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Topic: Liquified natural gas

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	Liquified natural gas conversion process - Patent 4761515
		Liquified Natural Gas (L.N.G.) is re-vaporized by heat exchange and pre-heated in a furnace at a temperature not exceeding 1100.degree.
		LNG consumption is therefore seasonal, primarily in winter and the costly facilities required for liquefaction, storage and re-vaporization of LN are poorly utilized in summer.
		The LNG feed stream (1) is re-vaporized in the heat exchangers (2) and (9), mixed with the recycle stream (8), and pre-heated in the furnace (4).
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4761515.html (3991 words)

	Natural Gas Facts - Factsheets
		Americans have demonstrated a preference for clean-burning natural gas because it is a versatile source of energy for heating and cooling their homes, cooking their meals and running appliances.
		Natural gas is an attractive fuel because it is clean-burning and efficient.
		Conservation and efficient natural gas use must be part of a national effort to balance natural gas supply and demand, especially in the short term.
	www.naturalgasfacts.org /factsheets/index.html (883 words)

	Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)
		LNG also provides an opportunity for cogeneration by cooling various mechanical components enroute to the engine, where it arrives and is utilized in its gaseous form.
		LNG plants condense natural gas from its normal gaseous state to liquid phase at -163 C and subsequently revaporize the gas.
		Natural gas is introduced to the cylinder late in the scavenging process so that loss of natural gas is minimized.
	www.naftc.wvu.edu /technical/indepth/LNG/LNG.html (4121 words)

	Natural Gas
		World's resources of natural gas, although finite, are enormous, while estimates of its size continue to grow as a result of innovations in exploration and extraction techniques.
		Natural gas is extracted from 288,000 producing wells and transported by 125 natural gas pipeline companies through a 1.3 million-mile network of underground pipes to more than 1,200 gas distribution companies who provide customer service in all the 50 states.
		Natural gas is the predominant fuel in Russia, accounting for nearly half of the country's domestic consumption.
	r0.unctad.org /infocomm/anglais/gas/market.htm (1359 words)

	Natural Gas Hydrate
		Capital costs of natural gas hydrate (NGH) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) are compared, for the transport of 400 MMscf/d (about 4 billion Sm3 per year) of natural gas for a distance of 5500 km.
		In this method natural gas hydrates are refrigerated to stable conditions, enabling transport of natural gas in an insulated bulk carrier to distant gas markets.
		The density of LNG was assumed 420 kg/m3.
	www.ipt.ntnu.no /~ngh/library/paper2.html (2098 words)

	NaturalGas.org
		LNG can be very useful, particularly for the transportation of natural gas, since LNG takes up about one six hundredth the volume of gaseous natural gas.
		While LNG is reasonably costly to produce, advances in technology are reducing the costs associated with the liquification and regasification of LNG.
		LNG imports are expected to increase at an average annual rate of 15.8 percent, to levels of 4.80 Tcf of natural gas by 2025.
	www.naturalgas.org /lng/lng.asp (389 words)

	Liquified petroleum gas Summary
		Propane is a nontoxic, colorless, odorless hydrocarbon that occurs naturally in natural gas streams and crude oil.
		The ratio of liquid to gas is 270—one unit of liquid expands to 270 units of vapor.
		A typical natural gas raw stream is comprised of about 90 percent methane and 3 percent propane, and a remainder of other gases such as ethane, butane and pentane.
	www.bookrags.com /Liquified_petroleum_gas (2927 words)

	Center for Liquefied Natural Gas
		LNG is natural gas in liquid form - it's the same natural gas more than 64 million American homeowners use everyday.
		LNG is shipped to our shores, where it is used to fuel homes, generate electricity and power industries.
		LNG can help us meet our growing need for clean and affordable natural gas.
	www.lngfacts.org (66 words)

	Liquefied natural gas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		LNG is about 1/614th the volume of natural gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP), making it much more cost-efficient to transport over long distances where pipelines do not exist.
		Conditions required to condense natural gas depend on its precise composition, the market that it will be sold to and the process being used, but typically involve temperatures between −120 and −170 degrees Celsius (pure methane liquefies at −161.6 °C) and pressures of between 101 and 6000 kPa (14.7 and 870 lbf/in²).
		Natural gas is composed primarily of methane (typically, at least 90%), but may also contain ethane, propane and heavier hydrocarbons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liquified_natural_gas (3314 words)

	PHMSA Stakeholder Communications: Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
		LNG is natural gas that has been chilled to a liquid state at minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit.
		Natural gas is routed to an LNG plant in Kenai, Alaska, where it is liquefied and then exported, primarily to Japan.
		DOE LNG Forums The Energy Policy Act of 2005 requires the Secretary of Energy to convene a series of LNG forums to provide public education and foster dialogue among Federal officials, State and local officials, the general public, independent experts, and industry representatives.
	primis.phmsa.dot.gov /comm/LNG.htm (797 words)

	SM Baykeeper Blog » The LNG Debate
		LNG is natural gas cooled to -260 F. In its gaseous state it is highly voltile and difficult to transport, thus the need to cool it.
		Upon arrival, it is pumped to special tanks that keep the LNG under pressure and in its liquid state until it goes through a regassification process, allowing it to reach consumers’ gas ranges and cars as well as industrial electricity generation.
		Natural Gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel, producing considerably less pollutants than coal or oil.
	smbaykeeper.org /blog/index.php?p=7 (631 words)

	Condensate and Natural Gas Liquids
		Natural gas liquids cannot be counted as 'oil equivalent' by themselves, as they depend on crude oil to become useful.
		Natural gas can be transported in its normal gaseous state inside a pipeline.
		The light gas oils, or fuel oils, can either be further split for manufacture of more gasoline, or retained and refined for when demand for furnace oil is high (winter), or when extra quantities of deisel fuel are needed.
	www.naturalhub.com /slweb/defin_oil_and_Natural_Gas.html (2156 words)

	Puget Sound Clean Cities Coalition Natural Gas
		Natural gas can be used in the full range of vehicles, from passenger vehicles to heavy-duty trucks.
		LNG does not present the same range limitations, as its physical characteristics allow two to four times more LNG than CNG to be stored in the same amount of space.
		In addition, because natural gas is lighter than air, it will rise and dissipate rapidly in the unlikely event of a leak, as opposed to other fuels which tend to pool on the ground or enter sewer or water systems.
	www.pugetsoundcleancities.org /NaturalGas.htm (1380 words)

	Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)
		The gas required to close that gap is more than 5 trillion cubic feet—a 40 percent increase in 20 years.
		Royal Dutch Shell is aiming to seal its position as the global leader among the LNG majors through a succession of new projects, plant expansions and purchase contacts that should help boost the firm into growing gas markets in North America, India, china, and southern Europe.
		For fertilizer maker IMC Global Inc., not only are natural gas prices up but ammonia, a key ingredient made from gas, has climbed more than 60 percent from a year ago.
	www.williamsinference.com /Reports/3015lng.htm (828 words)

	Natural Gas: methane molecules by Russell Kightley Media
		It is a very convenient fuel and is used for gas cooking (gas stoves and gas barbecues), home heating (gas fired central heating & gas fires) and for water heating.
		Natural gas can also be liquified for transport and storage, when it is known as Liquified Natural Gas or LNG:
		The natural gas is liquified by cooling to very low temperatues.
	www.rkm.com.au /METHANE/natural-gas.html (209 words)

	Westpac LNG \| Liquified Natural Gas
		The first commercial natural gas liquefaction was achieved in West Virginia in 1917.
		This led to an increase of British imports of LNG when the UK signed a 15-year contract to import LNG from Algeria in 1965.
		Here, you can learn all about LNG, its use as a source of clean burning fuel and power, and why it is viewed as an important element in meeting the future energy needs of North America.
	www.westpaclng.com /index.php?pageId=LNG (153 words)

	Forbes: Leading the liquified natural gas pack - Forbes.com - MSNBC.com
		LNG is natural gas that's been cooled to -260 degrees Fahrenheit and shipped to the U.S. in 1,000-foot doubled-hulled tankers to be warmed onshore to its gaseous state.
		That means it is delivering 1 percent of the country's natural gas, according to Martin Houston, who heads the company's LNG operations.
		Estimates have LNG imports increasing from 2003's 540 billion cubic feet to 2.2 trillion cubic feet in 2010, accounting for 8.5 percent of U.S. natural gas consumption.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/4371214 (659 words)

	Liquified Natural Gas \| Region 9 \| US EPA
		Liquefied natural gas, or LNG, is natural gas in its liquid form.
		LNG is formed by condensing natural gas to a liquid by chilling it to about -260 degrees Fahrenheit at atmospheric pressure.
		LNG arrives at U.S. coastal ports and is off-loaded into specialized terminals that store the LNG until it is vaporized back to natural gas and shipped through the U.S. natural gas pipeline system.
	www.epa.gov /region09/liq-natl-gas/index.html (458 words)

	Watson, natural gas supply and demand issues
		Whether we will have reliable supplies of natural gas to meet this growing demand is a question I have been asking industry, petroleum economists, and experts at the Department of the Interior and the Department of Energy.
		While many areas of the United States are experiencing declining natural gas reserves, the Rocky Mountain resources are largely untapped and the amount of newly discovered gas in the area is increasing on a daily basis.
		There are instances where oil and gas companies begin to conduct timely analysis of geophysical data early in their primary lease term; however, data may be inconclusive because of problems caused by existence of salt sheets.
	www.doi.gov /ocl/2002/naturalgas.htm (4621 words)

	CalTrade Report - Another Hat in the LNG Terminal Ring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The buoy would, in turn, be used by specially-constructed tankers that would convert the LNG to natural gas onboard in a process that cools the LNG to minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit to shrink to 1/600th of its gaseous state.
		The first LNG tanker would not unload gas until late 2010, when the Woodside-owned Pluto field off northwestern Australia is expected to begin production.
		Gas demand, the Commission has said, is expected to rise 0.7% annually in the next 10 years.
	www.caltradereport.com /eWebPages/front-page-1145481348.html (555 words)

	Hydrocarbons Technology - Sakhalin II Crude Oil and Liquified Natural Gas, Sakhalin Island - Russia
		Of particular importance is the construction of new LNG infrastructure for the convenient export of gas.
		The oil and gas will then be transported via 800km onshore pipelines to Prigorodnoye, at the south of Sakhalin Island, the site of the new LNG plant and oil and LNG export terminals.
		The gas and oil produced at the Lunskoye and Piltun-Astokhskoye fields will come ashore in two pipelines, after which the oil and gas will be separated.
	www.hydrocarbons-technology.com /projects/sakhalin2 (2213 words)

	LIQUIFIED NATURAL GAS PROVISIONS IN FEDERAL ENERGY LEGISLATION
		You asked for a description of the liquefied natural gas (LNG) provisions in the recently adopted federal energy law (HR 6).
		It gives the federal appeals courts original and exclusive jurisdiction over disputes regarding the issuance of permits for natural gas facilities.
		The governor of a state where a LNG terminal is proposed to be located must designate a state agency to consult with FERC regarding state and local safety considerations, including the location’s natural and physical aspects and the emergency response capabilities near the location.
	www.cga.ct.gov /2005/rpt/2005-R-0723.htm (916 words)

	FERC: Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) in the US
		Twelve of the facilities are land-based, peak-shaving plants that liquefy and store LNG during the summer (low demand) months for sendout during winter (high demand) months.
		The remainder are baseload LNG import terminals, which are the focus of this LNG section.
		Even if an LNG terminal project receives all of the federal and state approvals, it still must meet complicated global issues surrounding financing, gas supply and market conditions.
	www.ferc.gov /industries/lng.asp (417 words)

	Antiterrorism Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Terminal Homeland Port Security
		The LNG Terminal infrastructure that has been created over the last 50 years is vital to our country's economy and welfare; consequently they represent a high value target for terrorists.
		Recognizing the value of our nation's LNG terminal industry and the terrorist threat that they currently face; Wave Dispersion Technologies, Inc developed the Rapidly Deployed Small Craft Intrusion Barrier (RD-SCIB™) to protect these valuable assets from terrorist activities.
		LNG is highly volatile and in the era of terrorism may offer more opportunities for terrorist strikes on vulnerable energy infrastructure targets located near residential neighborhoods.
	www.whisprwave.com /lng-terminal-security.htm (441 words)

	Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) - Trains.com Forums
		Sometime ago I read that some railroads in California where using LNG to run their diesels on, partly due to the new emissions regulations in that state.
		There were four LNG switchers built for service around Los Angeles--two operated by UP, and two by ATSF.
		The nat'l gas project was supposed to work because of the differential between the price of gas and diesel at the time.
	www.trains.com /TRC/CS/forums/589925/PrintPost.aspx (364 words)

	RACE
		The price of natural gas is now at about $11 per Million British Thermal Unit (MMBTU), and utilities are promising even higher prices through the winter.
		Industry and government spokespeople tell us that this is due to a natural gas shortage that was exacerbated by recent Gulf Coast hurricanes.
		A bill slowing the race to build natural gas terminals on the California coast passed out of a key legislative committee Wednesday, after the Assembly speaker removed a member who previously did not vote for it and appointed a new one who did.
	www.lngwatch.com (961 words)

	Method and apparatus for dispensing compressed natural gas and liquified natural gas to natural gas powered vehicles ...
		A low volume high pressure pump is coupled to the source of LNG to produce a stream of pressurized LNG.
		The stream of pressurized LNG may be selectively directed through an LNG flow path or to a CNG flow path which includes a vaporizer configured to produce CNG from the pressurized LNG.
		Similarly, a portion of the LNG may be drawn from the LNG flow path and introduced into the CNG flow path to control the temperature of CNG flowing therethrough.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US06899146__ (1018 words)

	Liquefied Natural Gas Limited
		Liquefied Natural Gas Limited (LNG Ltd), listed on the Australian Stock Exchange in September 2004 (ASX Code LNG Ltd), brings a new concept to the international energy market.
		In June 2006 Golar LNG and LNG Limited signed a Collaboration Agreement on joint LNG Development and have identified five prospective LNG project opportunities.
		Golar LNG (www.golarlng.com) is the world’s largest independent owner of LNG transportation with over 30 years experience in the Global LNG industry.
	www.lngtheenergylink.com.au (215 words)

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