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Topic: Liquid rocket

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	Rocket - MSN Encarta
		Rockets are very powerful, but it is often more efficient to use several rockets, rather than a single rocket, to move an object to the desired place.
		Chemical rockets use chemicals, in solid or liquid form, for fuel and oxidizer, or the chemical that contains the oxygen needed to burn the fuel (together, the fuel and oxidizer are called the propellant).
		The huge solid rocket boosters of the space shuttle are put together in sections and are capable of about 13 million N (about 3 million lb) of thrust.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761577900_3/Rocket.html (2287 words)

	Rocket fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rocket fuel is a propellant that reacts with an oxidizing agent to produce thrust in a rocket.
		Rocket propellant technology did not advance until the end of the 19th century, by which time smokeless powder had been developed, originally for use in firearms and artillery pieces.
		Liquid propellants are generally mixed by the injector at the top of the combustion chamber, which directs many small fast-moving streams of fuel and oxidizer into one another.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rocket_fuel (2817 words)

	Model Rocket Engine
		Flying model rockets is a relatively safe and inexpensive way for students to learn the basics of forces and the response of vehicles to external forces.
		In a liquid rocket, the fuel and the source of oxygen (oxidizer) necessary for combustion are stored separately and pumped into the combustion chamber of the nozzle where burning occurs.
		Liquid rockets tend to be heavier and more complex because of the pumps used to move the fuel and oxidizer, and you usually load the fuel and oxidizer into the rocket just before launch.
	exploration.grc.nasa.gov /education/rocket/rktengine.html (730 words)

	Liquid rocket - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A liquid rocket engine has fuel and oxidizer in liquid form, as opposed to a solid rocket or hybrid rocket.
		A liquid rocket could be monopropellant (using a single type of propellant), bipropellant (combining two types of propellants, such as hydrogen and oxygen) or tripropellant (using three types of propellant).
		In the United States, liquid fuel rocketry was pioneered by Robert Goddard and his rocket, Nell (bipropellant, oxygen and gasoline).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liquid_rocket (174 words)

	Liquid rocket: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A rocket is a vehicle, missile or aircraft which obtains thrust by the reaction to the ejection of fast moving exhaust gas from within a rocket...
		A liquid (a phase of matter) is a fluid whose volume is fixed under conditions of constant temperature and pressure; and, whose shape is usually determined...
		A bipropellant rocket is a rocket that uses separate fuel and oxidizer propellants....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/li/liquid_rocket.htm (346 words)

	Space and its Exploration: How a Liquid Propellant Rocket Works (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The complexity of the liquid rocket engine has helped to create the cliché of the "rocket scientist" and there is no doubt the builders of the liquid fueled rocket engine were highly intelligent.
		But the liquid rocket, as we know it today, is the sum of a century of rocket scientists' contributions to the constantly developing field.
		Liquid fueled rockets propelled the Russians and Americans deep into the space age with the mighty Energiya SL-17 and Saturn V rockets.
	adc.gsfc.nasa.gov /adc/education/space_ex/liquid.html (1881 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Jets and Rockets
		Liquid rockets are most commonly used on large vehicles that launch payloads into space, like the American Delta and Titan, Russian Soyuz and Proton, and European Ariane rockets.
		The difference between a solid rocket and a liquid rocket, however, is that the fuel and oxidizer are mixed together and cast into a solid mass.
		The ducted rocket works in the same way as the hybrid rocket except that the oxygen is taken from the external atmosphere, like a jet, instead of carried aboard the vehicle.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/propulsion/q0161.shtml (969 words)

	PWR Engineering - Threshold Journal: Turbopumps for Liquid Rocket Engines
		The function of the rocket engine turbopump is to receive the liquid propellants from the vehicle tanks at low pressure and supply them to the combustion chamber at the required flow rate and injection pressure.
		The liquid rocket engine turbopump is a unique piece of rotating machinery in comparison to turbo-jets, turbo-fans and turbo-props, since it is typically pumping cryogenic liquids while being driven by high temperature gases, posing large temperature differentials between the pump and turbine.
		The rocket engine turbopump, in addition to being a high energy/weight ratio machine, must be designed to operate with the pump at cryogenic conditions and the turbine at high temperature.
	www.engineeringatboeing.com /articles/turbopump.htm (4205 words)

	Rocket Propellants
		In a liquid propellant rocket, the fuel and oxidizer are stored in separate tanks, and are fed through a system of pipes, valves, and turbopumps to a combustion chamber where they are combined and burned to produce thrust.
		Liquid oxygen and RP-1 are used as the propellant in the first-stage boosters of the Atlas and Delta II launch vehicles.
		Liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen are used as the propellant in the high efficiency main engines of the Space Shuttle.
	www.braeunig.us /space/propel.htm (2335 words)

	Candle wax is rocket science: Paraffin fuels test launch
		Conventional rocket fuels are either solids or liquids, but paraffin fuels are used in a hybrid system combining solid and liquid materials.
		He suggested that as oxidizer flows over it, the surface of the pentane melts to form a low-viscosity liquid layer that becomes unstable and forms waves that are easily pulled off the liquid surface as a spray of droplets that evaporate, mix and burn to produce thrust.
		They have tested rocket motors with 2,500 pounds of thrust, the amount that might be needed for a third stage rocket in a launch system.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/news/report/news/2003/november5/rocketwax-115.html (1065 words)

	Dictionary of Technical Terms for Aerospace Use - L
		A defined area from which a rocket vehicle is launched, either operationally or for test purposes; specifically, at Cape Kennedy or Vandenberg, any of the several areas equipped to launch a rocket.
		A rocket fuel which is liquid under the conditions in which it is utilized in the rocket.
		A displacement manometer employing a liquid as the movable partition and providing means for observing the change in level of one or both of the free surfaces.
	tcp-impl.grc.nasa.gov /~dglover/dictionary/l.html (7224 words)

	Liquid Bottle Rocket
		Liquid propellants from tanks inside the rocket casing are pumped to the combustion chamber of the engine.
		Injectors, the rocket equivalent of shower spray nozzles, spray combustible mixtures of the propellants into the chamber where they are ignited.
		The liquid propelled bottle rocket rises quickly off the launch pad to an altitude of as much as 20 feet before drag with the air produces a tumbling motion and stops its upward progress.
	www.reachoutmichigan.org /funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/other/liquid_bottle_rocket.html (676 words)

	The First Liquid Fuel Rocket
		A liquid fuel requires a continuous source of oxidizer to be able to burn at a rate capable of producing the rocket thrust desired.
		As the rocket began to rise, this hose had to be pulled free.
		This was the world's first liquid fuel rocket flight, an event considered comparable in its significance to the Wright Brothers' achievement of manned flight at Kitty Hawk.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /gsfc/service/gallery/fact_sheets/general/frocket/frocket.htm (810 words)

	Rocket Propulsion
		The thrust force of a rocket motor is the reaction experienced by the motor structure due to ejection of the high velocity matter.
		The rocket and fuel have a total mass M and the combination is moving with velocity v as seen from a particular frame of reference.
		Liquid bipropellant rocket engines can be categorized according to their power cycles, that is, how power is derived to feed propellants to the main combustion chamber.
	www.braeunig.us /space/propuls.htm (4925 words)

	Rocket Thrust
		The high pressures and temperatures of combustion are used to accelerate the exhaust gases through a rocket nozzle to produce thrust.
		In a liquid rocket, the fuel and the oxidizer are stored separately and pumped into the combustion chamber of the nozzle where the burning occurs.
		In a solid rocket, the fuel and oxidizer are mixed together into a solid propellant which is packed into a cylinder.
	exploration.grc.nasa.gov /education/rocket/rktth1.html (920 words)

	Self Pressurized Rockets
		An alternate approach to expelling liquid propellants from a tank is described in a 1983 British patent by Davies, K., Taylor, C.B. and Lewis, J. assigned to British Aerospace.
		Relative to composite case solid rocket motors, self-pressurized rockets have a lower propellant bulk density and require a separate combustion chamber, but have no case insulation and normally are designed to operate at substantially lower pressures (lowering case mass).
		While this is unusual for liquid rockets, it is standard for solid rockets in which the oxidizer and fuel are intimately mixed and stored in a single casing.
	www.dunnspace.com /self_pressurized_rockets.htm (5232 words)

	NASM Space Artifacts: March 16, 1926 Goddard Rocket
		This section of the rocket consists of the oxidizer tank (containing liquid oxygen, or lox, needed for combustion) and the smaller fuel tank, containing gasoline, for burning with the lox.
		The rocket was mainly made of aluminum with steel tubes serving as the propellant lines and steel combustion chamber and nozzle.
		Goddard's name was well known to the rocket experimenters of the 1920's-40's but due to his secretive nature and reluctance to share his work, which was very advanced for the times, his impact upon main developments was limited.
	www.nasm.si.edu /research/dsh/artifacts/RM-RHG1926.htm (1071 words)

	The Evolution of Rockets
		In the latter, the fuel gradually burned off (as it did in early gunpowder rockets), and the entire fuel container was under pressure, supplying hot gas directly to the De-Laval nozzle.
		The military's rockets were larger and more ambitious, and the A2 which flew in 1934 developed a thrust of 16000 newton.
		That rocket has been described as a "stainless steel balloon," keeping its shape with the help of pressurized gas in its interior, also used in pushing out the fuel.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /stargaze/Srockhis.htm (1506 words)

	ATI's Rocket Propulsion 101 course
		He is an independent consultant, writer and teacher of rocket system technology, experienced in launch vehicle operations, design, testing, business analysis, risk reduction, modeling, safety and reliability.
		Liquid rocket engine fundamentals, introduction to practical propellants, propellant feed systems, gas pressure feed systems, propellant tanks, turbo-pump feed systems, flow and pressure balance, RCS and OMS, valves, pipe lines, and engine supporting structure.
		A survey of the spectrum of practical liquid and gaseous rocket propellants is conducted, including properties, performance, advantages and disadvantages.
	www.aticourses.com /rocket_propulsion.htm (629 words)

	Space history: Aviation, rocketry and pre-manned spaceflight history.
		The rocket researchers quickly outgrew their facilities in the outskirts of Berlin and, in 1936, operations were transferred to a remote island of Peenemuende on Germany's Baltic coast.
		It is the ancestor of practically every rocket flown in the world today and, in September of 1944, was launched against England toward London but came too late to affect the outcome of the war.
		By February of 1946 all the German rocket scientist were moved to White Sands, New Mexico and on April 16, 1945 the first of the captured V-2's was launched in the United States.
	www.thespaceplace.com /history/rocket2.html (2516 words)

	Chapter 6 -- Rockets and Rocket Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The greater excess thrust means greater rocket acceleration in a unit known as g's or numbers of times the norm al acceleration due to gravity at 9.8 meters/second2.
		This system is really only a partially reusable rocket because the orbiter, the space shuttle main engines and the solid rocket boosters return to be used again, but the shuttle's largest component, the external tank, is thrown away after use by letting it crash into either the Indian or Pacific Oceans.
		Rockets did not just appear for modern humanity to start using; they are the result of years and years of evolution.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter6.html (2268 words)

	NASA - Rocket
		Rockets 50 to 100 feet (15 to 30 meters) long serve as long-range missiles that can be used to bomb distant targets during wartime.
		Rockets are especially valuable for (1) military use, (2) atmospheric research, (3) launching probes and satellites, and (4) space travel.
		The temperature in the combustion chamber of a solid-propellant rocket ranges from 3000 to 6000 degrees F (1600 to 3300 degrees C).
	www.nasa.gov /worldbook/rocket_worldbook.html (5182 words)

	NASA - Building a Better Rocket Engine
		A fuel and an oxidizer, both in liquid form, are fed into a combustion chamber and ignited.
		For example, the shuttle uses liquid hydrogen as its fuel and liquid oxygen as the oxidizer.
		For one, both the liquid fuel and the oxidizer must be fed into the chamber very rapidly and under great pressure.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2005/14oct_betterrocket.htm (917 words)

	ukrocketman.com - liquid rocket engine propulsion
		The version of the liquid rocket engine I have, has been modified by the manufacturers to include an additional valve which allows direct filling of the pressurisation tank from commercially available pressurised tanks.
		As the Systeme Solaire liquid rocket engine is supplied, the recovery system is designed to make use of drag separation at main engine cut-off, effecting nosecone removal and the parachute being pulled out.
		It should be noted, the Systeme Solaire liquid rocket engine is most definitely not for the faint hearted, or for anyone experiencing problems with construction or operation of standard solid or hybrid rocket motors.
	www.ukrocketman.com /rocketry/liquids.shtml (1329 words)

	Rocket Principles
		With space rockets, the gas is produced by burning propellants that can be solid or liquid in form or a combination of the two.
		To enable a rocket to lift off from the launch pad, the action, or thrust, from the engine must be greater than the mass of the rocket.
		Liquid propellants, which are often gases that have been chilled until they condense into liquids, are kept in separate containers: one for the fuel and the other for the oxidizer.
	web.mit.edu /16.00/www/aec/rocket.html (1878 words)

	Engines
		Rocket Engines burn liquid fuel in the presence of liquid oxidizer to generate large amounts of thrust.
		This section provides an overview of many of the world's rocket engines, which are used to power historical or existing launch vehicles (either reusable or expendable - see RLV's and ELV's).
		Rocket engines differ from rocket motors in the rocket engines burn liquid fuel while rocket motors burn solid fuel.
	www.spaceandtech.com /spacedata/engines/engines.shtml (95 words)

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