Liquid metal cooled reactor

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Topic: Liquid metal cooled reactor

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In the News (Thu 31 Dec 09)

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	NEI Science Club: 4 Your Class Project
		Liquid metal-cooled reactor (also known as a fast breeder or breeder reactor because it generates new fuel as it operates)
		Both designs are members of the family of light water reactors—plant designs that use ordinary water as a coolant (the substance circulated through the reactor to carry the heat away) and as a moderator (to increase the likelihood of fission by slowing down the speed of neutrons in the reactor).
		U.S. nuclear power plants are based on two designs: the pressurized water reactor (PWR) and the boiling water reactor (BWR).
	www.nei.org /scienceclub/4yourclassproject/4ycp_nppdesigns.html (229 words)

	The Changing Need for a Breeder Reactor
		The cost estimates for a liquid metal breeder reactor are certainly smaller than the cost estimates for a fusion reactor, and are (and may remain) smaller than for renewables.
		In addition, the availability of fuels for a programme of thermal reactors, whether today’s light water (moderated and cooled) reactors or graphite moderated (and helium cooled) reactors, is better than Benedict suggested.
		A breeder reactor development programme (including real operating demonstration plants) may give enough experience to overcome some of the cost (and weapons proliferation) problems and enable us to have the safety and environmental advantages of a metal fuel reactor and a coolant that soaks up stray fission products.
	www.world-nuclear.org /sym/1999/wilson.htm (4934 words)

	Eleventh International Conference On Nuclear Engineering
		Cycle Analysis of Supercritical CO2 Gas Turbine Brayton Cycle Power Conversion System for Liquid Metal-Cooled Fast Reactors
		Investigation of Polonium Removal Systems for Lead-Bismuth Cooled Fast Reactors Using A Tellurium Surrogate
		Passive Reactor Dynamics and Load Following Characteristics of Sodium Cooled Super-Safe Small and Simple Reactor
	www.asmeconferences.org /ICONE11/ViewAcceptedAbstracts.cfm?TrackID=6 (708 words)

	About the Integral Fast Reactor (IFR)
		The heart of an IFR power plant is a liquid-sodium-cooled reactor loaded with a new type of metal-alloy fuel.
		Compared to today's reactors, safety of the IFR takes more advantage of the natural characteristics of the materials and the system design, and depends much less on proper mechanical and electric functioning of complex engineered systems or operator actions.
		The Integral Fast Reactor was an advanced nuclear reactor and complete nuclear fuel cycle technology development program.
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /designs/ifr/ifr1.html (708 words)

	World Nuclear Association Fast Neutron Reactors
		Fast neutron reactors have a high power density and are normally cooled by liquid metal such as sodium, lead, or lead-bismuth, with high conductivity and boiling point and no moderating effect.
		Cooling of the fast reactor core requires a heat transfer medium which has minimal moderation of the neutrons, and hence liquid metals are used, typically sodium or a mixture of sodium and potassium.
		Fast neutron reactors may be designed as breeders to yield more fissile material than they consume or to be plutonium burners to dispose of excess plutonium.
	www.world-nuclear.org /info/printable_information_papers/inf98print.htm (4408 words)

	NRDC: DOE's Nuclear Energy Research Programs Threaten National Security
		The molten salt reactor research and development program was abandoned in this country in favor of the ill-fated liquid metal reactor.
		The supercritical water-cooled reactor and the very high temperature gas-cooled reactor can operate either on a closed or open fuel cycle.
		The fast reactor types and the reactors operating on a closed fuel cycle have no chance of competing economically with conventional light water reactors when operating on a once-through fuel cycle, and a number of the designs already have proven to be failures.
	www.nrdc.org /nuclear/bush/freprocessing.asp (4408 words)

	About the Integral Fast Reactor (IFR)
		The heart of an IFR power plant is a liquid-sodium-cooled reactor loaded with a new type of metal-alloy fuel.
		Compared to today's reactors, safety of the IFR takes more advantage of the natural characteristics of the materials and the system design, and depends much less on proper mechanical and electric functioning of complex engineered systems or operator actions.
		New fuel rods are fabricated by an inexpensive metal casting process.
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /designs/ifr/ifr1.html (4408 words)

	Rad8b2.html
		mile and consisting of 40 buildings and associated discharge ditches, waste ponds, cooling towers, etc. "The primary mission of the Argonne National Laboratory West was to support liquid metal reactor research and development of the Integral Fast Reactor Program (IFRP)" (BEMR, pg.
		A fast flux test facility at the Hanford Reservation continues to be on hot standby (the facility is cooled by liquid sodium); the Clinton administration is considering restarting this facility to produce tritium for use in future nuclear weapons production.
		The High Flux Beam Reactor is currently the topic of intense public EPA and DOE scrutiny due to the discovery of a tritium plume allegedly originating from leaks in the 68,000 gallon spent fuel pool in the reactor's lower level.
	www.davistownmuseum.org /cbm/Rad8b2.html (4408 words)

	The Heavy-Metal Reactor
		Revival of the breeder as the heavy-metal reactor
		C), and this means the reactor can operate at a higher temperature than the sodium-cooled reactor.
		But the reactor needs a heat transfer fluid and cooling system -- some liquid to flow through the fuel rods, and carry away heat to a point outside the reactor core.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /physics/sobel/Nucphys/breed.html (1673 words)

	Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II)
		The emphasis was then shifted to testing fuels and materials for future, larger, liquid metal reactors in the radiation environment of the EBR-II reactor core.
		The EBR-II plant consists of a sodium-cooled reactor with a thermal power rating of 62.5 megawatts (MW), an intermediate closed loop of secondary sodium, and a steam plant that produces 19 MW of electrical power through a conventional turbine generator.
		A cover-gas cleanup system to measure and remove impurities from reactor cover gas in support of experiments of fuel with breached cladding.
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /designs/ifr/ebr.html (571 words)

	VIEWER: FAST BREEDER REACTOR - MONJU -
		This magnificent bulding is the liquid-metal sodium-cooled fast-breeding reactor Monju, built in November, 1995.
		The operation, however, has benn stopped yet since the sodium leakage accident which occured in December,1995.
	p-grp.nucleng.kyoto-u.ac.jp /~honda/viewer.php?name=monju&sel=e (571 words)

	Projects Review - Issue 4
		Although, in the past, both the United States and Soviet Union experimented with liquid-metal-cooled reactors, all naval reactors in use today are of the pressurized-water reactor (PWR) type.
		Those countries currently using HEU in military reactors could fuel their reactors during a several-decades-long transition period with HEU recovered from excess nuclear warheads.
		Currently, the United States and the United Kingdom use "weapon-grade" uranium containing more than 93 percent uranium-235 (U-235) to fuel their naval reactors, and Russia uses HEU containing more than the 20 percent U-235, defined by international agreement to be the threshold for direct weapons-usability.
	npc.sarov.ru /english/digest/42001/appendix5.html (912 words)

	Projects Review - Issue 4
		Although, in the past, both the United States and Soviet Union experimented with liquid-metal-cooled reactors, all naval reactors in use today are of the pressurized-water reactor (PWR) type.
		Currently, the United States and the United Kingdom use "weapon-grade" uranium containing more than 93 percent uranium-235 (U-235) to fuel their naval reactors, and Russia uses HEU containing more than the 20 percent U-235, defined by international agreement to be the threshold for direct weapons-usability.
		U.S., British, and French spent naval reactor fuel is being stored pending the availability of final disposal in a geological repository.
	npc.sarov.ru /english/digest/42001/appendix5.html (912 words)

	Molten Salt Reactor
		(MSR): The MSR involves a circulating liquid of sodium, zirconium, and uranium fluorides as a reactor fuel.
		HTGRs are distinguished from other gas-cooled reactors by the higher temperatures attained within the reactor.
		Cooling in a reactor refers to the process and medium by which heat is transferred from the reactor core to the steam supply cycle of the nuclear power plant.
	www.cogeneration.net /Molten_Salt_Reactor.htm (10711 words)

	Espey Mfg. - Magnetics: Inductors/Reactors
		designs and manufactures inductors and reactors including air and liquid-cooled designs up to 5000lbs including air-cored, iron-cored, Met-Glas©, ferrite and powdered metal cores.
	www.espey.com /products/Products_Comb_12.htm (10711 words)

	NEI Science Club: 4 Your Class Project
		Liquid metal-cooled reactor (also known as a fast breeder or breeder reactor because it generates new fuel as it operates)
		Both designs are members of the family of light water reactors—plant designs that use ordinary water as a coolant (the substance circulated through the reactor to carry the heat away) and as a moderator (to increase the likelihood of fission by slowing down the speed of neutrons in the reactor).
		U.S. nuclear power plants are based on two designs: the pressurized water reactor (PWR) and the boiling water reactor (BWR).
	www.nei.org /scienceclub/4yourclassproject/4ycp_nppdesigns.html (229 words)

	Nuclear-powered vessels
		The advantages of the liquid metal cooled reactor lay in its dynamics which provided greater power from reactors that were more compact than the traditional pressurised water reactor.
		The reactor of this submarine was severely damaged after a pipe in the reactor compartment was contaminated by corrosion particles from the liquid metal (a lead bismuth compound).
		Reactor accidents are principally caused by cracks in the fuel assemblies with the ensuing leakage of water from the primary circuit to other cooling circuits via the steam generators.
	www.bellona.no /imaker?sub=1&id=11091 (229 words)

	indpubl.html
		EI Order Number: 85070090356 NUCLEAR REACTORS, LIQUID METAL COOLED--Fuel Elements; MECHANICAL VARIABLES MEASUREMENT - Velocity; ANEMOMETERS; FLOW OF FLUIDS - Channel Flow ;HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETRY; LMFBR Identifiers: HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETRY; LMFBR Classification Codes: 621 Document Type: JA Treatment: X
		LMFBR's (Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor) have wire wrapped fuel rods, with the wire working as spacer and mixer.
		Using hot-wire anemometry, the main and secondary velocity fields were measured.
	www.mec.ita.cta.br /~delemos/indpubl.html (229 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering, Volume 2 (1984)
		The BORAX experiments also represented the first instance of public use of nuclear-generated electricity in the United States, in 1955, although nuclear electricity was first generated in December 1951 at the liq- uid-metal-cooled, fast neutron Experimental Breeder Reactor (EBRI).
		They included the first experiment in which a water- cooled reactor was subjected intentionally to large, rapid increases in multiplication rate well into the region where the reactor was critical on prompt neutrons alone, and demonstrated the inherent shut- down capability of the boiling process.
		This experiment, which was run partly to introduce a sobering effect on those who prematurely thought nothing could go wrong, led, among other things, to much subsequent exploration of the "steam explosion," a rapid exchange of heat between the molten fuel and liquid water that led to damaging pressures.
	books.nap.edu /books/0309034825/html/71.html (229 words)

	IMINT / DOE - Hanford Site
		The Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF), located on the Hanford Site in eastern Washington, is a 400-megawatt thermal reactor cooled by liquid sodium.
		It was built in 1978 to test plant equipment and fuel for the U.S. Government's liquid metal reactor development program.
		Although the FFTF is not a breeder reactor, this program demonstrated the technology of commercial breeder reactors.
	www.fas.org /irp/imint/doe_hanford_fftf_01.htm (60 words)

	Silkwood Finale: The Fuel Rods Are OK by Bruce Brown (from New York Times)
		The Fast Flux Test Facility, a 400-megawatt reactor cooled by liquid metal, has been the flagship of America's breeder program since Congress killed the Clinch River project in Tennessee in 1983.
		As the 1979 trial progressed, the 19,000 fuel rods manufactured by Kerr-McGee for the Fast Flux Test Facility were lying in deep vaults at Hanford, along with an equal number produced by Babcock and Wilcox, the other commercial fuel supplier for the Hanford reactor.
		The Hanford facility is not flow operating to generate power or as a breeder reactor; it is used only for research.
	www.astonisher.com /archives/silkwood.html (1590 words)

	The Molten Salt Adventure
		One was the familiar liquid-metal-cooled fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) using the 238U-Pu breeding cycle, and the other was the molten salt fueled thermal breeder using the 233U-Th cycle.
		The practical effect is negative, however, since the new information casts doubt on the projected costs of all advanced reactor systems, and this presumption is difficult to overcome without actual experience with hardware.
		The result is that the LMFBR will not be competitive with light water reactors (LWRs) until natural uranium reaches astronomically high costs; in fact, until it attains levels it may never reach in the next century.
	home.earthlink.net /~bhoglund/mSR_Adventure.html (1590 words)

	NUCLEAR
		There are several reactor (power plant) types including (1) pressurized water reactors (PWRs), (2) boiling water reactors (BWRs), (3) liquid-metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR), (4) high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs), and (5) heavy water reactors (CANDU).
		Thermal reactors are easier to control than fast reactors and in some designs (e.g., CANDU) can use natural uranium.
		The LWRs use thermal neutrons (<0.1 eV) to sustain the chain reaction whereas reactors like the LMFBR use high-energy (>1 MeV) neutrons.
	www.eas.asu.edu /~holbert/eee463/NUCLEAR.HTML (1590 words)

	Reactors: Modern-Day Alchemy
		In the 1960s, the reactor program was reoriented from water reactors to liquid-metal-cooled reactors.
		The BORAX experiments led to the construction and operation of the extremely stable Experimental Boiling Water Reactor (EBWR) in 1956.
		On July 17, 1955, Argonne's BORAX III reactor provided all the electricity for Arco, Idaho, the first time any community's electricity was provided entirely by nuclear energy.
	www.anl.gov /Science_and_Technology/History/Anniversary_Frontiers/alchemy.html (1590 words)

	STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE - Nuclear Thermal Propulsion
		Gas-cooled reactors relative to liquid-metal cooled reactors for SDI MMW electrical power applications included larger and heavier reactors and radiators, but this was offset by the ease with which gas-cooled reactors could use open-cycle cooling.
		It is probably not coincidental that the Timberwind special access program was established within months of the release of a draft report reviewing the MMW program which was highly critical of the particle-bed reactor concept.
		While the full details remain shrouded in secrecy, there is at least some circumstantial evidence that the SDI Multi-Megawatt power program provided both the general impetus for the Timberwind program, as well as influencing the particular decision to conduct this program at a Special Access Required level of classification.
	www.fas.org /nuke/space/c06sdi_1.htm (2171 words)

	Nuclear India - Jauary-February 2000 Issue
		The liquid metal cooled fast breeder reactor operating on the fuel recycle route remains the only technology currently available that can provide energy to meet the demands that are likely to arise by 2050 and beyond in the whole world.
		Adequate diversity and redundancy for reactor shut down are provided in the form of two independent, fast acting, diverse shutdown systems.
		It is to be emphasised that the inevitability of fast breeders in India arises from their resources utilisation capacity more than from their growth capability.
	www.dae.gov.in /ni/jan2000/jan2000.htm (6646 words)

	> energy.gov : Press Releases : DOE Announces Brookhaven Manager To Lead Review of Fast Flux Test Facility
		The FFTF is a 400-megawatt sodium-cooled nuclear reactor located in Washington state as a part of the Department of Energy& Hanford Site that operated from 1982 until 1992 to test advanced fuels and materials in support of the national Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor Program.
		He has been with the Department of Energy for ten years overseeing the operation of research reactors, facility decommissioning, and environmental restoration.
		Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham decided to suspend for 90 days a previous administration decision to shut the FFTF down in order for qualified personnel led by Holland to review all available information that might have an impact on the future of the FFTF.
	www.energy.gov /engine/content.do?PUBLIC_ID=13305&BT_CODE=PR_PRESSRELEASES&TT_CODE=PRESSRELEASE (301 words)

	Nat'l Academies Press, Memorial Tributes: (1994), page 145, in chapter Herbert G. MacPherson
		Such reactors theoretically showed great promise as a cheap alternative to the mainline plutonium-fuelled liquid-metal-cooled fast breeder (LMFBR).
		Because the fuel in molten fluoride reactors was a liquid, chemical recycle to remove fission products was much simpler than the recycling of solid fuel elements, such as are used in the LMFBR.
		During all of his fourteen years at ORNL, the last six years of which he served as the deputy director of the laboratory, MacPherson continued to be the intellectual force behind the molten-salt reactor.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309051460/html/145.html (301 words)

	[superphenix] Dossier Energia Nucleare a cura di Sergio Manera [www.laconca.org]
		Il Superphénix è un reattore nucleare di tipo LMCFBR da 1200 MWe, cioè Liquid Metal Cooled Fast Breeder Reactor, che tradotto significa Reattore Veloce Autofertilizzante Raffreddato a Metallo Liquido.
		Tornando al Superphénix: attualmente il reattore è "sospeso" e recentemente è entrato in un piano di decommissioning (smantellamento).
		In ogni caso il Superphénix è stato chiuso definitivamente dal governo Jospin per gli enormi costi di gestione.
	www.laconca.org /links/nucleare/08_continua.htm (3147 words)

	r-Project Report-Nar-portrait
		The Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) is the largest, most modern, liquid metal-cooled test reactor in the world.
		Some of the facilities contained sodium test loops that were used to study the properties of sodium heat transport systems and to investigate the
		FFTF be maintained in a standby condition while studies are conducted to determine if the FFTF can perform a role in augmenting the current,
	web.em.doe.gov /pbs/n_277p3.html (1182 words)

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In the News (Thu 31 Dec 09)