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	MT and PT for Maintenance Inspections
		Liquid penetrant inspection is a nondestructive method of exposing discontinuities that are open to the surfaces of solid and essentially nonporous materials.
		The ability of a given liquid to flow over a surface and migrate into cavities depends on several factors: surface cleanliness, size and opening of the cavity, geometry of the cavity, wetting ability of the liquid, surface tension of the liquid, and contact angle of the liquid.
		The height that a liquid rises in a cavity is directly proportional to the surface tension of the liquid and the cosine of the angle of contact.
	www.mt-online.com /articles/03-98ml.cfm (1530 words)

	American Welding Society - Inspection Trends
		Liquid penetrant inspection is used to detect any surface-connected discontinuities such as cracks from fatigue, quenching, and grinding, as well as fractures, porosity, incomplete fusion, and flaws in joints.
		The normal specified temperature range for liquid penetrant inspection is 40 to 125°F. If the ambient or equipment temperatures are outside of this range, the inspection is either postponed or a ³qualified² procedure may be substituted in conformance with applicable codes and with the acceptance of the customer.
		Liquid penetrants are versatile enough in types and process to inspect the wide and diversified range of applications, positions, types, and conditions of welds.
	www.aws.org /itrends/01-04/penetrants.html (2187 words)

	Steps for Liquid PI
		Penetrant Application: Once the surface has been thoroughly cleaned and dried, the penetrant material is applied by spraying, brushing, or immersing the part in a penetrant bath.
		Penetrant Dwell: The penetrant is left on the surface for a sufficient time to allow as much penetrant as possible to be drawn from or to seep into a defect.
		Penetrant dwell time is the total time that the penetrant is in contact with the part surface.
	www.ndt-ed.org /EducationResources/CommunityCollege/PenetrantTest/Principles/liquidpi.htm (482 words)

	Penetrant Testing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Penetrant is used to detect discontinuities, i.e., cracks, pits, etc., open to the surface on parts made of nonporous materials.
		Penetrant inspection is an inexpensive and reliable nondestructive inspection method for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface of the item to be inspected.
		Penetrant inspection is known by several acronyms; PT for penetrant testing, LPT for liquid penetrant testing, FPI for fluorescent penetrant testing and LPI for liquid penetrant inspection.
	home.houston.rr.com /ndttrain/penetrant_testing.htm (485 words)

	Defects on Rolls for Cold Rolling - Liquid Penetrant Testing
		Liquid penetrant testing is probably the most widely used NDT method.
		Liquid penetration inspection is a method that is used to reveal surface breaking flaws by bleedout of a coloured or fluorescent dye from the flaw.
		Coloured (contrast) penetrants require good white light while fluorescent penetrants need to be used in darkened conditions with an ultraviolet "fl light".
	www.kaker.com /defects_on_rolls/testing/liquid_penetrant.html (261 words)

	Liquid-Penetrant-Inspection-P2
		Because of the basic characteristics of liquid penetrant testing, it is used to test a variety of both metallic and nonmetallic materials such as welds, forgings, castings, plastics, and ceramics, etc.
		Since liquid penetrant testing is capable of economically revealing surface discontinuities (variations in material composition) in a variety of dissimilar materials, it is one of the most effective tools available to quality assurance personnel.
		It is imperative that personnel responsible for liquid penetrant testing be trained and highly qualified with a technical understanding of the test equipment and materials, the item under test (specimen), and the test procedures.
	kiccnet.com /Liquid-Penetrant-Inspection-P2.htm (557 words)

	EAA Chapter 72 - Meadowlake Airport - 00V - Peyton CO
		Liquid penetrant inspection is a process that is both easy to use and inexpensive.
		According to Magnaflux, one of the manufacturers of liquid penetrants and related equipment, the liquid penetrant inspection process uses the natural seepage of a liquid around a suspected flaw to create a recognizable indication of all types of cracks or surface opening defects.
		Keep in mind that insufficient cleaning will leave a background of penetrant on the surface, creating only a slight visible difference between the defect and the background, a contrast that may not be sufficient for detection.
	www.eaa72.org /tech/liquidpenetrantinspection.htm (1193 words)

	Water washable dye penetrant composition and method of application - Patent 4041310
		The liquid dye penetrant composition containing the glycol monobutyl ether is applied to the test specimen, for example by dipping same into a bath of the penetrant, or the penetrant can be poured or sprayed onto the surface of the test specimen.
		The dye penetrant composition is maintained on the surface of the test body or specimen for a period sufficient to permit the composition to penetrate the cracks and imperfections in the part surface, e.g.
		When employing volatile type solvents for thinning dye penetrants, as in the prior art, it is necessary to wait for complete evaporation of the solvent and for the remaining penetrant to dry, before removal of reamining dye penetrant.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4041310.html (3213 words)

	Common Uses of Liquid PI
		Liquid penetrant inspection (LPI) is one of the most widely used nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods.
		Penetrant material can be applied with a spray can or a cotton swab to inspect for flaws known to occur in a specific area or it can be applied by dipping or spraying to quickly inspect large areas.
		Liquid penetrant inspection is used to inspect for flaws that break the surface of the sample.
	www.ndt-ed.org /EducationResources/CommunityCollege/PenetrantTest/Principles/commonuses.htm (293 words)

	NDT Techniques > Liquid penetrant inspection
		This type of inspection consists in applying a colour contrast or fluorescent liquid (penetrant) on the surface to be inspected.
		The liquid is drawn into the existing surface flaws (cracks, porosity, pinholes).
		The surface is coated with a thin layer of developer which acts as a ‘’blotter’’, lifts the penetrant out from the flaws and gives a coloured stain.
	www.ndt.cegelec.com /pages/en/activites/techniques/ressuage/ressuage.asp (88 words)

	Liquid Penetrant Testing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Liquid Penetrant Testing is one of the earliest forms of NDT.
		The operation principle of Liquid Penetrant Testing is that if a component with a surface breaking crack has a layer of a penetrating coloured liquid applied over its surface, some of the coloured liquid will penetrate into the crack by capilliary action.
		Early work with liquid penetrant testing utilised used (dirty) motor oil as a penetrating liquid, petrol and cloths to clean the surface, and chalk powder as an absorbing medium.
	www.hands-ndt.co.uk /pen.htm (304 words)

	NDE Standards and Specifications Database Excerpt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Liquid penetrant processes are nondestructive testing methods for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface.
		By which the liquid penetrant inspection processes recommended or required by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain their applicability and completeness.
		Perform fluorescent penetrant inspection of metallic surgical implants in accordance with Practice E 165, Method A. The penetrant system used shall conform to a minimum of Sensitivity Level 3, in accordance with the latest revision of MIL-I-25135.
	www.ntiac.com /pubs/dbase.html (2255 words)

	Liquid Penetrant Testing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A developer is then sprayed over the same area and left to dry.The Penetrant when applied to the surface stays in any defect that may exist, the developer then acts as a blotter, showing defects by contrast.
		Liquid Penetrant Inspection is most often used on materials clad in stainless steel, and stainless welded items.
		Liquid Penetrants Inspection is beneficial because it can be used to detect cracks when other methods cannot be applied.
	www.v-and-j.com /alt_content/lpi.html (111 words)

	Liquid penetrant inspection (Knowledge Summary)
		Liquid (or dye) penetrant inspection is an extension of visual inspection and is used for detecting surface-breaking flaws, such as cracks, laps and folds, on any non-absorbent material's surface.
		After soaking, the excess liquid penetrant is wiped from the surface and a developer applied.
		If applied correctly, liquid penetrant testing offers a fast, cheap and relatively simple means of surface inspection, making it attractive to a number of industries.
	www.twi.co.uk /j32k/protected/band_3/ksijm001.html (562 words)

	Penetrant
		Liquid Penetrant examination is used to reveal surface breaking flaws by bleedout of a colored or fluorescent dye from the flaw.
		The dye is highly penetrating and is pulled into surface defects or cracks through capillary action.
		The developer acts as a blotter, drawing the Penetrant out of imperfections that are open to the surface.
	www.tcindt.com /Penetrant.htm (162 words)

	Procontrol - NDT: Liquid Penetrant Testing
		In the liquid penetrant method, the liquid is applied to the surface of the specimen and sufficient time is allowed for penetration of surface discontinuities.
		Penetrant Testing is successfully used on metals such as aluminum, magnesium, brass, copper, cast iron, stainless steel, and most other common alloys.
		Penetrant testing is not too much depending on geometry and size of the part to be inspected: the surface must not be extremely porous and have to be very well cleaned.
	www.procontrol-ndt.com /English/Liquidi.htm (211 words)

	Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT) by Baker Testing Services
		Liquid penetrant inspection has been an industrial testing standard for decades and remains one of the most reliable, efficient, and cost effective methods for detecting surface flaws in non-porous materials that may not be detected by standard visual inspection methods.
		Ideal for locating discontinuities open to material surfaces, Liquid Penetrant Inspection has few limits in size, shape, or composition of items to be inspected.
		After sufficient penetration time, the excess dye is removed and a developing agent is applied to assist the bleed-out and contrast of dye retained in flaws for evaluation.
	www.bakertesting.com /penetrant.htm (203 words)

	Liquid Penetrant Testing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Liquid Penetrant examination reveals discontinuities that are open to the surfaces of nonporous materials.
		The excess penetrant is removed, leaving the penetrant in the surface openings (flaws).
		The principal industrial uses of liquid penetrant examination are final inspection, receiving inspection, in-process inspection and quality control, maintenance and overhaul in the transportation industries, plant and machinery maintenance, and inspection of large components.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /csra-asnt/Pt.htm (128 words)

	NDT Products - Liquid Penetrant Chemicals
		The penetrants are stable solutions of solvents, non-ionic emulsifying agents and fluorescent dyes.
		The penetrants are stable solutions of solvents, esters and fluorescent dyes.
		Penetrant processes normally combine a penetrant, a penetrant remover and a developer.
	www.ndtproducts.ca /LPI.shtml (497 words)

	Maycast-Nokes - Liquid Inspection
		The liquid penetrant inspection area enables complete surface inspection of castings with the ability to detect surface breaking flaws such as cracks, laps, porosity and through wall defects.
		The principles of liquid penetrant testing is that the liquid penetrant is drawn into any surface breaking discontinuity by capillary action, after a suitable dwell time all excess penetrant is subsequently removed and developer, typically a dry powder is applied to the casting surface to draw out the penetrant to produce a surface indication.
		Fluorescent penetrants are used for maximum flaw sensitivity, and at Maycast-Nokes the majority of testing is carried out using this method.
	www.maycast.co.uk /liquidinspection.html (161 words)

	Liquid Penetrant products for NDT Magnaflux and Zyglo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		red dye Liquid Penetrant materials are perfect for weld inspection and, as the name implies, “spot checking” to locate surface flaws.
		A fluorescent water base penetrant used on plastics and as a leak detector.
		fluorescent materials are used with the Liquid Penetrant inspection method to locate surface flaws in non-porous parts.
	www.4ndtnsi.com /liquid_penetrant.htm (1084 words)

	Stork Materials Technology - Liquid Penetrant Inspection
		An industry standard for decades, liquid penetrant remains one of the most reliable, efficient, and cost-effective methods for detecting surface flaws in non-porous metals.
		Stork liquid penetrant laboratories feature processing lines, which enable our technicians us to conduct liquid penetrant testing on everything from small electronic components to large parts up to 15 feet in diameter—and our portable penetrant systems allow us to conduct comprehensive onsite testing.
		All methods of penetrant inspection, including lipophilic and hydrophilic emulsified systems, as well as water washable and solvent removable to meet any sensitivity requirements.
	www.storksmt.com /page.html?id=6397 (194 words)

	Liqiud Penetrant
		The method uses a dye or a fluorescent solution that enters discontinuities that are open to the surface.
		The excess penetrant is removed, leaving the residual penetrant within the defect.
		A developing material is then applied to draw the penetrant solution to the surface of the defect.
	www.jpmetalworks.com /penetrant.htm (87 words)

	Dye Penetrant Non Destructive Testing
		A liquid penetrant is applied to the surface and left to soak.
		The liquid is typically brightly colored or a fluorescent (under UV light) dye.
		The suspect areas were sprayed with a red dye penetrant and left to soak.
	www.contech.com /Dye_Penetrant.htm (281 words)

	ATTAR: NDT-Training - Dye Penetrant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In Liquid Penetrant the test object or material is coated with a visible or fluorescent dye solution.
		The excess dye is removed from the surface and a developer which acts like a blotter is applied drawing penetrant out of imperfections open to the surface.
		With visible dyes, the vivid colour contrast between the penetrant and the developer is used.
	www.attar.com.au /PT.html (208 words)

	KARL DEUTSCH 9500 Stationary System for Liquid Penetrant Testing
		Liquid penetrant testing is associated with the following specific characteristics:
		The viewing conditions according to DIN EN ISO 3059 ("Non destructive testing - Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing-viewing conditions") have to be obeyed.
		Excess penetrant and waste-wash-water are collected in the active-carbon water-treatment-unit placed under the working area.
	www.karldeutsch.de /fm_kdcheck_stationary_system_en.htm (203 words)

	Liquid Penetrant Training - NDT Training Examination and Consultancy - Lavender International
		Below is an example of a syllabus that is used for liquid penetrant training courses (we can make changes to a syllabus to satisfy the requirements of a specific written practice if necessary):
		Liquid Penetrant courses are available every week at the Penistone Training Centre.
		In addition to these Liquid Penetrant specific books, we also recommend some general books which are useful for learning about product technology (the processes involved during the production of metallic components):
	www.lavender-ndt.co.uk /serv/training/pt.asp (481 words)

	CINDE Courses - Liquid Penetrant Levels 1 and 2
		TRAINING OBJECTIVES: This course is intended to provide a basic knowledge of liquid penetrant inspection sufficient to enable the graduate to carry out liquid penetrant inspection in accordance with established procedures under the supervision of Level 2 or Level 3 personnel.
		The practical work incorporated in the program will help the participant to develop self-confidence in processing components following written instructions and to be knowledgeable in the terminology associated with liquid penetrant inspection.
		DEFINITION OF LEVEL 2 PERSONNEL (AS PER CGSB): Level 2 personnel are defined as personnel who will perform and/or direct Liquid Penetrant Testing according to established or recognized procedures and shall be responsible for the liquid penetrant method or technique to be used, and for the interpretation of the test results.
	www.csndt.org /courses/liq_pen_lev_1-2.shtml (227 words)

	Liquid Penetrant Inspection
		Liquid penetrant methods are used to inspect metals
		Group I is a dye penetrant that is nonwater wash-
		Group II is a water washable dye penetrant.
	www.tpub.com /content/construction/14250/css/14250_167.htm (561 words)

	Figure 7-60.—Liquid penetrant inspection.
		and the liquid penetrant in the range of 50°F to 100°F. Do not attempt to use the liquid penetrant when this
		on the penetrant or dip the entire piece into the penetrant.
		liquid) to stay on the surface for a minimum of 7 minutes
	www.tpub.com /content/construction/14250/css/14250_168.htm (412 words)

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