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	List of Dukes of Parma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Duke of Parma was also Duke of Piacenza, except for the first years of the rule of Ottavio Farnese (1549-1556), and the time of the Napoleonic Dukes of Parma and Piacenza, when the two were established as separate positions held by two individuals.
		The Duke of Parma also usually held the title of Duke of Guastalla from 1735 (when Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor took it from Mantua) to 1847 (when the territory was ceded to Modena), again, except for the Napoleonic dukes, when Napoleon's sister Pauline was Duchess of Guastalla.
		Therefore, the Duke of Parma is a legitimate (though not prime) claimant to the Kingdom of Spain; indeed, the current Duke of Parma, Carlos-Hugo, was a pretender to the Spanish throne in the 1970s (see Carlism).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Dukes_of_Parma (292 words)

	List of Dukes of Parma: biography and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The duchy of parma was created in 1545 from that part of the duchy of milan south of the po river, as a fief for pope paul iiis illegitimate son, pier...
		Ottavio farnese, duke of parma (1521 - 1586) was the second son of pierluigi farnese, duke of parma and piacenza, grandson of pope paul iii,...
		Charles iii was duke of parma from 1848 to 1854....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/li/list_of_dukes_of_parma.htm (0 words)

	Wikipedia: Duke
		In the United Kingdom, the current royal dukes are HRH the Prince of Wales, who is Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay; HRH the Duke of Edinburgh (Prince Philip), HRH the Duke of York (Prince Andrew), HRH the Duke of Gloucester (Prince Richard), and HRH the Duke of Kent (Prince Edward).
		For example, when the current Duke of Gloucester and Duke of Kent are succeeded by their eldest sons, the Earl of Ulster and the Earl of St. Andrews, respectively, those peerages (or rather, the 1928 and 1934 creations of them) will cease to be associated with royalty.
		The heir apparent to the Belgian throne is styled Duke of Brabant.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/d/du/duke.html (0 words)

	Habsburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rulers of Austria (as dukes 1282–1453, archdukes 1453–1804, and emperors 1804–1918),
		Albert I (Albrecht I), son of Rudolph I and brother of the above, duke from 1282 - 1308; was Holy Roman Emperor from 1298 - 1308.
		Duke of Austria and Styria (with his brother Leopold I) from 1308 - 1330; officially co-regent of emperor Louis IV since 1325, but never ruled.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Habsburg (0 words)

	:::► Letter L Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net ◄::: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		List of Dukes of Ferrara and of Modena
		List of Earldoms in the Peerage of Ireland
		List of Earldoms in the Peerage of Scotland
	www.mauspfeil.net /L_521.html (0 words)

	Belgium - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Belgium
		In 1477 Mary, the daughter of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, married Maximilian, the archduke of Austria, who later became Holy Roman emperor as Maximilian I.
		In the 16th century Protestantism took a hold in the Spanish Netherlands, and the religious and secular tyranny of the ardently Catholic Philip II of Spain led to a revolt, starting in 1568.
		This enabled Parma to regain the southern provinces, and the capture of Antwerp in 1585 ensured that the southern provinces (modern-day Belgium and Luxembourg) remained under Spanish rule.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Belgium (0 words)

	Italy
		The Duchy of Parma was detached by the Emperor Charles V from Milan to be added to the Papal States, but Pope Paul III (1534-1549), Paolo Farnese, used it for his illegitimate son, Pier Luigi, instead.
		In 1814, the Congress of Vienna gave Parma to the widow of Napoleon, Marie Louise of Austria, who, we might think, really had something coming for having endured the marriage to Napoleon: When he asked her to join him on Elba, or return to France during the 100 days, she declined.
		The list of Kings of Sardinia is given under the periphery of Francia, because that is really where Sardinia belongs, since it was long a possession of Romania, Islâm, and then Aragón.
	www.friesian.com /italia.htm (0 words)

	Kristie's Wars Of Castro Web Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The duke of Parma and his immediate family had narrowly escaped a planned mass assassination of the Farnese in 1611, for which ten high-born conspirators were executed in the main square of Parma in May of the following year.
		Pope Urban VIII responded to the requests of Duke Odoardo's creditors by occupying the city of Castro with the forces of his nephew Taddeo Barberini (general in chief of the papal army) and Luigi Mattei on October 13, 1641.
		Duke Ranuccio II was forced to cede control of the territories around Castro back to the pope, who then tried to use the land to settle accounts with the Duke's creditors.
	psp.information-on-this.be /September_2/Wars_of_Castro (0 words)

	Wikipedia:Duplicate articles
		This is a list of duplicate articles that have been created mostly by mistake.
		List of British heritage and private railways and List of heritage railways
		List of scripts, writing system, and alphabet all have lists of scripts.
	www.fastload.org /wi/Wikipedia:Duplicate_articles.html (0 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Verdi was born on October 10, 1813 in Le Roncole, a village near Busseto in the Duchy of Parma and PiacenzaDuchy of Parma and Piacenza, nowadays in the province of ParmaParma.
		Hostilities between the papacy and the Duchy of Parma resumed in 1649, and forces loyal to Pope Innocent X destroyed the city of Castro on September 2, 1649.
		A preliminary peace was concluded in October 1735 and ratified in the Treaty of Vienna (November 1738).
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/D/Duchy-of-Parma.htm (0 words)

	Titles of European hereditary rulers
		A list of geographical names in rulers' titles might not be a list of their actual possessions.
		In some cases, when a territory had a special importance it could be listed before the other names in its group or even before the names associated with a higher rank in the hierarchy of titles.
		Although the German central government restricted their authority, kings, dukes, and princes in Germany preserved a great deal of autonomy in the local affairs until the time of the November Revolution of 1918, which deposed all of them.
	www.geocities.com /eurprin (0 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Parma, 1748-1802
		Duke Philip, son of King Philip V. of Spain, began the sideline Bourbon-Parma.
		When French armies invaded Northern Italy in 1797, establishing satellite republics on the territory of Piemont, Genoa, Milan, Mantua, they left the Duchy of Parma unharmed, as Parma was ruled by a sideline of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty; Spain and France were allies.
		Parma was placed under direct French administration; it was formally annexed in 1808.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/italy/parma17481802.html (0 words)

	1545 Account @ 216.92.85.60 () (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		List of wars and disasters by death toll
		List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll
		List of Speakers of the British House of Commons
	216.92.85.60 /encyclopedia/1545 (0 words)

	List of Dukes of Parma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Duchy of Parma (The duchy of parma was created in 1545 from that part of the duchy of milan south of the po river, as...)
		The Duke of Parma (Parma is a medieval city in the italian region of emilia-romagna, with splendid architecture and a fine...)
		The Duke of Parma also usually held the title of Duke of Guastalla[for more facts and a summary of this subject, click this link] from 1735 (when Charles VI, Exception Handler: No article summary found.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /ref/list_of_dukes_of_parma (0 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: States of the Church
		His representative, Duke Lambert of Spoleto, under the pretence of superintending the election of the pope, invaded Rome in 867, and treated it as conquered territory.
		On the surrender of the Duchy of Milan to Maximilian Sforza, Julius II made a still further gain for the States of the Church, since Parma and Piacenza were taken from the duchy and incorporated in the States of the Church.
		Reggio and Modena, which belonged to the Duke of Ferrara, were also taken possession of by the pope, but his successor Leo X had to restore these cities to the duke in 1515.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14257a.htm (0 words)

	Guide and Index to Lists of Rulers
		One motivation is that history is often not taught anymore in terms of dynasties and rulers, since this is thought (by an academic elite comfortably supported by the taxpayers) to be too elitist and too removed from the life of the people.
		The arrangement of these lists thus follows Bryce's principle of universalist ideology, centering on Rome but extending to similar to ideas outside of the Roman world.
		The systematic treatment is as follows in the list below, but the list in the box at right simply gives the actual internet files in which basic historical material, with lists and genealogies, is contained.
	www.friesian.com /histindx.htm (0 words)

	Solaris7 Parma Planetary Information
		Parma's surface is a studt in contrasts, alternating between high mountain range, deep, cavernous valleys, and swamps filled with some of the most dangerous predators in the Inner Sphere.
		The Dukes of Parma are also the Counts of the rich Ace High Continent on the nearby world of Gambler, which accounts for the Garibaldi riches.
		Duke Antonio II also wishes for peace on Parma, but means to achieve it in a more aggressive fashion.
	www.solaris7.com /Planets/PlanetInfo.asp?ID=1532&Jumps=2 (0 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Parma, 1814-1860
		After Austria's defeat in the Battle of Solferino in 1859 the Armistice of Villafranca foresaw the return of the ruling duke.
		Yet a (patriotic) provisional government took charge on June 9th; Parma-Piacenza was formally annexed by Piemont-Sardinia in March 1860; the Kingdom of Piemont-Sardinia was renamed Kingdom of Italy in 1861.
		List of Dukes of Parma and Piacenza, from World Statesmen : Italian States to 1860 by Ben Cahoon
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/italy/parma181460.html (0 words)

	Duchy of Parma -
		The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III's illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered around the city of Parma.
		In 1556, the second Duke, Ottavio Farnese, was given the city of Piacenza, becoming thus also Duke of Piacenza, and thus the state was thereafter properly known as the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza.
		The Farnese family continued to rule until their extinction in 1731, at which point the Duchy was inherited by the young son of the King of Spain, Don Charles, whose mother Elizabeth Farnese was the Farnese heiress.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Duchy_of_Parma (0 words)

	Kristie's Philip V Of Spain Web Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		He was a younger brother of Louis, Duke of Burgundy and an uncle of Louis XV of France.
		His maternal grandparents were Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and Adelaide Henriette of Savoy, daughter of Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy.
		Philip, Duke of Parma (15 March 1720â“18 July 1765).
	gymnastics.onlinetradingcoach.biz /January_14/Philip_V_of_Spain (0 words)

	Marie-Louise (marie-louise resources) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		However, in 1815, the Congress of Vienna revised this arrangement and made her Duchess of Parma for her life only, with the details of who would become Duke of Parma after her death unspecified.
		Her status as Duchess of Parma and Piacenza passed to Prince Charles of Parma, the grandson of the last reigning Duke of Parma, but the duchy of Guastalla passed to Duke Francis V of Modena.
		Ceded to Modena Marie Louise of Austria Marie Louise of Austria Category:The Bonapartes Category:Queen consorts Category:Regents Category:Dukes of Parma Marie Louise of Austria Category:Habsburg-Lorraine Category:Parma Category:History of France Category:History of Italy ja:マリア・ルイーゼ・フォン・エスターライヒ
	thiyya.en.xanax-buy.be /en/Marie-Louise (0 words)

	THE DUCHY OF CASTRO
		At his death (1549) he left to his family the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza and the Duchy of Castro, both formally part of the Papal State, but with the dukes behaving as independent sovereigns.
		In 1641 Urbanus VIII waged war against the duke of Castro, but the attempt seemed aimed more at enlarging the pope's family possessions, rather than at restoring the rights of the Papal State.
		The duke Ottavio Farnese, with the support of Venice and Spain, was able to defeat the papal army and came close to conquering Rome.
	members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Castro.html (0 words)

	Kristie's Robert I, Duke Of Parma Web Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Robert I Duke of Parma, Roberto I Carlo Luigi Maria Duke of Parma and Piacenza (July 9, 1848 â“ November 16, 1907) was the ruler of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 until 1859, when the Duchy was annexed to Italy.
		Born in Florence, Robert was the son of Charles III of Parma and Louise Marie de Bourbon, daughter of Charles Ferdinand, duc de Berry and granddaughter of King Charles X of France.
		He was also mentally retarded, and his brother Elias continued the role as head of the family like he had done with their brother Enrico.
	water-skiing.onlinetradingcoach.info /1907/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Parma (0 words)

	[No title]
		For the sake of brevity I have called Napoleon's Marshals and high officials by their names, not by their titles: but a list of these is given at the close of vol.
		His own poverty must have inspired him with disgust at the luxury which he saw around him; but there are good reasons for doubting the genuineness of the memorial which he is alleged to have sent from Paris to the second master at Brienne on this subject.
		Undoubtedly, however, he would have sympathized with the unknown critic in his complaint of the unsuitableness of sumptuous meals to youths who were destined for the hardships of the camp.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/4/3/0/14300/14300-8.txt (0 words)

	Science Fair Projects - List of Dukes of Parma
		Science Fair Projects - List of Dukes of Parma
		The Duke of Parma also usually held the title of Duke of Guastalla from 1735 (when Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor took it from Mantua) to 1847 (when the territory was ceded to Modena), again, except for the Napoleonic dukes, when there was no Duke of Guastalla.
		Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, Duke of Parma 1808-1814
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Duke_of_Parma (0 words)

	[No title]
		The Canon's charming niece had known and indeed had been greatly devoted to the Duchessa Sanseverina, and begs me to alter nothing in her adventures, which are reprehensible.
		THE CHARTERHOUSE OF PARMA VOLUME ONE CHAPTER ONE On the 15th of May, 1796, General Bonaparte made his entry into Milan at the head of that young army which had shortly before crossed the Bridge of Lodi and taught the world that after all these centuries Caesar and Alexander had a successor.
		In the Middle Ages the Republicans of Lombardy had given proof of a valour equal to that of the French, and deserved to see their city rased to the ground by the German Emperors.
	gutenberg.net.au /ebooks03/0300301.txt (0 words)

	List of Dukes of Parma - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		List of Dukes of Parma - Free net encyclopedia
		Carlos Hugo 1977 – present (son of preceding)de:Liste der Herrscher von Parma
		This page was last modified 06:32, 4 April 2006.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Duke_of_Parma (0 words)

	1545 Relation @ LocalColorArtists.com (Local Color Artists) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (died 1592)
		April 10 - Costanzo Festa, Italian composer (born 1495)
		August 27 - Piotr Gamrat, Polish Catholic archbishop (b.
	localcolorartists.com /encyclopedia/1545 (0 words)

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