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Topic: Liquid State

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	RHIC Scientists Serve Up "Perfect" Liquid
		However, unlike ordinary liquids, in which individual molecules move about randomly, the hot matter formed at RHIC seems to move in a pattern that exhibits a high degree of coordination among the particles -- somewhat like a school of fish that responds as one entity while moving through a changing environment.
		the liquid state that has been observed in gold-gold collisions at RHIC (Figure B, see mpeg animation).
		Others are attempting to incorporate quantitative measures of viscosity into the equations of motion for fluid moving at nearly the speed of light.
	www.bnl.gov /bnlweb/pubaf/pr/PR_display.asp?prID=05-38 (1235 words)

	Liquid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A liquid (a phase of matter) is a fluid whose volume is fixed under conditions of constant temperature and pressure; and, whose shape is usually determined by the container it fills.
		Liquids at their respective boiling point change to gases, and at their freezing points, change to a solids.
		Cohesion between molecules of liquid is insufficient to prevent those at free surface from evaporating.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liquid (288 words)

	Chemical of the Week -- Liquid Crystals
		Cholesterol myristate changes from the solid state to an intermediate state (cloudy liquid) at 71°C, and from the intermediate state to the liquid state at 86°C. Because the intermediate state exits between the crystalline solid state and the liquid state, it has been called the liquid crystal state.
		In the liquid state, this motion overcomes the intermolecular forces that maintain a crystalline state, and the molecules move into random positions, without pattern in location or orientation, as represented in Figure 2.
		The thickness of the liquid crystal is sufficient to rotate the plane of the polarized light by 90 degrees.
	scifun.chem.wisc.edu /chemweek/liqxtal/liqxtal.html (1106 words)

	Physical State/Latent Heat
		At the surface of liquid water, molecules are continually moving back and forth from the liquid state to the vapor state.
		To get the molecule of water vapor to become liquid again, we have to take the energy away, that is, we have to cool it down so that it condenses (condensation is the change from the vapor state to the liquid state).
		If the water is liquid at a temperature of 0 degrees C, the latent heat of vaporization is 597 cal/g, compared to 540 cal/g at 100 degrees C. In between, at 50 degrees C, an input of 569 cal/g would be required for evaporation.
	daphne.palomar.edu /jthorngren/latent.htm (951 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The transitions from a gas to a liquid and from a liquid to a solid depend not only on the temperature, but also on the pressure to which the substance is subjected.
		When a liquid is placed in a closed container at constant temperature, the molecules with the highest energy break away from the surface of the liquid and enter the gaseous state (evaporate), and some of the molecules subsequently return to the liquid state or condense.
		If a liquid is placed in an open container and heated until the vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure, the vapor is seen to form bubbles that rise rapidly through the liquid and escape into the gaseous state.
	www.cop.ufl.edu /safezone/prokai/pha5110/liquid.htm (637 words)

	Space and its Exploration: How a Liquid Propellant Rocket Works (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The apparent distinction is the liquid state of the fuel and the oxidizer.
		This state could be used, and combustion would occur, but the amount of gaseous oxygen or fluorine, storable in the oxidizer tank, would be insufficient in producing useful thrust.
		To achieve the liquid state of this element, a temperature of -183 degrees Celsius must be obtained--conditions under which oxygen readily evaporates, losing a large sum of oxidizer just while loading.
	adc.gsfc.nasa.gov /adc/education/space_ex/liquid.html (1881 words)

	Phases of Liquid Crystals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The liquid crystal state is a distinct phase of matter observed between the crystalline (solid) and isotropic (liquid) states.
		(or chiral nematic) liquid crystal phase is typically composed of nematic mesogenic molecules containing a chiral center which produces intermolecular forces that favor alignment between molecules at a slight angle to one another.
		Similarly, decreasing the temperature of the molecules increases the pitch length of the chiral nematic liquid crystal.
	plc.cwru.edu /tutorial/enhanced/files/lc/phase/phase.htm (1575 words)

	The States of Matter
		As you may notice, we've divided the section on each state into two parts, a macroscopic part that talks about what each phase looks and feels like to your senses, and a microscopic part that talks about what the molecules of a substance in each phase are doing.
		Liquids are different from solids in that they don't hold their shape.
		The supercritical state is important to polymers because carbon dioxide in the supercritical state is a useful solvent in which to carry out certain polymerization reactions.
	chemheritage.org /EducationalServices/FACES/poly/tutorial/states.htm (1291 words)

	The Liquid State (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The liquid state of a material has a definite volume, but it does not have a definite shape and takes the shape of the container, unlike that of the solid state.
		Unlike the gas state, a liquid does not occupy the entire volume of the container if its volume is larger than the volume of the liquid.
		Liquids with high surface tensions have strong cohesion forces, and they are poor wetting liquid due to low adhesion forces.
	www.science.uwaterloo.ca /~cchieh/cact/c123/liquid.html (940 words)

	AllRefer.com - liquid air (Physics) - Encyclopedia
		liquid air, ordinary air that has been liquefied by compression and cooling to extremely low temperatures (see liquefaction).
		Liquid air is used commercially for freezing other substances and especially as an intermediate step in the production of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon and the other inert gases.
		As the temperature of liquid air rises, the nitrogen evaporates first at -195.8°C, the argon next at -185.7°C, and the oxygen last at -183°C. See low-temperature physics.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/liquidai.html (242 words)

	Liquid Crystals
		Liquid cystals usually consist of steric "rod-" or "disk-like" organic molecules which tend to align themselves with a long range order due to anisotropic intermolecular forces.
		MBBA was the first room temperature liquid crystal synthesized in 1969, whereas 5CB was the first member of the optically and chemically stable cyanobiphenyls, one of the most applicable family of liquid crystals, discovered in 1973.
		In smectic A (SmA) liquid crystals the molecular orientation is perpendicular to the layers, whereas the director is tilted in the SmC phase.
	moebius.physik.tu-berlin.de /lc/lcs.html (892 words)

	Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		When the temperature reaches the boiling point, the average kinetic energy of the liquid particles is sufficient to overcome the forces of attraction that hold molecules in the liquid state.
		Vapor pressure is caused by an equilibrium between molecules in the gaseous state and molecules in the liquid state.
		State whether the compounds above will be a gas or liquid state at room temperature (20 C).
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/onlcourse/chm110/outlines/distill.html (611 words)

	States of Matter - Succeed in Physical Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The primary physical characteristics of the various states of matter are the volume and shape of the material.
		The solid state of matter is when the material has a definite volume or size and distinct shape at a given temperature.
		The reason the various states of matter have their particular physical characteristics and behave in the way they do is a result of the motion of the molecules and the attraction between them.
	www.school-for-champions.com /science/matterstates.htm (1494 words)

	The liquid state. (from physical chemistry) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Physical chemists have found that the molecules in a liquid are arranged somewhat as they are in the solid phase but only over very small regions.
		Liquids are regarded as either condensed gases or highly disordered solids in which the molecules are much closer to one another than…
		Liquids may be either syllabic or nonsyllabic; i.e., they may sometimes, like vowels, act as the sound carrier in a syllable.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-206520?tocId=206520 (845 words)

	Is glass liquid or solid?
		A liquid to crystal transition is a thermodynamic one; i.e.
		For example, it's possible to take water from being a liquid to a gas at high pressure without its passing through a phase transition; so at some stage it must be between an ideal liquid and an ideal gas.
		In terms of molecular dynamics and thermodynamics it is possible to justify various different views that it is a highly viscous liquid, an amorphous solid, or simply that glass is another state of matter which is neither liquid nor solid.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/physics/General/Glass/glass.html (2574 words)

	World Builders Lesson 2 Geology States of Matter E Viau Cal State University LA
		The state that a rock or an ice cube is in depends on its temperature.
		Temperatures that allow rocks and metals to be in a liquid state are too hot for carbon-based life forms.
		Plasma is still another state of matter, one which we do not observe naturally on earth or on our sister planets because it requires a great deal of energy.
	curriculum.calstatela.edu /courses/builders/lessons/less/les2/states.html (828 words)

	hygrometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The molecules of a liquid are free to move throughout the liquid but are held from escaping from the liquid by intermolecular forces (see adhesion and cohesion).
		Evaporation is also increased by increasing the surface area of the liquid or by increasing the air circulation, thus carrying away the energetic molecules leaving the liquid before they can be slowed enough by collisions with air molecules to be reabsorbed into the liquid.
		The reason for this is that only the most energetic molecules of liquid are lost by evaporation, so that the average energy of the remaining molecules decreases; the surface temperature, which is a measure of this average energy, decreases also.
	www.nebirdsplus.org /Humidity/Humidity.htm (2445 words)

	Property Modeling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		As with the van der Waals equation of state, the parameters a and b in the Patel-Teja equation are evaluated using the conditions at the critical point given by equations 2-4 and 2-5.
		To calculate the liquid fugacity in equation 2-29 the liquid's compressibility is input to equation 2-24, and to calculate the vapor fugacity, the vapor's compressibility is used.
		As seen in Figure 2-6, the equation of state fits the experimental data nicely at 20.7 bar (300 psi), but as soon as the pressure is decreased to 10 bar, a strange loop starts to occur in the dew point line while the bubble point line is also behaving rather badly.
	www.me.gatech.edu /energy/andy_phd/two.htm (5641 words)

	A Gallery of Liquid Crystal Photomicrographs
		Liquid crystals are unique, in that they combine the physical and optical properties of both states of matter.
		I have chosen cholesteryl benzoate (the first liquid crystal to be studied in 1888), cholesteryl stearate, cholesteryl laurate and three compounds labelled liquid crystal A, B and C. Unfortunately the last three were obtained twenty-five years ago, and there is no way of easily determining their structure.
		Liquid crystals produce patterns that are unlike any that I have observed with other compounds.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artsep03/bjpolar3.html (953 words)

	What is Water? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Pure liquid water is free of salt, rocks, soil, and garbage.
		Water in the liquid state may change to water in the gaseous state.
		The changes from a solid to a liquid to a gas or from a gas to a liquid to a solid are called a phase changes.
	www.nyu.edu /pages/mathmol/textbook/slg.html (369 words)

	Capabilities of Liquid-State NMR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		One of the main issues in liquid-state NMR QIP is the highly mixed initial state.
		The problem is that for these methods, the pseudopure state signal decreases exponentially with the number of qubits prepared while the noise level is constant.
		The first and less practical is to use computational cooling for a (unrealistically) large number of spins to obtain less mixed initial states.
	www.eskimo.com /~knill/qip/nmrprhtml/node18.html (257 words)

	#1 Site For Learning Chemistry
		On the other hand, matter in a liquid state has no definite shape or form; the liquid takes the form of the container in which it is placed.
		Thus the three states of matter for a water molecule are : ice in solid state, liquid water in liquid state and steam in gaseous state.
		Elements and compounds can change their state from solid to liquid to gas, if external heat is applied or removed.
	home.att.net /~cat6a/prop_mat-II.htm (710 words)

	States of Water
		Then the particles are forced to change state, from a liquid to a solid.
		The process in which a liquid changes into a gas is called Evaporation.
		When a gas changes directly into a solid, without going through the liquid state, it is called Frost Formation.
	www.elytradesign.com /ali/html/changes.htm (237 words)

	Liquid State: Page 1
		When considering the three states of matter, the middle state is known as the Liquid State.
		Like the solid state, the liquid state tends to have very little ability to be compressed.
		Like the gas state, the liquid state tends to take on the shape of the container that it is in.
	www.bcpl.net /~kdrews/liquids/liquids1.html (213 words)

	Hana Microdisplays Technologies Inc. Donates 55"Rear-Projection Television To Kent State's Liquid Crystal Institute
		The television, and a Samsung HD DVD player and DVI interface also donated by Hana, will be placed in the Liquid Crystal Institute so that visitors to campus and students can better understand the use and impact of liquid crystal technology.
		The Institute remains the world’s center of excellence in liquid crystal research.
		William Doane, director emeritus of the Liquid Crystal Institute, decided to donate the television to celebrate the technological innovations being studied, developed and produced in Northeast Ohio, specifically those technologies derived from basic and applied research being done at Kent State's Liquid Crystal Institute.
	www.lci.kent.edu /HanaTelevisionDonation.htm (841 words)

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