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Topic: Lisp Machines, Inc

	The Lisp Machine
		Early Lisp Machines implemented their micro-programmed architectures with a writable control store, which meant the instruction set, and to a certain extent other architectural features of the machine, could be changed by simply writing, compiling, and loading new micro-code.
		The Lisp Machines produced by these companies went through several evolutionary generations: starting at the high price of $150,000 and implemented in TTL in a box rivalling the VAX/780 in size and power consumption[2] and eventually being delivered as 1- or 2-chip VLSI implementations on $10,000 add-in boards for the Apple MacIntosh.
		Lisp also has finite limits in its implementation, but they are usually large enough to not be of practical importance.
	pt.withy.org /publications/LispM.html (1838 words)

	Lisp machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lisp machines were general purpose computers designed (often with hardware support) to efficiently run Lisp as their main language.
		The CADR was later commercialized by Symbolics as the LM-2, by Lisp Machines, Inc. (LMI) as the LMI-CADR.
		The Xerox Lisp Machine was well known for its advanced development environment, for its early graphical user interface and for novel applications like NoteCards (one of the first Hypertext applications).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lisp_machine (772 words)

	ALU: Lisp History
		Lisp has evolved with the field of Computer Science, always putting the best ideas from the field into practical use.
		In 1994, Common Lisp became the first ANSI standard to incorporate object oriented programming.
		This dialect was derived from BBN Lisp and developed at Xerox.
	www.lisp.org /table/history.htm (496 words)

	lisp - definition by dict.die.net
		All Lisp functions and programs are expressions that return values; this, together with the high memory use of Lisp, gave rise to Alan Perlis's famous quip (itself a take on an Oscar Wilde quote) that "Lisp programmers know the value of everything and the cost of nothing".
		One significant application for Lisp has been as a proof by example that most newer languages, such as COBOL and Ada, are full of unnecessary crocks.
		All LISP functions and programs are expressions that return values; this, together with the high memory utilization of LISPs, gave rise to Alan Perlis's famous quip (itself a take on an Oscar Wilde quote) that "LISP programmers know the value of everything and the cost of nothing".
	dict.die.net /lisp (713 words)

	Lisp Machines, Inc. - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lisp Machines, Inc. was a company formed by Richard Greenblatt of MIT's famous artificial intelligence lab.
		The people at the lab came together, and together created the vision of a true hacker machine, the so-called Lisp Machine.
		When it came time to move on, and spread the gospel beyond the walls of the lab, the hackers at the lab differed wildly in how they wanted the company run.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lisp_Machines,_Inc. (220 words)

	Lisp
		LISP (= LISt Processing), is a general purpose programming language, but it is especially know as one of the most important languages for the development of Artificial Intelligence.
		LISP is known as the first functional language and is widely used for Al and symbolic mathematics.
		LISP however is not a very general language and is only suited for general symbol manipulation and list processing.
	www.thocp.net /software/languages/lisp.htm (759 words)

	FAQ: Lisp Frequently Asked Questions 2/7 [Monthly posting] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lisp does not require the programmer to specify the data type of variables, so generic arithmetic operators may have to perform type checking at runtime in order to determine how to proceed.
		A Lisp machine (or LISPM) is a computer which has been optimized to run lisp efficiently and provide a good environment for programming in it.
		The original Lisp machines were implemented at MIT, with spinoffs as LMI (defunct) and Symbolics (bankrupt).
	www.faqs.org /faqs/lisp-faq/part2 (5056 words)

	Jaap Weel \| Lisp machines (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The period during which the Lisp Machine was a publicly funded AI lab project is particularly interesting, because there are detailed documents available that cover not only user-level documentation, but also design considerations.
		The CADR machine, a revised version of the CONS machine, is a general-purpose, 32-bit microprogrammable processor which is the basis of the Lisp-machine system, a new computer system being developed by the Laboratory as a high-performance, economical implementation of Lisp.
		Meet the Lisp Machines, a familily [sic] of computers that were running an OS written entirely in Lisp, right down to the hardware.
	www.ugcs.caltech.edu /~weel/lispm.html (2658 words)

	My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)
		The Lisp machine was able to execute instructions about as fast as those other machines, but each instruction -- a car instruction would do data typechecking -- so when you tried to get the car of a number in a compiled program, it would give you an immediate error.
		They would build machines and deliver them; with profits from those parts, they would then be able to buy parts for a few more machines, sell those and then buy parts for a larger number of machines, and so on.
		The Lisp community in the 70s was not limited to the MIT AI Lab, and the hackers were not all at MIT.
	www.gnu.org /gnu/rms-lisp.html (4503 words)

	Lisp Machine Lisp (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lisp Machine Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, a direct descendant of MacLisp, and was initially developed in the mid to late 1970s as the systems programming language for the MIT Lisp machines.
		Lisp Machine Lisp itself branched into 3 dialects.
		Lisp Machines, Inc.[?] and later Texas Instruments would share a common code base, but their dialect of Lisp Machine Lisp would differ from the version maintained at the MIT AI Lab by Richard Stallman and others.
	www.city-search.org /li/lisp-machine-lisp.html (476 words)

	A few things I know about LISP Machines
		TI Explorer machine family (including MicroExplorer and Explorer II) was an evolution originally based on the LMI branch of MIT Lisp Machines.
		Considering the speed of the machine, the heavy power consumption of the hardware, and the age of the consoles, you mightn't want them for other than museum purposes (and it is recommended to get more than one console - just in case).
		LISP Machines of old (36xx, etc) used to control the bare hardware in LISP as well as they did manipulate AI concepts, so as to optimize paging performance.
	fare.tunes.org /LispM.html (8303 words)

	Free as in Freedom: Chapter 7
		The Lisp Machine software was hacker-built, meaning it was owned by MIT but available for anyone to copy as per hacker custom.
		Both licensed the Lisp Machine OS source code from MIT, and it was Stallman's job to update the lab's own Lisp Machine to keep pace with the latest innovations.
		The Lisp Machine, despite all the furor it invoked and all the labor that had gone into making it, was merely a sideshow to the large battles in the technology marketplace.
	www.oreilly.com /openbook/freedom/ch07.html (6163 words)

	Lisp Machine
		Lisp Machine Manual version 1.4 Jan 1984, 1 PDF file per chapter, see directory http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/cadr/chinual_6thEd_Jan84/
		A Lisp Machine is a computer whose operating system and applications are written in Lisp.
		Lisp Machines have been developed for AI programming in the mid 70s, because machines at that time were not powerful enough for complex AI software.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?LispMachine (1106 words)

	MIT Museum, Cambridge [Image 36 of 41] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The first machine was called CONS (named after the list construction operator in Lisp); it was subsequently improved into a version called CADR (a pun; in Lisp, the CADR function returns the second element of a list).
		Meanwhile, Xerox PARC developed machines which were designed to run InterLisp as well as other languages such as Smalltalk.
		As the "PC revolution" gathered steam and swept away even the minicomputer manufacturers, ordinary desktop PCs soon were able to run Lisp programs even faster than Lisp machines, without the use of special purpose hardware.
	www.mit.edu /people/menchu/galleries/MITmuseum/2.html (445 words)

	The Symbolics 3600 family Lisp Machines (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Retro-Computing Society of RI has four Symbolics 3600 family L bus Lisp Machines, which were donated by Connection Machines Services, Inc.
		Symbolics announcement of the Ivory single-chip Lisp CPU in 1987.
		Symbolics Virtual Lisp Machine using the DEC Alpha as a programmable micro-engine
	starfish.rcsri.org /rcs/Symbolics/contents.html (448 words)

	Richard Greenblatt
		Along with Bill Gosper, he may be considered to have founded the hacker community, and holds pride of place in the Lisp community.
		Affiliated with the MIT AI Lab during his prime, he is known as the "hacker of hackers".
		Later, he was the main designer of the MIT Lisp machine.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/r/ri/richard_greenblatt.html (163 words)

	Lisp Machines, Inc. -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lisp Machines, Inc. was a company formed by (Click link for more info and facts about Richard Greenblatt) Richard Greenblatt of (An engineering university in Cambridge) MIT's famous (Click link for more info and facts about artificial intelligence lab) artificial intelligence lab.
		The people at the lab came together, and together created the vision of a true (A programmer who breaks into computer systems in order to steal or change or destroy information as a form of cyber-terrorism) hacker machine, the so-called (Click link for more info and facts about Lisp Machine) Lisp Machine.
		Others (including (Click link for more info and facts about Bill Gosper) Bill Gosper and (Click link for more info and facts about Tom Knight) Tom Knight) felt that to be under the rule of Greenblatt was unacceptable.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/li/lisp_machines,_inc.htm (291 words)

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