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Topic: Liquid water

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	What is Water?
		Pure liquid water is free of salt, rocks, soil, and garbage.
		Water in the liquid state may change to water in the gaseous state.
		The changes from a solid to a liquid to a gas or from a gas to a liquid to a solid are called a phase changes.
	www.nyu.edu /pages/mathmol/textbook/slg.html (369 words)

	Learn more about Water in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Water is a chemical compound and polar molecule, which is liquid under STP conditions.
		Water is found almost everywhere on earth and is required by all known life.
		Water is one of the four classical elements along with fire, earth and air, and was regarded as the ylem, or basic stuff of the universe.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /w/wa/water.html (1963 words)

	Water vapor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Condensation is the formation of liquid water either from pure water vapor or water intermixed with air.
		Hence atmospheric water strongly influences, and is strongly influenced by, climate.
		Water depleted by precipitation is replenished by evaporation from the seas, lakes, rivers and the transpiration of plants, not to mention other biological and geological processes.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/water_vapor (890 words)

	NASA sees 'evidence' of liquid water on Mars. 07/12/2006. ABC News Online
		Scientists previously had established that two forms of water - ice at the poles and water vapour - exist on Mars, but liquid water is crucial to nurture life.
		The paper says water seems to have flowed down two gullies in the past few years, even though liquid water cannot remain long on the planet's frigid, nearly airless surface because it would rapidly freeze or evaporate.
		Liquid water is an important part of the equation.
	www.abc.net.au /news/newsitems/200612/s1805976.htm (640 words)

	The States of Water: solid, liquid, gas
		Water is known to exist in three different states; as a solid, liquid or gas.
		Water existing as a gas is called water vapor.
		Common sources of moisture for the United States are the warm moist air masses that flow northward from the Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic Ocean as well as the moist Pacific air masses brought onshore by the westerlies.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/cld/dvlp/wtr.rxml (173 words)

	Water on Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		We conclude that the water that remains on Mars today is trapped, probably as permafrost and ice beneath the martian surface.
		Under a thick, warm atmosphere, water could flow on the surface as a liquid.
		Much of the ponded and frozen flood water might be protected almost indefinitely by a covering of red soil.
	cmex-www.arc.nasa.gov /SiteCat/sitecat2/water.htm (229 words)

	Liquid water and life on Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The purpose of this paper is to establish the presence of liquid water in the surface material of Mars, and in sufficient quantity to support microorganisms, thereby eliminating all explanations but a biological interpretation of the LR Mars results.
		The frozen water is warmed by partial absorption of the sun’s direct rays and by re-emission in the IR of the sun’s rays which passed through the ice and were absorbed by the underlying surface material.
		If all of the water were driven to the surface nightly, and if the liquid water produced by the above model were retained in the top 1 mm of the soil, perhaps prevented from percolating downward by the frozen ground beneath, this would produce between 1% and 10% moisture by volume.
	www.biospherics.com /mars/spie2/spie98.htm (4855 words)

	SPACE.com -- Mars Liquid Water Elusive, But Present
		Liquid water is one of the two most highly sought things in any good Mars investigation.
		But the science on that is not totally firm, Bandfield cautioned, meaning the results are not 100 percent conclusive in proving the existence of liquid water.
		If Mars harbors even trickles of liquid water, most biologists agree the stage is set for the presence of microbial life.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/mars_liquid_030821.html (1007 words)

	NOVA \| Mars \| Life's Little Essential \| PBS
		And because a liquid is always in flux, it effectively conveys vital substances like metabolites and nutrients from one place to another, whether it's around a cell, an organism, an ecosystem, or a planet.
		Water's ability to so succesfully further the processes of life has a lot to do with just how unusual a fluid it is. Not long ago, if I had to guess, I would have said that water is about as normal a liquid as they come.
		Liquid water has yet another unusual property that means the difference between life and essentially no life in cold regions of the planet.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/mars/essential.html (1118 words)

	About Water -- Water as a Solvent
		liquid water path is a measure of the amount of liquid water in an air column.
		Liquid water reaches its highest density at a temperature of 4 °C. This has an interesting consequence for water life in winter.
		An example is the use of water, particularly water purified to human safe drinking standards, in unnecessary irrigation.
	www.worldofmolecules.com /solvents/water.htm (1961 words)

	Liquid water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Water: the structure and properties of liquid water
		"Liquid water (H2O) is often perceived to be pretty ordinary as it is transparent, odorless, tasteless and ubiquitous.
		Liquid water once on Mars, Australian megafauna and most Americans believe alien life is possible
	www.aspma.com /term/liquid-water.html (437 words)

	Jet Propulsion Laboratory: Planets
		Liquid water is a necessity for every form of life known, with the possible exception of some plants or fungi that may get by on water vapor.
		Water in its various forms pervades the solar system, from traces of water vapor on the Sun itself to water ice in the likely composition of Pluto and the Kuiper Belt objects beyond it.
		Even without its link to the question of extraterrestrial life, water would be an important theme in exploration of the solar system, as a possible resource and as a substance that's geologically intriguing in its own right.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /solar_system/water/water_index.html (339 words)

	Life on Mars: Water
		If liquid water were present in the top few millimeters of the soil, it would quickly evaporate and diffuse into the atmosphere.
		Given the primary function of liquid water in living organisms--as a medium through which nutrients can diffuse in and waste products can diffuse out-- it is unlikely that adsorbed water can do the job.
		The analysis determined that the oxygen isotopes in the water were different from the oxygen isotopes in the silicate portion of the meteorites.
	www.resa.net /nasa/mars_life_water.htm (1722 words)

	AllRefer.com - water : Liquid Water, Compound & Element (Compounds And Elements) - Encyclopedia
		This substance was thought by some to be a giant polymer of water molecules, 40 times denser and 15 times more viscous than ordinary water.
		Studies showed, however, that these new and unexplained properties were connected with the presence of contaminants in the water.
		Even so, the interaction of the water molecules with these other substances may be helpful in understanding the way in which water molecules interact with each other.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/W/water-liquid-water.html (296 words)

	Study doubts liquid water near surface of Saturn's moon Enceladus - USATODAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In an alternative view published in Friday's issue of the journal Science, other researchers propose that buried ice clathrates — not liquid water — are responsible for releasing the towering plumes through a sudden tectonic shift in the crust that causes cracks in the ice and gas to vent.
		The study doesn't address whether liquid might be present anywhere else on the moon, said lead author Susan Kieffer, a planetary scientist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, who has studied geysers on Earth and on the moons of Jupiter and Neptune.
		Cassini found the geysers were a mix of water vapor and ice particles containing significant amounts of carbon dioxide and trace amounts of methane.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/science/space/2006-12-14-saturn-water_x.htm (572 words)

	Liquid Sculpture - Water Drop Art
		The shapes are affected by many things: the physical properties of the liquid, such as surface tension and viscosity, as well as the timing of the drops and when the camera's shutter is opened and flash fired.
		The hydrodynamics of water drops are complex, and ever-fascinating for physicists.
		Wendy W. Zhang from the University of Chicago presented an illuminating paper on capturing liquid motion and water drops in Boulder in 2006.
	www.liquidsculpture.com (322 words)

	Water: the structure and properties of liquid water
		Life cannot evolve or continue without liquid water, which is why there is so much fuss about water being found on Mars and other planets and moons.
		Because of its clear importance, water is the most studied material on Earth but it comes as a surprise to find that its behavior and function are so poorly understood (or even ignored), not only by people in general, but also by scientists working with it everyday.
		Water seems, at first sight, to be a very simple molecule, consisting of just two hydrogen atoms attached to an oxygen atom.
	www.sbu.ac.uk /water (660 words)

	Bad Astronomy Blog » LIQUID WATER ON MARS!
		This gully is in a crater in the Centauri Montes Region in the martian southern hemisphere.
		Of course, water was not the only fluid considered by various colleagues; carbon dioxide can be fluid at some pressures and temperatures, and fluid carbon dioxide was also proposed as a candidate fluidizing agent.
		With the liquid water news, and also the news of recent cratering, it’s a great time to be a planetary researcher, especially regarding Mars.
	www.badastronomy.com /bablog/2006/12/06/liquid-water-on-mars (4759 words)

	The Encyclopedia of Water
		The Encyclopedia of Water, edited by Dr. Jay H. Lehr (Editor in Chief), Jack Keeley (Senior Editor) and Janet Lehr (Associate Editor) will contain over 1500 entries which will be submitted by scientists, educators and water professionals worldwide.
		The Encyclopedia of Water is now in press and we cannot accept any new entries at this time.
		The Encyclopedia is intended to be an all-inclusive reference for professional and students who are involved with water be it wastewater, drinking water, industrial water etc. The reader will find answers to specific questions to problems, or a concise introduction to a topic and references to authoritative treatment in the literature.
	www.wileywater.com /Encyclopedia.htm (602 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The liquid contracts as it is cooled; because the molecules are moving slower they are less able to overcome the attractive intermolecular forces drawing them closer to each other.
		When liquid water is cooled, it contracts like one would expect until a temperature of approximately 4 degrees Celsius is reached.
		That is why ice floats on water, for which we should all be thankful because if water behaved "normally" many bodies of water would freeze solid in the winter, killing all the life within them.
	www.iapws.org /faq1/freeze.htm (365 words)

	Earth Floor: Cycles
		As water goes through its cycle, it can be a solid (ice), a liquid (water), or a gas (water vapor).
		Water that was absorbed into the ground is taken up by plants.
		Water that runs off into rivers flows into ponds, lakes, or oceans where it evaporates back into the atmosphere.
	www.cotf.edu /ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/water.html (243 words)

	WHY IS WATER BLUE
		Because the absorption which gives water its color is in the red end of the visible spectrum, one sees blue, the complementary color of red, when observing light that has passed through several meters of water.
		This is important in that it clarifies the role of hydrogen bonding in the liquid phase spectrum, a matter of some confusion in the several sources that address the question of why water is blue.
		However, the changes are small enough that the color of water should not vary significantly with temperature between 0 and 50º C. e are not the first to call attention to the vibrational origin of water's blue color.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~etrnsfer/water.htm (2106 words)

	PSRD Hot Idea: Regarding liquid water on Mars
		One is an experimental study of the alteration of a rock similar to Martian meteorites, conducted by Leslie Baker, Deborah Agenbroad, and Scott Wood (University of Idaho).
		However, the ground is cut by vast dendritic networks and huge channels that appear to have been carved by flowing water, leading scientists to conclude that at least in the past, liquid water was abundant on Mars.
		Martian meteorites also show evidence that liquid water flowed through them; the evidence is in the form of alteration products (minerals that formed at low temperature after creation of the original rock).
	www.psrd.hawaii.edu /May00/wetMars.html (2557 words)

	Water Properties
		Below freezing water is a solid (ice or snowflakes), between freezing and boiling water is a liquid, and above its boiling point water is a gas.
		Water contracts until it reaches 4 C then it expands until it is solid.
		Water is not attracted to wax paper (there is no adhesion between the drop and the wax paper).
	www.uni.edu /~iowawet/H2OProperties.html (589 words)

	SPACE.com -- Cassini Finds Signs of Liquid Water on Saturn's Moon
		Saturn's moon Enceladus may have pockets of liquid water lurking beneath its surface, feeding great jets that spew from the satellite and hinting at the possibility of a habitable environment, researchers said Thursday.
		The close proximity of water, rock and the south pole's thermal hot spot puts Enceladus on the list of possible harbors for biological activity, some researchers said.
		The plume, which a team of researchers led by Hansen-Koharcheck at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California believe may have been erupting continuously for 15 years, appears to replenish Saturn's E-ring with material and provide the source of oxygen and hydrogen permeating the planet's neighborhood.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/060309_cassini_water.html (1040 words)

	NASA - NASA Images Suggest Water Still Flows in Brief Spurts on Mars
		Liquid water, as opposed to the water ice and water vapor known to exist at Mars, is considered necessary for life.
		The atmosphere of Mars is so thin and the temperature so cold that liquid water cannot persist at the surface.
		Researchers propose that water could remain liquid long enough, after breaking out from an underground source, to carry debris downslope before totally freezing.
	www.nasa.gov /mission_pages/mars/news/mgs-20061206.html (765 words)

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