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| | Quality-Driven Chinese Learning Software, Chinese Electronic Dictionaries, tools to Learn Chinese</u> <i>(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)</i></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> <b>Chinese</b> is a tone language--that is, different pitch patterns do not just add emotional color, as in English; they </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> <b>dialects</b> <a href="/topics/Chinese-spoken-language" title="Chinese spoken language" class=fl>spoken</a>, there are usually few formal methods for learning a local <b>dialect</b>. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The <a href="/topics/Min-%28linguistics%29" title="Min %28linguistics%29" class=fl>Min</a> <b>dialects</b> are often regarded as the <b>dialects</b> furthest removed from Standard <a href="/topics/Mandarin-%28linguistics%29" title="Mandarin %28linguistics%29" class=fl>Mandarin</a>, in phonology,</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.firstmandarin.com /Articles.html</font> (1619 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/dialectsofenglish.html">Dialects of English</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> <b>Dialects</b> also varies slightly from east to west: In Natal (in western South Africa), /ai/ is pronounced /a:/, so that why is pronounced /wa:/. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The <b>dialects</b> of central Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and the Dakotas were strongly influenced by the Germans, while the city <b>dialects</b> of the north were influenced by the Irish. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> It is literally a blend of all the <b>dialects</b>, although it is most influenced by the northern midland <b>dialect</b>.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/dialectsofenglish.html</font> (3577 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/chan9/dialects_bib.htm">Marjorie K.M. Chan. Modern Chinese Dialects Bibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The bibliography does not purport to be exhaustive; rather, it is intended to support my course, <b>Chinese</b> 785: Modern <b>Chinese</b> <b>Dialects</b>. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Chan, Marjorie K.M. "The <b>Chinese</b> in North America: A preliminary ethnolinguistic study." The Annals of the <b>Chinese</b> Historical Society of the Pacific Northwest. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> "Hanyu fangyande fenqu" (漢語方言的分區) [Classification of the <b>Chinese</b> <b>dialects]</b> Fangyan (方言) 1989.4:241-259.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>people.cohums.ohio-state.edu /chan9/dialects_bib.htm</font> (1830 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://www.wku.edu/~yuanh/China/language.html">Chinese Languages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> You may find it very useful if you are interested in sinology and the <b>Chinese</b> language. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> If you like to read classical <b>Chinese</b> novels like the Romance of Three Kingdoms, this is the site you should go. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> To read <b>Chinese</b> in Lynx you have to have a zwdos application installed in your machine.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.wku.edu /~yuanh/China/language.html</font> (394 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://chinalinks.osu.edu/c-links3.htm">Marjorie Chan's ChinaLinks 3</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> These include: his Sino-Tibetan Etymology database (for <b>Chinese</b> and four other S-T languages); his <b>Chinese</b> Database of circa 4000 characters with entries in characters, modern (Beijing)/Middle Chinese/Old <b>Chinese</b>, fanqie, <b>dialect</b> pronunciations, Shuowen gloss, translation, etc.; and the <b>Chinese</b> <b>Dialects</b> database (based on William S-Y Wang and Chin-Chuan Cheng's DOC (<b>Dialects</b> of China) (a.k.a. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> <b>Chinese</b> display requires MS <b>Chinese</b> Win95/98 with Hong Kong government's Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set (HKSCS) support for viewing the <a href="/topics/Cantonese-%28linguistics%29" title="Cantonese %28linguistics%29" class=fl>Cantonese</a> vernacular characters that are not in GB or Big5. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> JCLTA is a publication of the <b>Chinese</b> Language Teachers Association, with articles in English or in <b>Chinese</b>.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>chinalinks.osu.edu /c-links3.htm</font> (7086 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://www.uni.edu/becker/chinese.html">Chinese Language Page</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> <b>Dialects</b> usually refer to "regional forms of a language." However, many of the <a href="/topics/Taiwanese-language#Regional-variations" title="Taiwanese language#Regional variations" class=fl>regional variants</a> which are commonly referred to as <b>"dialects"</b> of the <b>Chinese</b> language are more different from one another than French is from Spanish or Norwegian is from Swedish! </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> One thing that makes the <b>Chinese</b> <b>dialect</b> situation unique -- that is different from the situation confronting speakers of French and Spanish or Norwegian and Swedish -- concerns the fact that all speakers who are literate share a common <a href="/topics/Chinese-written-language" title="Chinese written language" class=fl>written</a> language. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Thus, while oral forms vary greatly, <a href="/topics/Chinese-written-language" title="Chinese written language" class=fl>written</a> symbols can be used to communicate effectively between speakers of different <b>dialects</b>.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.uni.edu /becker/chinese.html</font> (350 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://chinalinks.osu.edu/cdict.htm">Marjorie Chan's ChinaLinks: Word Lists and Online Glossaries / Dictionaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The frequency <b>lists</b> (GB-encoded and in HMTL format) are generated by Jun Da and form part of his <b>Chinese</b> Text Computing website (link updated 11-10-00). </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> University of Pennsylvania's Linguistic Data Consortium provides a <b>list</b> of GB-encoded <b>Chinese</b> characters paired with their Pinyin representations, which is part of the webpage of "Resources on <b>Chinese</b> at LDC." In that <b>list</b>, containing 7,809 entries, characters with more than one Pinyin representation are <b>listed</b> on separate lines. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Her <b>Chinese</b> Translation Dictionaries is arranged alphabetically by language -- i.e., <b>Chinese</b> dictionaries of various languages, including Japanese, Korean, French, German, Spanish, Russian, Finnish, Arabic, Tangut etc. She also has a miscellaneous collection of Specialized Dictionaries that are arranged by topic and include, under <b>"Chinese,"</b> dictionaries of synonyms, particles, classifiers, and so forth.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>chinalinks.osu.edu /cdict.htm</font> (2632 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://www.multilingualbooks.com/online-radio-chinese.html">Chinese Internet Radio - Listen to Chinese online radio news and information and practice your Chinese!</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Welcome to our online radio pages, featuring a <b>listing</b> of online news radio, talk, information programs, and music programs featuring music in the native language to practice your understanding of foreign languages. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Those who are learning a new language need ways to exercise the hearing and comprehension of speech, and if they don't actually live in a country or area where the language is <a href="/topics/Chinese-spoken-language" title="Chinese spoken language" class=fl>spoken</a>, these sources are in short supply. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Fortunately, with the advent of the internet, there are now many foreign online radio stations, and so we have provided a <b>listing</b> of online news radio, talk, information programs, and music programs featuring music in the native language to practice your understanding of foreign languages.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.multilingualbooks.com /online-radio-chinese.html</font> (361 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><u>LINGUIST List 11.465: Chinese/English Taboo,North American dialects</u> <i>(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)</i></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> We'd like to remind readers that the responses to queries are usually best posted to the individual asking the question. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> That individual is then strongly encouraged to post a summary to the <b>list</b>. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> This policy was instituted to help control the huge volume of mail on LINGUIST; so we would appreciate your cooperating with it whenever it seems appropriate.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.linguistlist.org /issues/11/11-465.html</font> (245 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://linguistlist.org/issues/9/9-1566.html">LINGUIST List 9.1566: Chinese/Machine Translation, Southern Dialects</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> As a matter of policy, LINGUIST discourages the use of abbreviations or acronyms in conference announcements unless they are explained in the text. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The featured speakers for the spring meeting are William Labov of the University of Pennsylvania and Walt Wolfram of North Carolina State University. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Labov will make a presentation on "The Triumph of Southern Sound Changes," showing that certain elements of southern <b>dialect</b> are now found to be occurring throughout North America.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>linguistlist.org /issues/9/9-1566.html</font> (712 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/classification/province.php">Chinese Dialect Listing by Province</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> NOTE: The original full <b>list</b> of topolects on this page have been divided into separate pages because the page was half a megabyte and took too long to load. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> If you don't know which province a topolect is in and would still like to search the full <b>list</b> on one page, then please go to this page: Full <b>List</b> of <b>Chinese</b> <b>Dialects</b> </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The Theory of the Firm and <b>Chinese</b> Enterprise Reform</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.glossika.com /en/dict/classification/province.php</font> (186 words)</td></tr>
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