legis.state.ia.us /GA/80GA/Legislation/HF/00300/HF00348/Current.html (3295 words)

	Liquefied Natural Gas 101 [Williams.com] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Liquefied natural gas, or LNG, has scientific properties that make it ideal for shipping and storing resulting in an economically feasible method of meeting our nation's ever-increasing demand for natural gas.
		When natural gas is cooled to approximately minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit, it condenses into a liquid that occupies approximately 1/600th the space it would occupy as a vapor.
		Natural gas at atmospheric pressure must be mixed with 5 to 15 percent air to be flammable.
	www.williams.com /safety/lng101.asp (445 words)

	Natural Gas Facts - Liquefied Natural Gas: A Cool Source of Energy
		Gas is chilled to minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit, turning it to liquid.
		Only if gas is somehow released into the air and floats as a cloud with the wind is there any risk of ignition.
		Millions of dollars have been spent by natural gas companies and universities to create a permanently liquid form of gas that could be easily transported all over the world, much like oil So far, they have not been successful, but, because there are vast amounts of natural gas reserves in many countries, the search continues.
	www.naturalgasfacts.org /factsheets/liquefied.html (540 words)

	Liquefied Natural Gas Facts
		LNG is natural gas that has been cooled to minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit, the point at which gas condenses to a liquid.
		When natural gas is cooled into liquid form its volume is reduced by a factor of 600, which means LNG uses 1/600 of the space required for the same weight of gas.
		Natural gas, the cleanest burning of all fossil fuels, is odourless and colourless in liquid form.
	www.darwinlng.com /about/LNGfacts (380 words)

	History of Liquefied Natural Gas
		The first liquefied natural gas plant was built in West Virginia in 1912, while the first commercial liquefication plant was built in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1941.
		Liquefying natural gas made it possible to transport the fuel to distant destinations.
		The first exports of liquefied natural gas from the United States to Asia occurred in 1969, with Alaskan LNG being sent to Japan from the Kenai Peninsula LNG plant.
	www.dom.com /about/gas-transmission/covepoint/lng_history.jsp (462 words)

	LNG - Frequently Asked Questions
		LNG is characterized as a cryogen, a liquefied gas kept in its liquid state at very low temperatures.
		The boil-off gas is collected and used as a fuel source in the facility or on the tanker transporting it.
		LNG peak-shaving facilities are used for storing surplus natural gas that is to be used to meet the requirements of peak consumption later during winter or summer.
	www.energy.ca.gov /lng/faq.html (1272 words)

	Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as a Transportation Fuel
		Liquefied natural gas, or LNG, is natural gas in a liquid form that is clear, colorless, odorless, non-corrosive, and non-toxic.
		LNG is produced when natural gas is cooled to minus 259 degrees Fahrenheit through a process known as liquefaction.
		During this process, the natural gas, which is primarily methane, is cooled below its boiling point, whereby certain concentrations of hydrocarbons, water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and some sulfur compounds are either reduced or removed.
	www.consumerenergycenter.org /transportation/afvs/lng.html (575 words)

	Liquefied Natural Gas Refuse Packers \| Environmental Services
		The Miramar Place Operations Center provides liquefied natural gas (LFG) fuel for the city's packer fleet and maintains the fleet.
		The 69 dual-fueled trucks use approximately 3,000 gallons of liquefied natural gas daily.
		However, the San Diego City Council approved an innovative plan in November 2000 to harvest methane from City landfill gas to produce the LNG.
	www.sandiego.gov /environmental-services/collection/newops.shtml (444 words)

	Online NewsHour: Multinational Companies Rush to Import and Develop Liquefied Natural Gas or LNG -- December 6, 2005
		A report on multinational companies that are rushing to develop and import liquefied natural gas, LNG, a resource that is cheap to transport but many countries fear could pose risks to large population centers that lie near storage facilities.
		In addition, energy companies are turning away from U.S. gas fields, where gas is harder and costlier to reach in favor of foreign sources.
		He says it's as much a mistake to rely on foreign natural gas imports as it is to depend on foreign oil.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/environment/july-dec05/gas_12-6.html (1242 words)

	NaturalGas.org
		Although it currently accounts for only about 1 percent of natural gas used in the United States, it is expected that LNG imports will provide a steady, dependable source of natural gas for U.S. consumption.
		LNG imports are expected to increase at an average annual rate of 15.8 percent, to levels of 4.80 Tcf of natural gas by 2025.
		Liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports represent an increasingly important part of the natural gas supply picture in the United States.
	www.naturalgas.org /lng/lng.asp (389 words)

	CHAPTER 72. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS CONTAINERS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		(a) The term "liquefied petroleum gas" as used in this chapter means any material which is composed predominately of any of the following hydrocarbons or mixtures of the same: Propane, propylene, butanes (normal butane and isobutane) and butylenes.
		Nothing in this chapter shall apply to or shall be construed to affect a liquefied petroleum gas container having a total capacity of 30 pounds or less.
		The owner of any liquefied petroleum gas container removed from any property under this section shall be responsible for filling in the hole resulting from the removal of such container.
	www.delcode.state.de.us /title16/c072/index.htm (343 words)

	Statement of Senator Dianne Feinstein - Liquefied Natural Gas Amendment to the Energy Bill
		Increased demand for LNG means we need new natural gas supplies, and liquefied natural gas is one of the options available to us.
		Liquefied natural gas is clean energy and it is less costly than other forms.
		If the worst case scenario were to occur, a tanker could in fact spill liquefied natural gas that, in about 30 seconds, could set off a fire that would cause second-degree burns on people nearly a mile away.
	feinstein.senate.gov /05speeches/cr-lng0622.htm (1184 words)

	Should enviros embrace liquefied natural gas? \| By Amanda Griscom \| Grist Magazine \| Powers That Be \| 06 Nov 2003
		Natural gas is by far the cleanest of fossil fuels; generating electricity from it emits a mere 40 percent of the carbon dioxide produced by generating juice from coal.
		Another environmental advantage natural gas has over fossil fuels is the combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT), a new technology for natural-gas power plants borrowed from jet-engine design that is nearly twice as efficient as traditional plants, boasting 70 percent efficiency compared to the 30 to 40 percent efficiency of plants that burn oil and coal.
		Natural gas demand is projected to increase by nearly 50 percent in the next two decades, and net imports are projected to increase by more than 200 percent, according to the Energy Information Administration, which develops official statistics for the U.S. Department of Energy.
	www.grist.org /news/powers/2003/11/06/assets (2841 words)

	LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
		Liquefied Petroleum Gas is composed predominantly of propane, butane or propylene or a mixture of these gases.
		When gas is withdrawn from a cylinder the pressure drops and the liquid reverts to gas.
		The expansion ratio of gas from liquid is 270 : 1 which means that you will get 270 liters of gas for every liter of liquid LPG.
	www.iigas.com /liquefied_petroleum_gas.htm (214 words)

	Liquefied petroleum gas (LP-Gas). - 1926.153
		Hoses shall be long enough to permit compliance with spacing provisions of paragraphs (h)(1) through (13) of this section, without kinking or straining, or causing hose to be so close to a burner as to be damaged by heat.
		Portable heaters, including salamanders, shall be equipped with an approved automatic device to shut off the flow of gas to the main burner, and pilot if used, in the event of flame failure.
		Cylinder connectors shall be provided with an excess flow valve to minimize the flow of gas in the event the fuel line becomes ruptured.
	www.osha.gov /pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10674 (1695 words)

	DOE - Fossil Energy: DOE's Liquefied Natural Gas
		Natural gas consumption in the United States is expected to increase from about 22 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) in 2004 to almost 31 Tcf by 2025.
		In the liquefaction process, the gas is cooled to a temperature of approximately-260 degrees F. One volume of this condensed liquid form of natural gas takes up about 1/600th of the volume of natural gas at a stove burner tip.
		Regasification is used to convert the LNG back into its gas form, which enters the domestic pipeline distribution system and is ultimately delivered to the end-user.
	www.fe.doe.gov /programs/oilgas/storage (984 words)

	Liquefied natural gas -- Not in anyone's backyard
		Advocates cite declining domestic natural gas reserves and the specter of rolling flouts as proof that we must develop LNG as a clean, safe alternative.
		One potential LNG source is Russia's Sakhalin Island, where Shell and Mitsubishi are drilling for oil and gas in a pristine marine environment.
		Like other fossil fuels, when natural gas burns it emits greenhouse gases, which are changing the Earth's climate and in the process causing erratic weather.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/04/02/EDGIM5V25J1.DTL (706 words)

	Zen Canister Stoves - Liquefied Gas Stoves
		This is a superior design for butane-propane mixed fuel in sub-freezing temperatures as the propane gas will continue to pressurize the fuel and feed the stove instead of being used up first and leaving the majority of the butane unusable.
		Gas stoves that mount their canister horizontally are not very common in the US or European backpacking community, but are much more common in Asia.
		The old Optimus 702 and Hank Roberts LP Gas canisters for the the Gerry, Browning, Hank Roberts, and Optimus 731 Mousetrap stoves have a special rubber nipple that seals around the unique fuel needle used by these stoves.
	zenstoves.net /Canister.htm (4529 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Liquefied Petroleum Gas Works"
		Liquefied petroleum gas, or LP gas, is one of the most common alternative fuels used in the world today.
		In fact, in many places, it isn't an alternative fuel at all: LP gas is a mainstay for heating and cooking in certain areas of India and some rural areas of the United States.
		Known for its versatility and efficiency, these days, LP gas is looking like an attractive source of energy for people fed up with high heating bills and skyrocketing prices at the gas pump.
	auto.howstuffworks.com /lpg.htm (172 words)

	Liquefied Natural Gas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Marathon is a pioneer in liquefied natural gas (LNG) production and has a major stake in one of the oldest, continuously running LNG plants in the world—the first to be built in the United States.
		Natural gas for the project will be purchased from the Alba field participants, Marathon, Noble Energy and GEPetrol, under a long term gas supply agreement.
		The LNG would be supplied primarily to a receiving terminal in Lake Charles, Louisiana, where it would be regasified and delivered into the Gulf Coast natural gas pipeline grid—helping to feed the emerging natural gas supply gap in the United States.
	www.marathon.com /our_business/marathon_oil_company/integrated_natural_gas/liquefied_natural_gas (612 words)

	Chevron - Natural Gas Projects
		Chevron is leading the development of the world-class gas resources in the Greater Gorgon Area, off the northwest coast of Australia.
		Gas would be transported by pipeline from offshore production facilities to a proposed onshore liquefaction plant in northern Angola.
		This project is part of a large strategic initiative to commercialize Nigeria's natural gas resource base and reduce gas flaring.
	www.chevron.com /about/our_businesses/natural_gas_projects.asp (676 words)

	Hydrocarbons Technology - Freeport Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Terminal, Quintana Island, Brazoria County, Freeport, TX
		Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is becoming increasingly important as a prime energy source for both commercial and domestic customers all around the world.
		The facility is scheduled to begin delivering gas in mid-2007 to provide a reliable source of energy and feedstock for the local petrochemical industry.
		The main channel to the open water is a relatively short distance of six miles (one hour sailing time) and is dredged to 45ft; marine traffic into and out of the port is moderate.
	www.hydrocarbons-technology.com /projects/freeport (1041 words)

	Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Liquefied natural gas for vehicles comes from the same sources as compressed natural gas (CNG), or for that matter as the gas that cooks your dinner.
		LNG is somewhat behind CNG in retail availability, because of the added complexity of a cryogenic (ultra-cold) liquefying station compared to a compressor station.
		In addition, the liquefaction process amounts to a distillation, so the fuel is essentially pure methane (CNG can contain up to 12% of heavier molecules in California, like ethane and propane, and even more elsewhere), which prevents variations in fuel quality that I'm told can occur for CNG (or gasoline, for that matter).
	www.altfuels.org /backgrnd/altftype/lng.html (316 words)

	LPG - Liquefied petroleum gas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		LPG is a gas at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperatures, but it can be liquefied when moderate pressure is applied or when the temperature is sufficiently reduced.
		Normally, the gas is stored in liquid form under pressure in a steel container, cylinder or tank.
		Gradually facilities were built to cool and compress natural gas, and to separate the gases that could be turned into liquids (including propane and butane).
	edugreen.teri.res.in /explore/n_renew/lpg.htm (577 words)

	Liquefied Petroleum Gas (propane)
		Propane is sometimes referred to as Liquefied Petroleum Gas, or LPG.
		Propane is normally a gas, but it’s stored in liquid form on a vehicle.
		Once the propane enters the engine, it becomes a gas again, which helps this fuel to burn so cleanly.
	www.michigan.gov /deq/0,1607,7-135-3585_4127_4172-11317--,00.html (213 words)

	Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Experts predict that during the next two decades, natural gas will be the world’s fastest-growing major energy source, supplying one-quarter of the world’s energy needs by 2030.
		Although natural gas is one of the world’s cleanest fuels, it’s also one of the most expensive to transport long distances.
		Qatar’s gas reserves are the third largest in the world, and the country’s North Field is the world’s biggest single source of nonassociated natural gas (gas not produced with oil).
	www2.exxonmobil.com /corporate/Campaign/Campaign_energydemand_LNG.asp (707 words)

	Center for Liquefied Natural Gas - Issues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		An Update Assessment of Pipeline and Storage Infrastructure for the North American Gas Market is an update of studies performed for the Foundation in 1999 and 2001 with respect to natural gas pipeline and storage infrastructure requirements in the context of the changes in market fundatmentals that have taken place since thoses years.
		It projects the negative economic consequences that will befall natural gas customer by 2020 if there is a two year delay in getting need infrastructure in place.
		Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has been transported by sea since 1959 in specially designed LNG carriers.
	www.lngfacts.org /issues (570 words)

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