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Topic: Liquid rocket propellants

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	Liquid rocket propellants - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Propellants requiring continuous refrigeration, and which cause their rockets to grow ever-thicker blankets of ice, are not practical.
		Although the development of military propellants was treated with the greatest secrecy, the trick to inhibiting nitric acid was published shortly after its discovery in 1954 and Russian rockets with the same fuel appeared shortly afterwards, the first being the SS-1B ("Scud").
		The highest specific impulse chemistry ever test-fired in a rocket engine was lithium and fluorine, with hydrogen added to improve the exhaust thermodynamics (all propellants had to be kept in their own tanks, making this a tripropellant).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liquid_rocket_propellants (1072 words)

	Rocket Propulsion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In a liquid rocket, the propellants, the fuel and the oxidizer, are stored separately as liquids and are pumped into the combustion chamber of the nozzle where burning occurs.
		In a solid rocket, the propellants are mixed together and packed into a solid cylinder.
		Liquid rockets tend to be heavier and more complex because of the pumps and storage tanks.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/rocket.html (570 words)

	Rocket fuel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The thrust produced is the mass flow of the propellants multiplied by their exhaust velocity (relative to the rocket), as specified by Newton's third law of motion.
		Gunpowder, obviously, was the original propellant to be used in rocketry, consisting of a mixture of charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate (saltpeter).
		Liquid propellants are generally mixed by the injector at the top of the combustion chamber, which directs many small fast-moving streams of fuel and oxidizer into one another.
	rocket-fuel.ask.dyndns.dk (2511 words)

	Rocket Propellants
		In liquid propellants the fuel and oxidizer are stored in separate tanks and are fed through a system of pipes, valves, and turbopumps to a combustion chamber where they are combined and burned to produce thrust.Liquid propellants used by NASA and in commercial launch vehicles can be classified into 3 types: petroleum, cyrogenics, and hypergolics.
		Solid propellants consist of a casing filled with a mixture of solid compounds (fuel and oxidizer) which burn ata a rapid rate, expelling hot gases from a nozzle to produce thrust.
		In hybrid propellants one of the substances is a solid usually the fuel, and the other substance is a liquid usually the oxidizer.
	home.rochester.rr.com /shaelise/rockets.html (152 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Jets and Rockets
		The difference between a solid rocket and a liquid rocket, however, is that the fuel and oxidizer are mixed together and cast into a solid mass.
		The ducted rocket works in the same way as the hybrid rocket except that the oxygen is taken from the external atmosphere, like a jet, instead of carried aboard the vehicle.
		To summarize, the primary difference between a jet and a rocket is that a rocket carries its own supply of oxygen internally while a jet must obtain oxygen from the external atmosphere.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/propulsion/q0161.shtml (1010 words)

	Liquid Propellants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The most common liquid rocket fuels for launch vehicles are hydrogen, kerosene, and a type of hydrazine mixture.
		Liquid oxygen and nitrogen tetroxide are common oxidizers.
		Liquid oxygen is typically used with kerosene and hydrogen fuels.
	www.aero.org /publications/crosslink/winter2004/03_sidebar1.html (262 words)

	NASA Quest > Space Team Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Small rockets that are used as active controls to change the attitude (direction) a rocket or spacecraft is facing in outer space.
		The mass of propellants in a rocket divided by the rocket's total mass.
		Machinery that moves liquid fuel and oxidizer to the combustion chamber of a rocket.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /space/teachers/rockets/glossary.html (421 words)

	Basic of Space Flight: Rocket Propellants
		In a liquid propellant rocket, the fuel and oxidizer are stored in separate tanks, and are fed through a system of pipes, valves, and turbopumps to a combustion chamber where they are combined and burned to produce thrust.
		Liquid propellant engines are more complex than their solid propellant counterparts, however, they offer several advantages.
		Modern composite propellants are heterogeneous powders (mixtures) which use a crystallized or finely ground mineral salt as an oxidizer, often ammonium perchlorate, which constitutes between 60% and 90% of the mass of the propellant.
	www.braeunig.us /space/propel.htm (2429 words)

	Rocket - MSN Encarta
		Rockets are presently the only vehicles that can launch into and move around in space.
		A rocket can be as simple and small as a firework, which has a small amount of thrust, or as complex and powerful as the Saturn V rocket, which took humans to the Moon.
		British Congreve war rockets, which were used in the War of 1812, are referred to in a line of the United States national anthem: “And the rockets red glare…” Rockets have many applications both on Earth and in space.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761577900/Rocket.html (650 words)

	Self Pressurized Rockets
		Liquid oxygen for example when warmed until it has a vapor pressure of 2 MPa (about 290 psi) has a density of only 0.88, as opposed to a density of 1.14 at its normal boiling point.
		Relative to composite case solid rocket motors, self-pressurized rockets have a lower propellant bulk density and require a separate combustion chamber, but have no case insulation and normally are designed to operate at substantially lower pressures (lowering case mass).
		While this is unusual for liquid rockets, it is standard for solid rockets in which the oxidizer and fuel are intimately mixed and stored in a single casing.
	www.dunnspace.com /self_pressurized_rockets.htm (5232 words)

	ADVANCED TOPICS IN LIQUID ROCKET ENGINES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This course will be of interest to designers and project managers who wish to keep abreast of the future directions for liquid rocket engine design and construction.
		Lectures will explain the operation of liquid rocket engines to the extent required to understand the temperature, pressure, and stress environments of the various components.
		New propellants and engine cycles will be examined so that their impact upon the required component materials and manufacturing process can be understood.
	www.utsi.edu /coned/schulz5.html (161 words)

	ch5-11
		The NACA-Lewis rocket group, however, was still greatly interested in liquid hydrogen and believed that they had the support of the rocket subcommittee.
		We have tried to emphasize the importance of rocket technology to this country's defense effort and urged that the NACA devote a greater portion of its personnel and funding to this important field.
		The others; nonconventional rocket propulsion, such as solar energy, ions, electrons, charged particles, and free radicals; nuclear energy; comparison of nuclear and non-nuclear propulsion: and summary of the other topics form the viewpoint of applications and military requirements.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /pao/History/SP-4404/ch5-11.htm (493 words)

	liquid propellant
		Additionally, liquid propellants may be classed as bipropellants (in which a liquid fuel and a liquid oxidizer are stored separately) or monopropellants.
		A good liquid propellant is one with a high specific impulse.
		Lower density propellants require larger storage tanks, thus increasing the mass of the launch vehicle.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/L/liquid_propellant.html (223 words)

	Arnold Engineering Development Center
		After rocket engine ignition, test cell pumping responsibility is transferred to the rocket engine ejector-diffuser system allowing the steam ejector to be "throttled back." Upon engine shutdown, the process is reversed and a transition in the pumping and pressure recovery responsbility is handed back to the steam ejector-diffuser system alone.
		Rocket Development Test Cell J-4 is a vertical test cell designed for testing large liquid-propellant engines or solid-propellant rocket motors and entire propulsion stage systems at simulated altitudes up to 100,000 feet.
		Rocket Development Test Cell J-5 is a horizontal test complex designed primarily for static testing of solid-propellant rocket motors with up to 125,000 pounds per foot thrust at simulated altitude conditions of up to 100,000 feet during firings and 140,000 feet for static conditions.
	www.nimr.org /systems/images/rockets.htm (5950 words)

	NA401-98 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Liquid bi-propellant engines are an alternative to solid rocket motors, however, they do not have the high thrust-to-weight ratio or the low cost which make solid rocket motors attractive.
		Liquid propellants still generate oxides of nitrogen and have many of the hazardous environmental impacts of solid propellants, but they do not generate as much acid gas as the AP solid rocket propellants, however, in no case are these drop-in solutions.
		Liquid propellants have several disadvantages as well that solid rockets do not: 1) there is a limit to how long the propellant can be loaded before launch must occur, 2) they generate VOC emissions while solid rocket propellants do not, and 3) they do not have the high thrust-to-weight ratio desirable for a ballistic launches.
	www.enviro-navair.navy.mil /TNS2001-08-01-01.NSF/0/a5893452279dcaab85256e9f0056d2d4 (1962 words)

	Hybrid Propulsion System for Returning a Sample From Mars
		In a hybrid rocket engine, a solid fuel is burned by use of a liquid or gaseous oxidizer, the flow of which can be throttled to control the engine.
		Unlike conventional solid rocket propellants, a solid rocket fuel can be made relatively inert in the absence of the oxidizer and therefore presents little hazard of explosion or inadvertent ignition.
		Unlike conventional (and relatively expensive) liquid rocket propellants, a solid rocket fuel is not corrosive or susceptible to leakage.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Jun98/NPO20195.html (274 words)

	Liquid Rocket Engine
		Liquid rocket engines are used on the Space Shuttle to place humans in orbit, on many un-manned missiles to place satellites in orbit, and on several high speed research aircraft following World War II.
		In a liquid rocket, stored fuel and stored oxidizer are pumped into a combustion chamber where they are mixed and burned.
		The amount of thrust produced by the rocket depends on the mass flow rate through the engine, the exit velocity of the exhaust, and the pressure at the nozzle exit.
	exploration.grc.nasa.gov /education/rocket/lrockth.html (471 words)

	v1ch4
		Propellant recovered with a forward segment of the booster exhibited the star pattern associated with the receding shape of the propellant at the front end of the Solid Rocket Motor.
		This is a normal occurrence due to minor differences in the propellant cast during the installation of the propellant in the motor case structure.
		Propellant mean bulk temperature calculations were made using the ambient temperature over the two-week period prior to launch.
	history.nasa.gov /rogersrep/v1ch4.htm (13536 words)

	Combustion of Liquid Propellants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The kinetic energy of a rocket is obtained by liberating heat (energy) during a chemical reaction.
		In rocket analysis the combustion process is assumed to be adiabatic – that is, the heat transfer to the walls of the combustion chamber is negligible compared to the net heat released in the reaction.
		The liquid propellants are injected into the combustion chamber via injection orifices at velocities typically between 7 to 60 m/sec (20 to 200 ft/sec).
	eng.sdsu.edu /profs/Bhattacharjee/sooby/classes/s99/me696s99/rockets/comb.html (689 words)

	UAH: Research: Aviation and Rocket Propulsion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		When liquid rocket propellants are injected through the holes in an injector plate, the liquid exits in an orderly stream of tiny droplets.
		In liquid-propellant rocket motors, you want the liquid fuel and oxidizers to break up into droplets with large surface areas, to enhance their mixing, vaporizing and burning, according to Dr. Clark Hawk, director of UAH's Propulsion Research Center.
		UAH scientists are studying the behavior of liquid propellants under a variety of conditions.
	www.uah.edu /HTML/Research/ResRev/ARP/story11.html (345 words)

	ATI's Rocket Propulsion 101 course
		He is an independent consultant, writer and teacher of rocket system technology, experienced in launch vehicle operations, design, testing, business analysis, risk reduction, modeling, safety and reliability.
		Liquid rocket engine fundamentals, introduction to practical propellants, propellant feed systems, gas pressure feed systems, propellant tanks, turbo-pump feed systems, flow and pressure balance, RCS and OMS, valves, pipe lines, and engine supporting structure.
		A survey of the spectrum of practical liquid and gaseous rocket propellants is conducted, including properties, performance, advantages and disadvantages.
	www.aticourses.com /rocket_propulsion.htm (629 words)

	The Past and Future of Rocket Engine Propulsion
		As alluded to above, the concept of expelling objects in one direction to propel an object in the opposite direction, though fully explained by Newton's laws of motion, was not fully embraced by the scientific community until the beginning of the last century.
		While Goddard started his rocketry career with solid propellants, he soon recognized the enormous potential of liquid-propellant motors and identified liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen--the propellants used in the Apollo Saturn V launch vehicle and the space shuttle--as an ideal combination.
		The V-2 was an alcohol/liquid-oxygen propellant missile that was built at the Peenemünde rocket plant under the direction of Walter Dornberger and Wernher von Braun.
	www.fathom.com /course/21701743/session1.html (1834 words)

	43rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit
		Unclassified papers are solicited in all areas of liquid propulsion technology, including propulsion system applications, engine development and testing, fluid control instrumentation, and pressurant and propellant storage.
		Propellant feed system tankage - lightweight gas storage vessels and propellant tanks, including propellant acquisition technology involving positive expulsion tankage or surface tension devices; of special interest are papers addressing all phases of design, development, fabrication, testing, ground handling, and flight performance
		The Liquid Rocket Propulsion Sessions are jointly sponsored by the AIAA Liquid Propulsion Technical Committee, the SAE Space Transportation and Propulsion Technical Committee, and the ASME Propulsion Committee.
	www.aiaa.org /content.cfm?pageid=230&lumeetingid=1492&viewcon=submit&loadview=120&TrackingNumber=70527&adam=6823 (319 words)

	Chapter 8 -- The Engineers before World War II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It was a single-stage rocket powered by alcohol and liquid oxygen; it stood 46.1 feet high; had a thrust of 56,000 ponds; could carry a payload of 2,200 pounds; and had a velocity of 3,500 miles per hour.
		The rocket, fueled by liquid oxygen and benzene paste, had a thrust value of 73 pounds and reached an altitude of 400 meters (1300 feet).
		While working with the Soviet military, Korolev developed flying bombs, rocket gliders, and rocket planes none of which were to lead the world into the space age, but he persisted with his belief that a winged rocket craft was destined to lead the way into the space age.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter8.html (2279 words)

	Rocket propellants
		According to the Thiokol Cehmical Corporation, liquid thiokol is produced by condensing ethylene chlorohydrin to dichlorodiethylformal, which is then treated with sodium polysulfide to obtain the finished product.
		The proportion for liquid thiokol to perchlorate is usually 20-40% thiokol to 60-80% perchlorate.
		NOTE: Whistle rockets must be made in the same way as a standard firework whistle, in the sense that it must be pressed very firmly for it to produce a whistling effect.
	members.shaw.ca /gryphon223/PFP/rocket.html (354 words)

	Signal-Conditioning Electronics for Discrete Capacitive Sensors - RTI International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This system is being used by NASA to detect the levels of liquid rocket propellants in storage tanks.
		This technology is useful in a wide variety of applications, particularly for sensing the level of liquid or material in a tank.
		The lone requirement is that the liquid or material be dielectric.
	www.rti.org /page.cfm?nav=545&objectid=0103EFE4-57C1-4F82-8C85AF98A466C380 (561 words)

	Solid and Liquid Propellants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Solid rocket propellants contain both the fuel and oxidizer combined together in the chemical itself.
		Usually the fuel is a mixture of hydrogen compounds and carbon and the oxidizer is made up of oxygen compounds.
		Liquid propellants, which are often gases that have been chilled until they turn into liquids, are kept in separate containers, one for the fuel and the other for the oxidizer.
	www.phyast.pitt.edu /~rsl/a87/unit4/tsld048.htm (79 words)

	XCOR Aerospace Begins Test Firing of Methane Rocket Engine
		This regeneratively-cooled version of the rocket engine will also be built and tested in 2007 as part of the contract.
		The results will be used to determine the appropriate length of the rocket engine chamber for the flight-weight version.
		The company is in the business of developing and producing safe, reliable and reusable rocket engines, rocket propulsion systems, and rocket powered vehicles.
	www.xcor.com /press-releases/2007/07-01-16_XCOR_begins_methane_engine_testing.html (315 words)

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