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Topic: Liquid air cycle engine

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		Liquid Air Cycle Rocket Equation by Steven S. Pietrobon (19 Dec 1994) -------------------------------- Let us assume that we have a Liquid Air Cycle Engine (LACE) where the fuel is provided by the rocket and the oxidiser is from surrounding air.
		Air has only about 25% oxygen by mass (a rough guess since I could only find out that 21% of air by volume is oxygen and oxygen is denser than nitrogen which makes up most of the rest of air).
		For the SKYLON LACE engine 2/3 of the hydrogen is used to cool the incoming air and is then dumped overboard.
	www.sworld.com.au /steven/space/lace.txt (764 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Liquid air cycle engine
		A LACE, for Liquid Air Cycle Engine, is a type of spacecraft propulsion that attempts to gain efficiency by gathering part of its oxidizer from the atmosphere.
		By careful mechanical arrangement the liquid oxygen[?] can be removed from the other parts of the air, notably nitrogen and carbon dioxide, at which point it can be fed into the engine as normal.
		LACE was studied to some extent in the US during the late 1950s and early 1960s, where it was seen as a "natural" fit for a winged spacecraft project known as the Aerospaceplane.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/li/Liquid_air_cycle_engine (609 words)

	Internal combustion engine with Rankine bottoming cycle - Patent 4366674
		Liquid is supplied in a line (20) to the boiler to be vaporized therein and the vaporized liquid is supplied by a line (22) to the turbine (24) to drive the same.
		The efficiency of many internal combustion engines operating on, for example, the Otto cycle or the Diesel cycle, and which are of conventional construction is relatively low in terms of the conversion of the energy of fuel consumed to energy output.
		Liquid in the second flow path 42 exits the heat exchanger 38 on a line 54 which may be connected directly to the supply line 20 for the boiler 18.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4366674.html (2497 words)

	New and used engines
		Engines are 2 cycle, twin cylinder, and will operate vertically or horizontally; engines are complete, with carburetor, muffler, recoil starter and exhaust header.
		Although the initial cost of a Hirth engine may make it appear more expensive than competing engines, the extremely high TBO of 1,000 hours, the full year warranty, the superior reliability and the lower operating RPM actually make Hirth engines a far greater value than almost any of its competitors.
		Unlike most other engines that were designed for land use, then adapted for aircraft, Hirth engines are specifically designed for aircraft.
	www.vortechonline.com /engines (633 words)

	Starting apparatus for two cycle engine - Patent 4359975
		The engine according to claim 1, 2 or 3, including means in said remote fuel reservoir for providing visual observation of said liquid returned to said remote fuel reservoir, whereby the operator can determine when fuel is present in the crankcase.
		Any liquid fuel within the crankcase 12 will then be pumped into the reservoir to rapidly lean the mixture from the excessively rich condition to within the limits of flammability thus assuring starting within a minimum number of engine rotations.
		If the engine design is such that a puddle of fuel accumulates at the low point of the crankcase, during normal operation of the engine, this puddle will consist of the "heavy ends" of the fuel-oil mixture which are largely oil.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4359975.html (2852 words)

	PowerPedia:Engine - PESWiki
		In the context of propulsion systems, an air breathing engine is one that uses atmospheric air to oxidise the fuel carried, rather than carrying an oxidiser, as in a rocket.
		In engineering and thermodynamics, a heat engine performs the conversion of heat energy to mechanical work by exploiting the temperature gradient between a hot "source" and a cold "sink".
		Human power was focused by the use of simple engines, such as the capstan, windlass or treadmill, and with ropes, pulleys, and block and tackle arrangements, this power was transmitted and multiplied.
	peswiki.com /index.php/PowerPedia:Engine (2120 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Cycle
		Citric acid cycle, Kreb's cycle, the Born Haber cycle or the Calvin cycle.
		The cycle is a unit of phase angle equivalent to one oscillation, or 2Ï radians.
		In astrophysics, the CNO cycle is a sequence of nuclear reactions whose net effect is fusion.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Cycle (492 words)

	Engines (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ramjets reduce engine complexity by eliminating most of the moving parts; the speed of an aircraft is enough to compress air at the ramjet's inlet, eliminating the need for fans.
		A variant of the pure ramjet is the 'combined cycle' engine, intended to overcome the limitations of the pure ramjet.
		The liquid hydrogen fuel is pumped through a heat exchanger in the air-intake, simultaneously heating the liquid hydrogen, and cooling the incoming air.
	d-engine.com.ru /rj.html (603 words)

	Liquid air cycle engine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A liquid air cycle engine (LACE) is a spacecraft propulsion engine that attempts to gain efficiency by gathering part of its oxidizer from the atmosphere.
		By careful mechanical arrangement the liquid oxygen can be removed from the other parts of the air, notably water, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, at which point it can be fed into the engine as normal.
		LACE was studied to some extent in the United States of America during the late 1950s and early 1960s, where it was seen as a "natural" fit for a winged spacecraft project known as the Aerospaceplane.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liquid_air_cycle_engine (769 words)

	HOTOL
		Designed as a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) reusable winged launch vehicle, it was to be fitted with a unique Liquid air cycle engine (LACE), designed by Rolls Royce.
		The engine would burn a air-hydrogen mix or liquid oxygen depending on where in its mission profile the craft was.
		The engine was intended to switch from jet propulsion to pure rocket propulsion at 26-32 km high, by which time the craft would be travelling at Mach 5 to 7.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ho/HOTOL.html (235 words)

	Air Conditioning
		Each drop of liquid that converts to a gas absorbs a large amount of heat from the air flowing across the outside of the heat exchanger.
		In the evaporator, refrigerant absorbs heat from the air as the refrigerant changes state from a liquid to a gas; the cooled air flows into the passenger compartment.
		An A/C system's operation is also affected by the operation of the vehicle's cooling fan, which affects the volume and rate of air flow over the condenser, and by the blower fan, which controls the flow of air over the evaporator and into the vehicle's interior.
	www.bennettauto.com /air_conditioning.html (1308 words)

	Liquid Air/Lox/LH2
		Liquid air has no advantage as a stored propellant, but in a Liquid Air Cycle Engine (LACE) relatively freely available atmospheric air is scooped up, liquefied, and burned with a fuel in a conventional rocket engine.
		The equilibrium composition of liquid hydrogen is 99.79 per cent parahydrogen and 0.21 per cent orthohydrogen.
		The boiling point of this composition is -253 deg C. Liquid hydrogen is transparent and without a characteristic odour.
	www.astronautix.com /props/liqoxlh2.htm (417 words)

	The Transportation Revolution: Liquid-Overfeed Air Conditioner
		Their invention, called the liquid-overfeed air conditioner system, is essentially an additional heat-exchanger loop that overfeeds refrigerant through the system's evaporator, increasing its cooling capacity.
		The 1995 Chrysler Neon that a group of UT engineering students modified to run on alternate fuels was tested in the Large-Scale Climate Simulator at ORNL's Buildings Technology Center.
		It has been estimated that if the liquid overfeed technology were fully implemented by U.S. automakers, the device could save 340 million gallons of fuel per year, cut carbon dioxide emissions, and reduce the consumer's cost of driving.
	www.ornl.gov /info/ornlreview/rev28_2/text/trabar1.htm (604 words)

	Liquid Air: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Liquid air is used commercially for freezing other substances and especially as an intermediate step in the production of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon and the other inert gases.
		Air Force officers, Hall, Edward N....Hall, one of the U.S. Air Forces foremost rocket...U.S. rockets were liquid fueled, typically operating on a mixture of liquid oxygen and alcohol...enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Forces.
		Air pollution control--Safety and security measures, Air quality management--Safety and security measures, Barges, Inland water transportation workers, Occupational health and safety--Management, Occupational safety and health--Management, Safety regulations, Transportation industry--Safety and security measures, United States.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/101255568 (1758 words)

	Air-augmented rocket - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They represent a hybrid class of rocket/ramjet engines, similar to a ramjet, but are able to also in some cases able to operate outside the atmosphere, with fuel efficiency as good or better than both a comparable ramjet or rocket at every point.
		A normal chemical rocket engine combines an oxidizer and a fuel, sometimes pre-mixed, as in a solid rocket, which are then burned.
		As it travels down the tube it is further compressed and mixed with the fuel-rich exhaust from the rocket engine, which heats the air much as a combustor would in a ramjet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Air-augmented_rocket (859 words)

	Pioneers
		Hans von Ohain and Sir Frank Whittle are recognized as the co-inventors of the jet engine.
		This engine was also the basis of the design of the General Electric I-14 turbojet engine used to power the Bell XP-59A twin engine experimental fighter.
		In June 1939, the Air Ministry was finally convinced of the merits of Whittle' invention.
	www.aircraftenginedesign.com /custom.html3.html (944 words)

	Technical details
		The MDI engine works with both air taken from the atmosphere and air pre-compressed in tanks.
		Air is compressed by the on-board compressor or at service stations equipped with a high-pressure compressor.
		The exhaust pipe on the MDI cars produces clean air, which is cold on exit (between -15º and 0º) and is harmless to human life.
	www.theaircar.com /tecno.html (712 words)

	Liquid Air Cycle Rocket Equation by Steven S. Pietrobon (19 Dec 1994)
		Let us assume that we have a Liquid Air Cycle Engine (LACE) where the fuel is provided by the rocket and the oxidiser is from surrounding air.
		For a LACE m_o is not carried aboard and must be accelerated to the speed of the rocket.
		This is the LACE Rocket Equation (probably discovered yonks ago, but what the heck, it was fun deriving it).
	www.islandone.org /Propulsion/LACE.html (1048 words)

	Subject Category Guide
		Unconventional engines which use ingested air to oxidize their fuel, for example, the (Unconventional) liquid air cycle engine (LACE).
		For conventional air breathing engines, See 21/05, Jet and Gas Turbine Engines, and 21/07, Reciprocating and Rotating Engines.
		Studies of liquid propellant rocket engines and propulsion hardware.
	www.dtic.mil /dtic/subcatguide/propulsion.html (316 words)

	The Physics of a Four-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine
		The first stroke of the cycle is described as the intake cycle, where the piston that starts at the top of the cylinder chamber, begins to move downward.
		The gasoline must be mixed with the air because liquid gasoline will not burn so it must be vaporized by the injector and mixed with air.
		Now that the cylinder chamber is full of highly compressed air and gasoline, a spark from a spark plug initiates an explosion in the chamber that causes a rapid expansion of the compressed mixture, resulting in the piston being forced downward very quickly.
	www.unc.edu /~prinarp/jamie.html (702 words)

	GTA Fuel Enhancer for 2-Cycle Engines: A fuel saver, power booster and emissions cleaner, so many benefits, no negative ...
		Newer, cleaner burning engines are being designed and may be a long term solution but they are not an answer for today.
		Unlike a four-cycle engine which has separate fuel intake and exhaust strokes, in a two-cycle the fuel/air mixture enters the cylinder at the same time spent gasses are exhausted.
		Fuel droplets maintain their integrity until they are mixed with air in the cylinder where the heat is sufficient to vaporize all components simultaneously from the surface of the droplet.
	www.apdinc.com /2-cycleGTA.htm (768 words)

	Motorcycle Repair: Comparing dirt bikes
		Liquid cooling requires an engine that is heavier than an air-cooled one, because of the addition of a radiator, coolant lines, water pump, thermostat, cooling fan, thermosensor and internal engine ducting for the coolant to remove engine heat.
		Liquid cooled engines do not have cooling fins on the cylinders since the do not need them.
		Air cooling requires only that the engine be able to shed heat as air moves past it, thus the fins on the cylinders of air-cooled bikes.
	en.allexperts.com /q/Motorcycle-Repair-837/Comparing-dirt-bikes.htm (911 words)

	Green Car Congress: A Compact Brayton-Cycle Engine and Biomass Process for Mixed-Alcohol Fuels (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the classic Brayton-cycle engine, ambient air is pressurized in a compressor, passed to a mixing chamber where fuel is added, and then ignited in an expansion chamber.
		Brayton cycle engines have a high power density (hence their use in jet aircraft), compared to the lower power density of Otto (spark ignition) and Diesel engines.
		In large jet engines, some of the compressed air is forced through the shaft and turbine vanes to create a shroud of relatively cool air such that the combustion can occur at very high temperatures for better thermodynamic efficiency.
	www.greencarcongress.com /2006/04/a_braytoncycle_.html (3427 words)

	Rotax two stroke aircraft engine oil recommendations, two stroke aircraft air cooled and liquid cooled engine oils, ...
		Ultralight Aircraft pilots flying on two stroke engines should be aware that their are different oil recommendations for the two different styles of Rotax two stroke engines used in aircraft application.
		Air cooled engines run hotter than water cooled outboard-type engines and require a lubricant formulated for their unique lubrication requirements.
		Rotax recommends the use of a 2-cycle oil for air cooled engines as the optimum oil in most of their owner's manuals (all but the 618).
	www.ultralightnews.ca /articles/twocycleoil.htm (557 words)

	UNIFIED ENGINEERING September 1996
		The Otto cycle is an idealization of a set of processes used by spark ignition internal combustion engines (2-stroke or 4-stroke cycles).
		The Brayton cycle is an idealization of a set of thermodynamic processes used in gas turbine engines, whether for jet propulsion or for generation of electrical power.
		The cycle consists of four processes: a) quasi-static adiabatic compression in the inlet and compressor, b) constant pressure heat addition in the combustor, c) quasi-static adiabatic expansion in the turbine and exhaust nozzle, and finally d) constant pressure cooling to get the working fluid back to the initial condition.
	web.mit.edu /16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/chapter_5.htm (1537 words)

	Liquid air cycle engine
		LACE works by compressing and then quickly liquefying the air.
		Both Marquardt and General Dynamics were involved in the research, and by late 1960 Marquardt had a testbed system running that was capable of running a 275 lbf (1.2 kN) thrust engine for minutes at a time.
		Instead Bond developed another version that is more advanced, known as SABRE (ostensibly for Synergic Air Breathing Engine) which is meant for their Skylon design.
	www.askfactmaster.com /Liquid_air_cycle_engine (601 words)

	How 2 cycle aircraft engine oil works, what makes a good 2 stroke oil, two stroke air cooled engine oil, two stroke ...
		On the other hand, the only way to protect air- cooled two-cycle engines against piston ring sticking at their high peak temperatures is to include some detergent additives in the oil formulation.
		However, in the air-cooled engine, any ash deposits that could form from the detergents are dislodged by engine vibration and exhausted from the engine.
		Engines that require the fuel and oil to be pre mixed should use a two percent (50:1) concentration of oil in the fuel.
	www.ultralightnews.com /features/oilworks.htm (1599 words)

	N
		Engines of 200 tonnes and 40 tonnes thrust with a specific impulse of 900 to 950 seconds were being considered.
		Considered for each case were nuclear engine designs Type A (18 tonnes thrust, 4.8 tonnes mass), AF (20 tonnes thrust, 3.25 tonnes mass), V (40 tonnes thrust, 18 tonnes mass), and V with a bioshield for use on manned flights (40 tonnes thrust, 25 tonnes mass).
		The first stage engines would be increased in thrust from an average of 150 tonnes to 175 tonnes, and those in the second stage from 150 tonnes to 200 tonnes.
	www.fplib.org /partners/mwade/lvfam/n.htm (2795 words)

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