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Topic: List of Crimean khans

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	Crimean Chanate Encyclopedia Article @ Gettin.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Crimean Tatar: Qırım Hanlığı; Russian: Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; Ukrainian: Кримське ханство - Kryms'ke khanstvo; Turkish: Kırım Hanlığı) was a Crimean Tatar state from 1441 to 1783.
		In the 16th century the Crimean khanate pretended to be the successor authority of the former Golden Horde territory, Ulugh Yurt and hence over the Mongol khanates of Caspian-Volga region, particularly the Kazan Khanate and Astrakhan Khanate.
		The rule of the last Crimean khan Şahin Giray was marked with increasing Russian influence and outbursts of violence from the side of the khan administration towards internal opposition.
	www.gettin.org /encyclopedia/Crimean_Chanate (2139 words)

	Crimean Khanate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Crimean Tatar: QÄ±rÄ±m HanlÄ±ÄÄ±; Russian: ÐÑÑÐ¼ÑÐºÐ¾Ðµ ÑÐ°Ð½ÑÑÐ²Ð¾ - Krymskoye khanstvo; Ukrainian: ÐÑÐ¸Ð¼ÑÑÐºÐµ ÑÐ°Ð½ÑÑÐ²Ð¾ - Kryms'ke khanstvo; Turkish: KÄ±rÄ±m HanlÄ±ÄÄ±) was a Crimean Tatar state from 1441 to 1783.
		The Crimean Khanate was founded when certain clans of the Golden Horde Empire ceased their nomadic life in the Desht-i Kipchak (Kypchak Steppes of today's Ukraine and South Russia), decided to make Crimea their yurt (homeland) and invited a Chingizid contender for the Golden Horde throne, HacÄ± Giray, to be their khan.
		The rule of the last Crimean khan Åahin Giray was marked with increasing Russian influence and outbursts of violence from the side of the khan administration towards internal opposition.
	en.encyclopediahome.com /wiki/Crimean_Khanate (2014 words)

	Crimean Tatars Encyclopedia Article @ RussianWealth.com (Russian Wealth) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Crimean Khanate was a Turkic-speaking Muslim state which was among the strongest powers in Eastern Europe until the beginning of the 18th century.
		The Crimean Tatars adopted Islam in the 13th century and thereafter Crimea became one of the centers of Islamic civilization.
		Particularly, the Crimean War of 1853-1856, the laws of 1860-63 and the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878 caused an exodus of the Crimean Tatars.
	www.russianwealth.com /encyclopedia/Crimean_Tatars (1500 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Crimean Tatars, 1584-1696
		Crimean actions against Muscovy focused on the capture of slaves; major campaigns were undertaken, in alliance with the Ottomans, in Hungary and in the direction of Persia and the Caucasus.
		The Cossacks in the steppe region to the north of the Tatar lands became a force to be reckoned with; in 1637 they took the Turkish fortress of Azov, holding on to it in the name of Russia until it was decided to abandon it in 1642.
		The Crimean economy depended heavily on the Ottoman economy; the Ottoman Empire was the major market for her exports - slaves, food; the Crimea had not much of an industry.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/russia/crimea15841696.html (364 words)

	List of Crimean khans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		† The reigns of Canibek Giray in 1624 and of Maqsud Giray in 1771-1772 are not listed.
		Though these khans were formally appointed by Ottoman sultans they did not reach the throne and did not rule Crimea.
		In the years mentioned the authority in the Crimean Khanate was exercised by Mehmed III Giray and Sahib II Giray correspondingly.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Crimean_khans (150 words)

	ACLS Humanities Program in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine: Project Reports
		The final result of the project is the academic publication of the corpus of the Crimean Khans' yarlyks (the donation charters) on the Ukrainian Lands that came down to our times.
		Within the chronological framework of the project twenty two documents with the list of the town and territories that were granted by the Khans of Golden Horde and then confirmed by the Crimean Khans to the rulers of Lithuanian were found.
		In additional, I have copied the texts of three later dokonchal'nych listov (texts of the peace treaties) by Crimean Khans from 1625, 1623-35, 1640 which are necessary for studying of the chronological evolution of the text.
	www.acls.org /hum-reports/uk02Shabuldo.htm (1224 words)

	Bagçesaray Palace of the Crimean Khans - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
		The Bagçesaray Palace of the Crimean Khans is a compact architectural ensemble consisting of 17 buildings and 9 inner closed courtyards.
		The Bagçesaray Palace of the Crimean Khans was built in the third-fourth decades of the 16 century.
		The Palace built as the main residence of the Crimean Khans (the monarchs of the Crimean Khanate - the state of the Crimean Tatar people) kept this meaning during about 250 years - from the 1530s till the collapse of the Crimean Tatar statehood in 1783.
	whc.unesco.org /en/tentativelists/1820 (255 words)

	SÜRGÜN - Deportation
		This large marble edifice is located in the center of Crimean Tatar Muslim cemetery in the town of Comack and consists of a 9 foot tall marker in the shape of the tarak tamgha.
		The tarak tamgha, originally the dynastic seal of the Crimean Khans of the Giray lineage, was adopted by early Crimean Tatar nationalists as the symbol of this people's new found national identity.
		The Crimean Tatars' return was resisted by the local Communist nomenklatura (entrenched Soviet-era bureaucratic elite) which destroyed Crimean Tatar samozakvat (self seized) settlements, refused to allow the Crimean Tatars to settle on their cherished southern coast (known as the Yaliboyu) and culturally, economically and politically marginalized the destitute returnees.
	www.geocities.com /ai320/surgun.htm (5424 words)

	CRIMEAN TATARS - H. B. Paksoy
		After the Crimean War (1855-6), the Russian empire sought to expel, and indeed induced by force, large numbers of Tatars from Crimea, on the ground that the tatars sided with the invading allied forces.
		However, those Crimean Tatars remaining in their homeland were also to be subjected to another type of ideological struggle as well --the struggle between kadim (old) and jadid (new).
		Those Crimean Tatars who followed this movement and in all spheres of life advocated adapting to the age of science and were known as the Jadidists.
	www.islamawareness.net /Europe/Ukraine/crimean_tatars.html (3788 words)

	Parallel Report - Article 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Crimean Tatar Theatre was re-established on the initiative of Crimean Tatar actors and cultural activists.
		Crimean Tatar national library was opened under pressure of Crimean Tatar community, as a branch of city library of Simferopol and was placed in absolutely unaccepted accommodation, which does not have the conditions for keeping books, the danger of fire is high.
		The case of return to Crimean Tatars or at least using the monuments of history and culture of Crimean Tatar People by appointment were blocked by the concerned authorities with the various pretexts.
	www.minelres.lv /reports/ukraine/Article_5.htm (1817 words)

	Russia, Business Education - JRL 8-26-04
		Crimean Tatars were brutally deported from their homeland by Stalin in 1944.
		According to tradition, the ritual was performed as the men of the family and the settlement's male elders sat on the carpeted floor and sang religious songs.
		Bakhchiseray escaped the dismal fate of many Crimean Tatar towns, and remains an enchanting city, surrounded by high cliffs that guard the khans' delicately arched and carved 16th-century palace complex.
	www.cdi.org /russia/Johnson/8343-23.cfm (954 words)

	Lists of Office-holders Encyclopedia Article @ 216.92.11.26 () (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		lists of people in various offices and positions, including heads of states or of subnational entities.
		Current incumbents may also be found in the countries' articles (main article and "Politics of") and the list of national leaders, recent changes on 2005 in politics, and past leaders on State leaders by year and Colonial governors by year.
		List of Russian rulers: early Grand Dukes and Tsars
	216.92.11.26 /encyclopedia/Lists_of_office-holders (602 words)

	The Crimea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Crimean Peninsula is not a large region, being almost exactly the size of the American State of Maryland, or a little smaller than Belgium.
		The Girai Khans emerge out of the welter of slowly disintigrating Mongol Hordes present on the steppes in the early 15th century.
		Sudak is a city on the southern shores of the Crimean Peninsula, 50 miles (80 km.) northeast of Yalta and 24 miles (38 km.) west-southwest of Kaffa (Feodosiya).
	www.hostkingdom.net /crimea.html (1518 words)

	Crimean Tatars: Report
		Crimean Tatars expect that their ethnic belonging should be included into official notes to the documents as an optional opportunity for the person who desires to by his own accord.
		Crimean Tatars have no statehood through which they would be able to promote their interests in Ukraine through the external protection and bilateral agreements because the own State of Crimean Tatars Crimean Khanate doesn't exist now and whose territory is under complete jurisdiction of Ukraine.
		Crimean Tatars as it was shown in the Background have had a long period of the existence as a sovereign nation.
	www.unpo.org /article.php?id=1102 (18019 words)

	Crimea Facts and History
		7,000-8,000 Crimean Tatars migrated to the Taman peninsula (Caucasus) in 1783
		After two waves of Crimean Tatars emigration in 1783 and 1856, in 1880 in Crimea Crimean Tatars had 142 560 quarts of lands, Germans had 202 913 quarts of lands, Bulgars had 22 592 quarts of lands and the Russian Government had 31 978 quarts of lands.
		2nd August of 1991 the pogrom of settlement of Crimean Tatars in the villige of Molodejnoye by OMON.
	www.geocities.com /ai320/facts.htm (6990 words)

	ICC Web Site Index
		Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (5 September 1967)
		Crimean Tatars and Noghais in Turkey by Henryk Jankowski
		The Deportation and Fate of the Crimean Tatars by J. Otto Pohl
	www.iccrimea.org /list.html (709 words)

	The Mongol Khâns & the Oghullar of Rum
		At the same time, Bosworth lists Qara Hülegü as the son of Mö'eüken, who is listed as an otherwise unknown, to me, son of Chingiz [p.248].
		Although it would be the Crimean Khâns who finally overthrew the Horde, Astrakhan would acquire the lion's share of the remaining lands of the Horde.
		These lists (except for the Kazakh Khâns) are derived from The New Islamic Dynasties, by Clifford Edmund Bosworth [Edinburgh University Press, 1996] and the Oxford Dynasties of the World, by John E. Morby [Oxford University Press, 1898, 2002, pp.270-276 & pp.288-292].
	www.friesian.com /mongol.htm (4451 words)

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