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Topic: Liquid consonants

	Encyclopedia: Nasal consonant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nasal consonants are sonorants, (as are laterals, approximants, and vowels), meaning they do not restrict the escape of the air.
		Alveolars are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, the internal side of the upper gums (known as the alveoles of the upper teeth).
		Consonants A acoustic phonetics affricate airstream mechanism allophone alveolar approximant alveolar consonant alveolar ejective fricative alveolar ejective alveolar flap alveolar nasal alveolar ridge alveolar trill alveolo-palatal consonant apical consonant approximant consonant articulatory phonetics aspiration auditory phonetics B back vowel bilabial click bilabial consonant bilabial ejective bilabial nasal bilabial trill breathy...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Nasal-consonant (1490 words)

	Table 2: Phonological Processes - Caroline Bowen
		A velar consonant, that is a sound that is normally made with the middle of the tongue in contact with the palate towards the back of the mouth, is replaced with consonant produced at the front of the mouth.
		The fricative consonants 'sh' and 'zh' are replaced by fricatives that are made further forward on the palate, towards the front teeth.
		A fricative consonant (/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/, 'sh', 'zh', 'th' or /h/), or an affricate consonant ('ch' or /j/) is replaced by a stop consonant (/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ or /g/).
	www.members.tripod.com /Caroline_Bowen/Table2.htm (452 words)

	Liquid consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Liquid consonants, or liquids, are approximant consonants that are not classified as semivowels (glides) because they do not correspond phonetically to specific vowels (in the way that, for example, the initial [j] in English yes corresponds to [i]).
		The class of liquids can be divided into lateral liquids and rhotics.
		English sounds [l] and [ɹ] are typical liquids.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liquid_consonant (99 words)

	SLIPS OF THE EAR
		Consonants may be lost or added, or one consonant may be substituted for another.
		In consonant substitutions, basic manner of articulation categories tend to be maintained in that resonants are most commonly misperceived as resonants and obstruents as obstruents.
		Consonant misperceptions involving substitutions tend to be more common in word-initial position than elsewhere, in a ratio of 2 to 1.
	oak.cats.ohiou.edu /~bond/Slips.htm (6276 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Liquids spoken by 12 native Japanese speakers who had lived in the United States for an average of 2 years were often misidentified by native English-speaking listeners.
		On the other hand, liquids produced by native Japanese speakers who had lived in the United States for an average 21 years were identified correctly in forced-choice tests, and their liquids received ratings that were only slightly lower than native English speakers'.
		The English liquids produced by 10 of the 12 experienced Japanese speakers fell within the range of ratings obtained for the 12 native English speakers.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /~lgsp/flege.html (249 words)

	Brian E. Felt, Emory University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Liquid metathesis in Bulgarian is a process in which a sequence of liquid consonant–vowel (LV) or vowel–liquid consonant (VL) metathesizes depending on the form of the word, e.g.
		The data were analyzed using Praat, a phonetic analysis program, to determine the length and presence or absence of a vowel immediately before and/or after the liquid consonants [r] and [l] in each token word.
		The syllabic nature and articulation of the liquids [r] and [l] are central to the phonetic analysis of liquid metathesis in Bulgarian.
	aatseel.org /program/aatseel/2002/abstracts/Felt.html (245 words)

	Excerpts from the Booklet on Daharran Grammar
		2) is the consonant pronounced as a liquid, as a retroflex liquid, as a plosive, as a fricative or as an affricative?
		The records and the information we have been given indicates that there may have been liquid consonants in archaic Daharran, but we are thoroughly unable to either confirm or deny that.
		The consonants given here are those that we have confirmed in Daharran speech, and they are given in the transcription defined in OSI 9455-6454-12a (Metasoft preRFC 99165584F8E93CF).
	www.orionsarm.com /xenos/Daharran_grammar.html (2390 words)

	R - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The finishing stroke was added to the Greek Rho to distinguish it from a later form of the Greek Pi, at a time when there were only capital letters in Latin.
		It is usually one of the liquid consonants, though there are many ways it is pronounced in European languages.
		In typography, there was once a form called the half r, which was lost before the long s was.
	open-encyclopedia.com /R (479 words)

	From MRI and Acoustic Data to Articulatory Synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Narayanan, A. Alwan, and K. Haker, ``An Articulatory Study of Fricative Consonants using MRI,'' in Jour.
		Narayanan, A. Alwan, and K. Haker, ``An Articulatory Study of Liquid Consonants in American English,'' Int.
		Narayanan, A. Alwan, and K. Haker, ``An MRI Study of Fricative Consonants,'' Proc.
	www.icsl.ucla.edu /~spapl/projects/mri.html (841 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Identifies consonants which are auditorially available to the child in the initial position of syllables or words.
		In a set of two choices, discriminates between nasal consonants and non-nasal consonants in the final position of syllables and words.
		Discriminates between continuant consonant sounds and continuant consonant blends (A continuant sound is a sound that can be sustained).
	www.colorado.edu /CDSS/cdss5644fall97/audskill.htm (5142 words)

	SPA3112 Notes
		Resonant consonants have most of their energy in the lower frequency portion of the spectrum (the whole vocal tract, a bigger cavity, shapes the noise)
		Obstruent consonants have most of their energy in the higher frequency portion of the spectrum (only part of the vocal tract, a smaller cavity, shapes the noise)
		Liquid - not-so-narrow constriction of the vocal tract
	www.cas.usf.edu /~frisch/SPA3112_Fall01_L06.html (893 words)

	From MRI and Acoustic Data to Articulatory Synthesis
		Since then, we have analyzed the articulatory patterns of the liquids [2, 3, 12] and have succeeded in modeling the lateral (/l/) [4, 6, 7].
		Knowledge of the 3D vocal-tract geometry is essential in characterizing the liquids (/l/ and /r/) since side branches are created during /l/ production, and /r/ production is characterized by a large sublingual cavity.
		Furthermore, the vocal tract of a canonical retroflex /r/, which may occur in other English dialects or in other languages, can be treated as a special case of the three-cavity model, wherein the secondary pharyngeal constriction, corresponding to the anteriorly-located tongue tip-up oral constriction, is absent.
	cslu.cse.ogi.edu /nsf/isgw97/reports/alwan.html (1595 words)

	Lesson XII
		23, where you show the groups of consonants interacting with sigma, would be helpful.
		Liquid stem verbs typically form the future principal in a somewhat complicated way.
		Verbs that end in a double lambda shift to a single lambda (compare this to the aorist stem of these verbs).
	www.seabury.edu /faculty/akma/Lesson_12.html (929 words)

	Research Proposal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This research will provide a declarative account of the phonetics and phonology of English liquid consonants, paying particular attention to cross-dialectal variation and resonance characteristics.
		The phonetic description will enable a DP analysis to be made of the English liquid system, so determining whether dialect differences in liquids are phonological or phonetic.
		Resonance in English has most often been discussed in relation to lateral consonants; extending this discussion to liquids in general, since liquids tend to pattern as a group, presents a useful and informative field for research.
	www-users.york.ac.uk /~pgc104/work/research.html (329 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Neum
		Possibly the nature of the liquid consonants, l, m, n, r, which evidently have given the name to the liquescent neums, would give a more satisfactory explanation.
		It would seem, then, that when one of these consonants follows a vowel, then sometimes the last note on the vowel sound is smoothly fused into the consonantal sound, part of its time value being given to the singing of the liquid or semivocal consonant.
		The remaining cases of double consonants should be explained by analogy, the liquescence consisting simply in the shortening of the vowel sound made for the purpose of distinct pronunciation of the group of consonants without loss of time.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10765b.htm (5555 words)

	Literal-Minded: Can't Spell Gas without G and S (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is an open consonant, and it is at the beginning when my wind is strong.
		In the same vein, I'd guess that an open consonant was one of the glides (Y, W), or maybe the liquid R: consonants said with as little obstruction of the airflow as you can have before you end up with a vowel.
		But that doesn't seem to be what Simpson has in mind, since her "open consonant" G is an obstruent.
	literalmind.blogspot.com /2005/01/cant-spell-gas-without-g-and-s.html (678 words)

	Bibliography for S. Narayanan (shri) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Narayanan, S., Byrd, D. and Kaun, A., ``Geometry, kinematics, and acoustics of Tamil liquid consonants,'' J.
		Alwan, A., Narayanan, S. and Haker, ``Toward articulatory-acoustic models for liquid consonants based on MRI and EPG data.
		Narayanan, S., Alwan, A. and Haker, K., ``Toward articulatory-acoustic models for liquid consonants based on MRI and EPG data.
	www.research.att.com:9000 /resources/biblios/shri.html (876 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This will involve sorting out what is universal, and hence part of a model of the syllable in phonological theory, and what is specific to English, and hence part of the description of the English language.
		Theoretical work on the syllable has been concerned with defining the essential units within the syllable and trying to find empirical evidence for syllable-internal structure, meaning trying to find phonetic and phonological processes which are sensitive to structural distinctions within the syllable.
		Now consider the relationship of vowels and consonants to one another.
	www.uni-potsdam.de /u/anglistik/carroll/Texte/SS/SS_lectures_6-8.doc (932 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Modeling fricative consonants has always been a challenging problem because of the complex production mechanisms and the lack of sufficient articulatory and aerodynamic data for these sounds.
		The observed tongue shapes correspond to sustained consonants produced in a neutral vowel context.
		Shadle, C.H., ``The effect of geometry on source mechanisms of fricative consonants,'' J. Phonetics, 19, 409-424, 1991.
	www.eecs.tufts.edu /~jacob/isgw/Alwan-1.html (1484 words)

	The Expressiveness of Speech, by Alfred Russel Wallace
		How well the sound of boiling liquids is represented by bubble; the confused sound of various hard objects striking together by chatter or rattle; while hiss, whizz, and fizz well represent the effects of rapidly escaping air or gases.
		In stream and flow the liquid consonants well represent the smoothness and continuity of liquid motion; and in glow we have, as already stated, a corresponding word to imply the smooth and steady light of incandescent matter, so different from the unsteady flicker which is characteristic of flame.
		A similar use of liquid sounds in blush and flush serves to indicate a gradual and steady increase of colour.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/wallace/S518.htm (4492 words)

	sidg
		The replacement of a consonant sound with a glottal stop.
		are glottalised in the coda of a syllable when preceded by a sonorant (vowel or consonant) and followed by a consonant.
		The first of two aspirated consonants in a word loses its aspiration.
	www.phon.ucl.ac.uk /home/johnm/sid/sidg.htm (485 words)

	a cappella: "In the style of the chapel" or "In the church"
		He discovered that vowels and consonants posses distinct qualities that composers could use to emphasize meaning in text.
		This had to do with the certain quality of the vowels and consonents.
		Liquid consonants such as M, N, and W might be considered piace,while dental consonants such as T, C, and F might be considered gravita.
	www.uh.edu /~tkoozin/projects/ogan/glosspage.html (1673 words)

	Re: vocal pronunication and dipthongs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		I have students that are singing on pitch, but their pronunciation just sounds wrong (kind of whiny).
		In the meantime, all vowels should be OPEN until the consonant comes along.
		Some works have liquid consonants: R, L, M, N. We can sing on those letters, but when we do we pollute the vowel.
	www.menc.org /networks/chorus/openforum/messages/1724.html (742 words)

	Ital. sylls. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		We analyze word-level syllabification and segment length distributions in Italian, using the constraint-based framework of Optimality Theory (OT).
		Since it is the constraints that do the real work in all analyses of syllabification, it is theoretically sound to appeal to a solely constraint-based theory.
		For example, we account for the distributional fact that word-final consonants are sonorant with the general constraint ALIGN-OBSTRUENT.
	pubpages.unh.edu /~ngn/abstracts/Ital.sylls.ESCOL95.abs.html (295 words)

	English as a lingua franca for Europe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		English as a lingua franca would choose one of these sounds to standardise on it.
		The reason this is curious is that, unlike vowels or liquid consonants, tongue placement is specific: place the tip of the tongue more forward and form the sound between the tongue and the upper teeth.
		It is recognised that vowels and the American or German 'r', on the other hand, are much more difficult to learn because the sound is made by a relative placement of the tongue.
	www.bonneylake.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/English_as_a_lingua_franca_for_Europe (1286 words)

	Errata and Corrigenda
		The trouble with giving these examples is that the students woun't get these forms for a few chapters yet, and I try to keep out-of-order examples to a minimum (not successfully, granted, but I'm not sure I want to go even further down that road).
		23 line 17 "It" refers to the stem consonant, but the way the sentence reads, "it" could be construed as the sigma suffix.
		Steve Matthies suggests that my description of "omitting the non-existent reduplicated consonant" is more readily understood by someone who already knows the perfect tense than by someone who is struggling to learn it--and I think he's probably right.
	www.seabury.edu /faculty/akma/Comprehensive.html (7311 words)

	Liquid consonant -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Liquid consonant -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		The class of liquids can be divided into (Click link for more info and facts about lateral liquids) lateral liquids and (Click link for more info and facts about rhotics) rhotics.
		(An Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the Commonwealth countries) English sounds and are typical liquids.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/li/liquid_consonant.htm (85 words)

	Music Terms from Kowit Chapter Seven (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		alliteration: the repeating and playing upon the same sound, usually a consonant, at the beginning of a word or in stressed syllables.
		rich or full consonance: close repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after different vowel sounds; ex.
		partial consonance or terminal alliteration: the repetition of a final consonant sound in two or more words.
	www.csusm.edu /profe/cwchp7.html (173 words)

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